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table of contents
Index
Photographs indicated by page numbers in italics.
- ableism, 34, 210, 211
- Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA), 203
- Accessible Canada Act, 203
- Adenauer, Konrad, 189, 193
- adoption, 80
- adverse effects discrimination, 201–2
- AEB. see Alberta Eugenics Board (AEB)
- Alberta: as centre of eugenics policy, 11
- compensation for sterilization, 197
- growth of eugenics movement in, 106–7
- history of eugenics in, 46–48
- and immigration, 94–95, 110–11
- impact of Sterilization Act on, 14–15, 21–22
- major players in eugenics program, 212–13
- number of mentally deficient in mental hospitals, 66–67
- numbers of children in mental hospitals, 67–68
- tie of eugenics and psychiatry in, 219–20
- Alberta, Government of (see also Alberta Eugenics Board (AEB); Sexual Sterilization Act (Alberta)): and compensation for sterilization, xix, 270
- Alberta Association of Registered Nurses (AARN), 93–94
- Alberta Eugenics Board (AEB) (see also MacEachran, J.M.; Sexual Sterilization Act (Alberta)): effect on J. M. MacEachran’s legacy, 37
- ethnic and gender bias of its sterilization patients, 88, 96, 286n19
- government sued for, 87–88
- how it determined mental deficiency, 66
- how it operated, 49, 106–7, 234–35
- how it was protected by its remoteness, 55, 100, 111–12
- how much knowledge of genetics was available to, 69–71
- ignores social/environmental factors in determining intelligence, 81–84
- importance of psychologists to, 25, 59, 60
- increases number of sterilization patients, 22
- and intelligence testing, 60, 62, 81–83, 84
- its concern with legal issues, 49–50, 51–52
- J. M. MacEachran’s work on, 37, 38, 48–49, 266n6
- knowledge of social and environmental factors available to, 78–81
- lack of scientific/genetic understanding by, 26, 27, 59, 84–85
- mandate, 89
- members during final years, 271n57
- numbers sterilized by, 100–101
- nurses cooperating with, 99–100
- people who refused to participate in, 100
- profile of sterilization patients, 96
- psychiatry lends its authority to, 95, 96, 106, 235
- public support for, 98
- role in Muir v. Alberta, 57
- role of as stated in Sexual Sterilization Act, 61, 62
- specific cases before, 81–84, 99–100, 271n63, 271n65
- surge of patients after WWII, 21–22
- work of from 1928 to 1972, 46–48, 106, 212
- Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (Oliver), 67, 100, 106
- Alberta Hospital, Ponoka, 106
- alcoholism, 182, 183, 187
- Alexander, Leo, 191, 197
- Allport, Gordon, 178
- Altenburg, Edgar, 60, 64
- Alzheimer, Alois, 17, 223
- American Eugenics Society (AES), 105, 127
- Anderchuk, Ilsa (pseudonym), 82–83
- Anderson, H. W., 150
- Animal Breeding Plans (Lush), 60
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft II for Racial Hygiene and Racial Politics, 224–25
- Aschoff, Ludwig, 225
- Atkinson, Henry S., 125
- Bachynsky, Nicholas V., 133
- Baker, La Reine Helen, 151
- Balicky, Chaim, 191–92
- Baragar, Charles, 107–8, 115
- Bell, Alexander Graham, 145, 154
- Bennett government (Canada), 110
- Bergson, Henri, 53
- Bier, August, 224
- Binding, Karl, 31, 172, 173, 174
- Binet, Alfred, 62–63
- Binney, Cecil, 50
- Binswanger, Otto, 171
- bioengineering, 23, 232
- bioethics, xi, 23
- biological determinism, xi–xii
- birth control, 99, 129, 181
- Blair, William R. N., 271n57
- Bolce, Eugenette, 155
- Bonhoeffer, Karl Ludwig, 193, 194
- Brack, Victor, 174
- Bracken, John, 129, 130, 132, 134–35
- Bradley, Francis H., 53
- British Columbia, 201, 287n34
- British Medical Association, 130
- Broadus, Edmund Kemper, 268n30
- Buck v. Bell, 30
- Bumke, Oswald, 19, 172
- Burbank, Luther, 144
- Burt, Cyril, 63
- Caird, Edward, 40
- Caird, John, 40
