31.

Jaron Lanier notes that Type III Kardashev civilizations might build megastructures large enough to require the reorganization of stellar systems into written symbols (what Lanier calls “graphstellations”), whose inscriptions might span an entire galaxy for eons.⁴⁸ Joseph Voros has observed that the galaxy PGC 54559 (otherwise known as Hoag’s Object) might constitute such an enigma, insofar as no phenomenon in Nature can readily explain the formation of such a perfect annulus of stars arranged almost exclusively within the radius of habitable distances from the central, radiant core.⁴⁹ Even though a collision between two galaxies might account, in part, for this ring (with one galaxy passing through the other, like a bullet passing through a bullseye), no putative galaxies in the region lend support to this hypothesis, thus leading to such speculation.