- California Test of Mental Maturity, 65
- Campbell, Douglas L., 134
- Canada: accessibility legislation, 202–3
- and compensation for sterilization, 196–97
- disability rights movement, 200–202
- eugenics movement in, 21, 90–92, 105–6, 121–22, 123
- fears of social degeneration, 8–9, 90, 110, 121–22
- health services expansion, 93–94
- international ties over eugenics, 179
- number of sterilizations, 184
- programs of enforced sterilization, 228–29
- scholarship of eugenics movement, 120
- Canada, Government of: and Accessible Canada Act, 203
- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 200–202
- Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene (CNCMH): aims of, 21
- Canadian Public Health Journal, 97
- Carr-Saunders, Alexander, 133
- Cassirer, Ernst, 166, 168
- castration, 187, 192, 287n30
- Catholics. see Roman Catholics
- Cattell, Raymond B., 79
- Caunt, Thomas G. B., 123
- Charmides (Plato), 54
- China, 196
- Clarke, Charles K., 91, 122
- Clauberg, Carl, 189
- CNCMH. see Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene (CNCMH)
- Coalition of Provincial Organizations of the Handicapped (COPOH), 200
- cohort effect, 78, 80
- Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), 13
- Council of Canadians with Disabilities, 200
- CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), ix
- Cross, Wallace, 107
- Daignault, J. H., 131
- Darwin, Charles, 7, 59, 90, 121
- Darwin, Leonard, 133
- Davenport, Charles B., 18, 104, 222–23, 318n32
- Davenport, Eugene, 146
- Denmark, 32, 186, 197
- D’Eschambault, Antoine, 112, 131–32, 289n56
- Deussen, Julius, 191
- DFA (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt), 190, 225, 226, 320n50
- disabilities of body and mind, xix–xx, 24
- disability rights movement: and ableism, 210
- disability studies, 209–10, 215–16, 228
- District Nursing Services, 93
- Dollfuss, Engelbert, 190
- Douglas, Tommy, 21, 114, 161–62, 163
- Downs, Ardrey W., 179
- Down Syndrome, xix
- Duering, Ernst von, 225
- Du Maurier, George, 296n37
- Edinger, Ludwig, 166, 167, 169
- Eldridge v. British Columbia, 201
- Ellis, Havelock, 154
- Erb, Wilhelm, 17
- Estonia, 187
- eugenics (see also Alberta Eugenics Board (AEB); Canada; Germany; Nazi Germany; Sexual Sterilization Act (Alberta); sterilization): A. E. Hoche as proponent of, 171–72
- attitude toward disabled people, xix–xx, 210–11
- cautionary lesson of its development, ix–x
- concern with wealth and class, 147–48
- conditions primed for in Canada, 21, 90–92, 105–6, 121–22, 123
- connection to J. M. MacEachran’s philosophy, 52, 54–56
- contemporary resonances of, xviii
- and cost of mental asylums, 221
- definitions of, 29–30, 90, 138, 257n11
- development in Germany after WWI, 105, 172–74
- development of before genetics, 58–59
- development of movement, 90, 104–5, 121, 142
- and disability rights movement, 207–8
- discrediting of, 15–16, 21, 107, 128, 133
- early growth of, 8–10, 18
- effectiveness of genetics in furthering, 84
- effect on legacy of K. Goldstein, 159
- ethnic bias of, 90, 91–92
- fallacy of, xi, 26
- history in Alberta, 46–48
- impact in Saskatchewan, 11–13
- importance of survivor testimony, xx
- interest in female sexuality and behaviour, 126
- international exchanges on, 18–20, 179, 222, 320n50
- its legacy on the future, 212, 215–16, 228
- language of, 33–34, 91, 97, 141–42
- legacy of biological determinism, xi–xii
- and medical holism and social philosophy, 162
- models for improvement of intelligence by, 75–78
- movement for in US, 30, 138, 139, 142, 143–49, 156–57
- not taught in schools, 213
- nurses attitude towards, 88, 96–97, 98, 101–2
- official Catholic position on, 128–29
- positive v. negative forms of, 211–12, 284n1
- and reforming marriage, 149–54, 155
- relationship to psychiatry, xxi–xxii, 183, 217–19
- reluctance of governments to prosecute for, 213
- scholarly studies/literature on, xviii, 10–11, 120, 140–42, 231
- and social degeneration, 18, 221, 230
- social progressivism’s tie to, 161–62, 176–77, 178
- suggestions for further study on, 118, 231
- and technological advances in reproductive rights, 34, 228
- using selective breeding as guide for, 143–45
- view that people shouldn’t be judged for support of, 213
- Eugenics Record Office (ERO), 104–5
- Eugenics Society of Canada, 15
- Europe, 32, 280n11. see also specific countries
- euthanasia programs: compensation for, 195, 196
- Fairfield, Lettilia, 112
- Family Planning Association, 98–99
- Famous Five, 178, 213
- Farmer, Seymour J., 133
- Farrar, Clarence B., 88
- Faure, Rev. F., 131
- Fechner, Gustav T., 41
- Field, Jean H., 46, 98
- Finger, August, 171
- Finland, 32, 186, 197
- Fischer, Eugen, 224
- Forel, Auguste, 16, 171, 223
- foster homes, 80
- Freud, Sigmund, 171
- Fromm, Erich, 168
- Frost, E. Mary, 47
- Galton, Francis: definition of eugenics, 29–30, 138, 257n11
- Gelb, Adhémar, 167
- gene editing, ix, xi, 22, 212
- genetic engineering, 89
- genetics: capability of in furthering eugenics program, 84
- development of after eugenics, 58–59
- discrete or multifactor defects, 69–70
- dominant disorders, 74–75
- general level of understanding of in 1920s, 59–60
- how much knowledge of was available to AEB, 69–71
- how recessive disorders are passed on, 71–72
- lack of understanding in by proponents of Alberta’s sterilization act, 69
- level of understanding in by AEB, 84–85
- timeline of advances in, 58
- use of selective breeding models to improve intelligence, 75–78
- Genetics (Altenburg), 60
- The German Foundation for Memory, Responsibility and the Future, 195–96
- German Research Council (DFG), 224–25
- German Research Institute for Psychiatry, 19, 20, 173, 183, 224
- Germany (see also Nazi Germany): compensation for sterilization in, 181, 193–96
- creation of German Research Council, 224–25
- and disability rights, 210–11
- eugenics movement in, 105, 172–74
- eugenics research in, 224–26
- importance of Rockefeller Foundation funding to, 20
- J. M. MacEachran’s study in, 41–43
- pre-Nazi era eugenic legislation, 285n6
- prosecution of Nazis for sterilization, 189–93
- psychiatry’s tie to eugenics in, 172–73, 178, 183, 190–91, 223–26
- sterilization in after WWII, 193
- ties to US eugenics, 18–20, 105, 156, 186, 222–23, 226, 285n10
- treatment of mental deficiency in, 172–74, 187, 223
- Gibson, David, 64, 271n57
- Gilbert, J. E., 145
- Glum, Friedrich, 225
- Goering, Matthias H., 160
- Goldstein, Kurt: biography, 164–69
- contributions to clinical neurology, 30–31
- embracing of eugenics, 31, 174–75, 223
- influence of A. E. Hoche and Weimar society on, 169–72, 174, 175–76
- legacy of, 159
- move to US, 168–69, 177–78
- paradox of his interest in eugenics, 160–61, 162, 163
- persecuted by Nazis, 160, 163, 168, 180
- photo, 165
- progressivism of and tie to eugenics, 176–77
- and silence on eugenics after WWII, 179–80, 306n108
- values of, 161
- Goodenough, Florence L., 68–69
- Gould, Stephen J., xi–xii
- Great Britain, 8, 32, 104, 184, 222
- Greek victims of sterilization, 189
- Greenfield, Herbert, 95
- Gregg, Alan, 226, 264n101
- Griesinger, Wilhelm, 171
- Grosjean v. American Press Co., 214
- Guett, Arthur, 178, 183
- Gunn, Margaret, 116, 117
- Gurwitsch, Aron D., 164, 168
- Guttmann, Ludwig, 161
- Hammill, Ann, 99
- Harmsen, Hans, 193
- Hays, Willet M., 144, 145
- health care services in Canada, 93–94
- Henderson, Charles R., 145
- Heredity Genius (Galton), 59
- Himmler, Heinrich, 189
- Hincks, Clarence M., 9, 10, 91, 115, 122
- Hitler, Adolf, 174
- Hoadley, George, 69, 95, 115, 117, 233
- Hoche, Alfred E.: eugenics work after WWI, 172, 173, 174
- Hoey, Robert A., 119, 125, 126, 132–33
- Hogben, Lancelot, 74
- Hohmann, Georg, 190
- homosexuals, 187, 271n63
- Horkheimer, Max, 168
- Hudson, John C., 148
- Huntington, George, 74
- Huntington’s chorea, 46–47, 74–75
- Hussen, Ahmed, 205
- Hyman, Marcus, 134
- immigration: to Alberta, 94–95, 110–11
- Canadian government policy of, 94, 109–10, 205, 288n42
- and disability rights movement, 204–5, 215
- fear of in US, 138
- and fear of social degeneration, 9–10, 87, 121
- as focus of rise in popularity of eugenics, 90, 91–93, 106
- as focus of social problems in Alberta, 94–95
- impact on health care, 94
- as large motivator for Sexual Sterilization Act, 109, 110
- media coverage of, 110, 111
- suggested as worthy of further study, 118
- India, 196
- Indiana, 141, 152, 175
- Indigenous Peoples, 13, 196, 272n80
- intelligence testing: by AEB, 60, 62, 81–83, 84
- Iowa adoption study, 80, 81
- IQ testing: development of, 62–64
- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (KWI), 183, 224
- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology and Human Genetics, 19, 20, 189–90, 224
- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research, 19, 20, 224
- Kallmann, Franz J., 161
- Kaufman, Alvin R., 99, 283n86
- Keller, Albert G., 137, 138, 153
- King, David, 48
- Klein, Ralph, 57, 270n51
- Koehler, Wolfgang, 166
- Kraemer, Rudolf, 210–11
- Kraepelin, Emil, 172–73, 183, 223, 229, 320n50
- Lamprecht, Karl G., 42
- Lang, Theo ‘Bruno,’ 190
- Law for the Prevention of Offspring of Hereditary Diseases, 19
- Lawrence, Harold F., 133
- The League of Persons Damaged by Euthanasia and Compulsory Sterilization, 195, 196
- Lenz, Fritz, 189, 190, 222
- Leo XIII, Pope, 128
- Lepofsky, David, 203
- Le Vann, Leonard J., xx, xxii
- Lewin, Kurt, 166
- Lewy, Frederic H., 169
- Living Archives on Eugenics in Western Canada, xvii, 4, 23–24
- Loeb, Leo, 318n32
- Lougheed, Peter, 47, 48
- Lush, Jay L., 60, 74
- Lydston, G. Frank, 152
- MacEachran, John M.: appointed to Eugenics Board, 46
- background, 37
- career, 43, 45–46, 53, 212
- compared to Ruedin, 179
- early years, 38
- education, 38, 40–41, 267n10
- philosophy of, 53–56, 268n25
- pictures, 39, 44
- repercussions of his career with AEB, 38, 266n6
- research and writing of, 45, 53–54, 266n3, 269n37
- study in Germany, 41–43
- suggested as worth further study, 117
- supposed scientific authority of, xxi–xxii, 25
- view of eugenics, 52, 54–56
- work on Alberta Eugenics Board, 48–49, 55, 100–101
- MacMurchy, Helen, 10, 112
- Mad Pride movement, xviii
- Manitoba, 14, 94, 119–20, 122
- Manitoba, Government of (see also Mental Deficiency Act (Manitoba)): legislative debate and vote on Mental Deficiency Act, 132–36
- marriage, 149–54, 155, 156
- Maslow, Abraham, 178
- Mason, Edward G., 46
- maternal feminism, 93
- Mathers, Alvin T., 123
- Maudsley, Henry, 152–53
- McClung, Nellie, 88
- McCullough, David L., 50–51
- McVicker-Hunt, Joseph, 61, 63–64, 78
- media coverage: of anti-eugenics news in Alberta in 1930s, 113–14
- of disabled people, 215
- of eugenicist marriage legislation in US, 153
- of eugenics, 24, 30, 213–15
- of eugenics movement in US, 138–39
- of immigration, 110, 111
- of Manitoba sterilization bill, 124, 125, 130, 131
- of Nazi Germany in Alberta newspapers, 113–14
- of Sexual Sterilization Act, 108, 111–12
- of US eugenics movement, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 155, 156–57
- which shows bias for racial purity, 115–16
- medical profession (see also nurses/nursing; psychiatry): effect of social degeneration on, 230
- Mendel, Gregor, 59
- Mental Defectives Act (Alberta), 61–62
- Mental Defectives Act (Saskatchewan), 13, 21
- mental deficiency: and Alberta’s Mental Defectives Act, 61–62
- covered in provisions of Sexual Sterilization Act, 206
- definitions, 67, 68
- description of in article on Alberta’s sterilization program, 242–45
- discrete or multifactor, 69–70
- economic burden of, 21, 91, 114, 123–24, 174
- effect of eugenics on in Saskatchewan, 12
- eugenicists spread fear about, 145
- fear of increase of, 8–9
- fear of used to push for eugenics bill in Manitoba, 122–24
- how it was determined by AEB, 66
- immigrants perceived as carriers of, 94–95, 118
- J. M. MacEachran’s view of, 52
- legality of sterilizing, 50
- media coverage of, 112
- medical professions’ view of in Alberta’s sterilization program, 98
- social and environmental factors in, 130–31, 133
- tie to social problems, 95–96, 121–22
- trait deemed suitable for sterilization, xx–xxi
- treatment of in Germany, 172–74, 187, 223
- using intelligence testing to determine, 66–67, 68–69
- Mental Deficiency Act (Manitoba): economic impetus for, 125–26
- mental hygiene, 54, 122, 123
- Mental Hygiene Survey, 110
- mental institutions, 66–68, 123–24, 146
- Meyer, Adolph, 6, 20
- Monakow, Constantin von, 16, 223
- Montefiore Hospital, 177–78
- Morel, Bénédict A., 16
- Mueller, Friedrich von, 225
- Muir, Leilani: apology to, 57
- Muir v. Alberta, 57, 89
- Muller, Henry J., xi
- Munn, John A., 233
- Murphy, Emily, 28, 69, 95
- Murphy, Gardner, 178
- Nachtsheim, Hans, 189–90, 193
- Nazi Germany (see also Ruedin, Ernst): applied eugenics program in, 162–63
- eugenic legislation of, 19, 224, 289n58
- euthanasia program, 174, 186, 191
- extent of eugenics in, 105, 227
- impact of sterilization campaign on AEB, 55
- media coverage of in Alberta in 1930s, 113–14
- nurses in, 101
- persecution of K. Goldheim, 160, 163, 168, 180
- prosecution for sterilization at post-war trials, 189–93
- racist legislation, 113–14
- responsible for decline in American eugenics in 1930s, 107
- role of psychiatrists in, 162, 178, 183, 227
- sterilization in, 181, 183–88, 272n77
- T. Douglas’ view of, 21
- nervous degeneration, 16–18, 20. see also social degeneration
- neurology, 17, 30–31
- newgenics, xix, 23, 232
- Norway, 187, 197
- Nuremberg Race Laws, 19, 105
- Nuremberg Trials, 189–93, 227
- nurses/nursing: attitude toward eugenics of, 88, 96–97, 98, 101–2
- belief in racial purity, 95, 96
- and blind mother case, 207
- changing definition of care for, 89–90, 102
- cooperation with AEB, 99–100
- growing status of in Alberta, 97–98
- in Nazi Germany, 101
- split between AARN and District Nursing Services, 93–94
- support for eugenics by, 96–97, 98
- support for Sterilization Act, 88, 99–100
- views of effected by society’s values, 28
- Parlby, Irene, 92, 95
- Paulsen, Friedrich, 41
- Pearson, Karl, 222
- Pfleiderer, Otto, 41
- Piux XI, Pope, 128
- Planck, Max, 190
- Plato, 54
- Ploetz, Alfred, 183, 222, 302n51
- Polish victims of sterilization, 189
- Pope, Edgerton, 46
- positive eugenics, 107
- pragmatism, 42–43
- Préfontaine, Albert, 132
- prenatal screening for disabilities, xix
- Pringle, Heather, 49, 270n54
- Provincial Mental Hospital, Ponoka, 14, 67, 237
- Provincial Nursing Association of Alberta, 101, 102
- Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives in Red Deer (PTS): case files from, 81–82
- psychiatry: conducts survey on insane and mentally deficient, 91
- development of field, 17
- early interest in eugenics, 9, 16
- effect of social degeneration on, 220, 230
- German-US contacts over eugenics, 19–20
- importance of scientific authority in their standing, xxi–xxii
- key role in rise of eugenics, x–xi, xxi
- and K. Goldstein, 166
- operating with Alberta Eugenics Board, 95, 96, 106, 235
- as part of Nazi regime of eugenics, 227
- professionalization of, 122, 221, 223
- push for sterilization bill in Manitoba, 122–24, 125
- relationship to eugenics, xxi–xxii, 183, 217–19
- role in Sexual Sterilization Act, 229
- tie of eugenics to in Alberta, 219–20
- tie to eugenics in Germany, 162, 172–73, 178, 183, 190–91, 223–26, 227
- view of nervous degeneration, 17–18, 221
- psychology/psychologists: and Alberta eugenics program, 25, 59, 60
- Public Health, Department of (Alberta), 67, 94–95, 97
- public health nurses, 97–98
- race suicide: fear of immigration and, 10, 30
- racial purity: as Canadian concern, 90
- racism, 104, 107, 113–14
- Reid, Richard G., 106, 117
- religion, 112. see also Roman Catholics
- reproductive rights, 34, 228
- Riehl, Alois, 41
- Rockefeller Foundation, 20, 168, 226
- Rogers, Carl, 178
- Roiste, Liam, 225
- Roman Catholics: historiography of their opposition to eugenics, 127
- lack of protest by in Alberta as suggested study topic, 118
- official church positions on eugenics and sterilization, 128–29
- opposition to sterilization bill in Manitoba, 126–32, 135
- response to eugenics, 11, 13
- role in legislative debate on Mental Deficiency Act, 133, 135
- varied opinions on eugenics by, 127–28
- Rosebery, Earl of (Archibald Primrose), 153
- Rothmann, Eva, 160
- Ruedin, Ernst: and Arbeitsgemeinschaft II, 224
- corresponds with F. Schmidt-Ott, 225
- as director of Demographic Study Unit, 173
- favours phenotype data banking, 223
- influenced by A. Ploetz, 182–83
- lays groundwork for Nazi health-care, 162, 178
- massive research program of, 223
- during Nazi era, 183
- revelations about during post-war trials, 190–91
- and Rockefeller Foundation money, 226
- sees eugenics as research possibility, 187
- work on functional nervous disorders, 172
- work on hereditary influence on health, 16
- Russell, F. W., 130
- Ruttke, Falk, 178
- Sami, 196
- Sanger, Margaret, 213
- Saskatchewan, 11–13, 21, 91, 229, 299n15
- Scandinavia, xix, 32. see also Finland, Norway, Sweden
- Schaper, Edward A., 167
- Scheerer, Martin, 168
- schizophrenia, 182, 183, 186, 187, 196
- Schmidt, Erich, 41
- Schmidt-Kehl, Ludwig, 225
- Schmidt-Ott, Friedrich, 225
- Schneider, Carl, 191
- Schulz, Bruno, 190–91
- Schumann, Horst, 189
- Sears, Marian, 95
- selective breeding: in Britain, 8
- Serviss, Garrett P., 146
- sexual orientation, 201
- Sexual Sterilization Act (Alberta) (see also Alberta Eugenics Board (Alberta)): amended in 1937, 46, 47, 100, 107–8
- American Journal of Psychiatry article on, 233–46
- belief in economic benefit from, 114–16
- belief in improvement of societal intelligence through, 77–78
- conditions which led to enactment of, 94–95
- coordination with Mental Defectives Act, 61–62
- details on persons operated on, 235–42
- explanations for 1937 amendment and lack of resistance to, 104
- impact of, 14–15, 46–48
- J. M. MacEachran’s view of, 52
- lack of understanding of genetics in, 69–70
- media coverage of, 108, 111–12
- passed into law, 106, 120
- psychiatry’s role in, 229
- publications speaking out against, 112
- public support for, 98, 287n33
- pulling apart traditional reasons given for lack of protest to, 108–16
- repeal of, 47–48, 270n49
- repercussions of, 87–88
- revised in 1942, 46–47, 108, 287n31
- role of AEB stated in, 61, 62
- significance of 1937 non-consensual amendment, 103, 117, 287n30
- suggestions for further study on, 117–18
- supporters of, 69, 88, 286n14
- used to prevent subjects becoming parents, 205–6
- variety of sterilization operations used under, 286n17
- Shoemaker, Blanche, 155
- Sifton, Clifford, 110
- Simmel, Marianne, 168–69
- Sinnett, Blake, 207
- Smith, Samuel G., 148
- social and environmental factors on intelligence, 78–84, 130–31, 133
- Social Credit government (Alberta), 100, 107–8, 115
- Social Darwinism, 9
- social degeneration: and development of eugenics, 230
- social engineering, 38
- social problems: idea of using eugenics to cure in Canada, 90–92, 122, 123
- social progressivism, 31, 161–62, 176–77, 178, 219
- Spencer, Herbert, 90
- Spitzka, Edward C., 151
- Stanford-Binet test, 63, 79, 84
- sterilization (see also Sexual Sterilization Act (Alberta)): apologies for, xviii–xix, 188
- attempts to have German law repealed, 194–95
- attempt to pass bill for in Manitoba, 122–25, 126
- attempt to pass bill for in Saskatchewan, 12–13
- in Canada, 184, 196–97, 228–29
- Catholic position on, 128–29
- compensation for, 181, 188–89, 193–97, 232, 270n51, 284–85
- of criminals, 52, 187
- current practice of, xix
- effect on dominant and recessive genetic disorders, 73–74
- global numbers of, 181
- in Great Britain, 32, 184
- health effects of, 27
- of homosexuals, 187, 271n63
- of Indigenous peoples, 13, 272n80
- laws passed in North America on, 18, 139
- and L. Muir lawsuit on, 37, 57
- in Manitoba, 119
- mental deficiency as suitable trait for, xx–xxi
- models for improvement of intelligence by, 75–78
- in Nazi Germany, 181, 183–88, 272n77
- as part of Alberta’s Mental Defectives Act, 61–62
- in post-war Germany, 193
- prosecution for in post-war Germany, 189–93
- and rediscovery of laws of heredity, 182–83
- relation to mass killings in Germany, 186
- reversal of, 50–51, 188, 197, 271n65
- in Scandinavia, xix
- social degeneration as reason for, 182, 183
- and social progressivism, 161–62
- table of global sterilization programs, 284–85
- techniques of, 182, 233, 286n17
- trials following Muir v. Alberta on, 57–58
- in US, 18, 104–5, 260n54, 272n79
- Stevens, Amory C., 143
- Stoddard, George D., 63, 78
- Stumpf, Carl, 41
- suffrage, 151
- Sweden, 187, 196, 197
- Switzerland, 32, 197, 223, 233
- Ulrich, Robert, 164, 168, 169
- United Farmers of Alberta (UFA), 46, 92, 94–95, 106
- United Farm Women of Alberta (UFWA): belief in sterilization, 106
- United Farm Women’s Association, 52
- United Nations, 188–89, 193–94
- United States: accessibility legislation in, 202
- and A. Meyer’s importance to psychiatry in, 20
- apologies for sterilization laws, xviii–xix
- decline in use of eugenics, 107, 114, 156
- effect of urbanization on, 138
- eugenic inspired marriage legislation in, 149–55
- eugenics movement in, 30, 138, 139, 142, 143–49, 156–57
- euthanasia program, 197
- fear of immigration in, 138
- and IQ testing of soldiers, 79
- K. Goldstein in, 168–69, 177–78
- media coverage of anti-eugenic news from, 114
- media coverage of eugenics in, 138, 144, 146, 150, 151, 155, 156–57
- number of sterilizations in, 183
- and race suicide, 138, 146
- racism and sterilization laws in, 104
- scholarship on eugenics movement in, 140–42
- and sterilization compensation, 196
- sterilization laws in, 18, 104–5, 260n54, 272n79
- ties to German eugenics, 18–20, 105, 156, 186, 222–23, 226, 285n10
- University of Alberta, 43, 45, 46, 60–61, 268n30
- Unkauf, Byron M., 8, 123–24
- Wagner, Gerhard, 187
- Wallace, Robert C., 117
- Walsh, William L., 46
- Ward, C. W., 145
- Watkins, John E., 147
- Watson, John, 38, 40–41
- Webb, Ralph H., 133–34
- Wechsler, David, 63, 67, 68
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 63, 64
- Wernicke, Carl, 166, 167
- Wertheimer, Max, 166
- Wesley United Church, 98
- A Whisper Past (Muir), 57
- Whitney, Leon F., 19, 105
- Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von, 41
- Wilson, Woodrow, 213
- Wirth, Wilhelm, 42
- Witt, Benjamin, 152
- Woelfflin, Heinrich, 41
- Women of Unifarm, 48, 270n49
- Woodruff, Charles, 145
- World War I, 10
- Wundt, Wilhelm: as MacEachran’s mentor, 41, 42, 43, 179
- Ziehen, Theodor, 170–71