Index

Abitibi Provincial Paper, 85

strikes at, 87, 90. See also Gallaher Thorold Paper Company

Addario, Frank, 136, 143–44

Agricultural Employees Protection Act, 170–71

agricultural workers, 25, 63, 166–71. See also workers, migrant farm

Agriculture Workers Alliance (AWA), 169–70

Alien Labour Act, 28, 31

All-Canadian Congress of Labour, 53, 61

Allen, Malcolm, 122–23, 122, 182–83, 183

Alliance Paper Company, 66

Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners, 11

American Cyanamid Company, 69–72

and Cyanamid Independent Union, 69

swimming pool, 70–72

workers, 63, 70

anti-union agenda, 86, 128, 132, 152–53, 159, 179

anti-union campaigns, 51, 57, 61–69

anti-union literature, 151, 154

Armenians, 16, 18, 56

Ashenden, Howard M., 106

Atlas Steels, 62, 66, 73, 106

Atlas Workers’ Independent Union, 62–63

Austrians, 27–28

autoworkers, 3, 58, 82–92, 104, 142

bargaining agent, 62, 126, 129, 146–47, 151

Barnim, Diane, 146–47, 147

Batchelder, Nelson, 48–49, 51

Beaver Board Company, 31–32

Bill 48, 177–78

Black, Conrad, 101

Blue Slate caucus, 83

Borovoy, A. Alan, 76

Bosnich, Michael (Mike), 62, 106

Botari, Flavio, 19, 39

Brights Canning Company, 40

Brisbois, Kenneth, 89

Brock Centre for Labour Studies, 113, 166

Brock University, 105–17

administration, 112, 114

Board of Trustees, 108

Founders’ Committee, 105–8, 173

Founding Fund, 106, 108–9

librarians, 114

Burgess Battery Company, 40

Burns, J.A., 52–53

business, small, 89–90, 101, 119

Butler, Fred, 106

Cahill, Martin, 79

Canadian Auto Workers (CAW), 82, 97, 135, 150–60, 163–64, 174, 182

Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL), 61, 73

Canadian Full-Fashioned Hosiery Workers’ Association, 53

Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), 87, 95, 98, 108, 119, 198

Canadian Niagara Hotels, 3, 12, 125–48, 156

and arbitrator, 130, 132–33, 138, 143

and collective agreement, 126–48

and collective bargaining, 126, 130, 135, 143

and contract, 128–40

and the courts, 142–44

and eight-hour shifts, 138–40

employees, 126–40

and Hard Rock Café, 126–31

and jobs, 138

and management, 3, 127–36, 137, 146

and private prosecution, 135, 137, 144–45

rally, 133–43

security, 134, 136

and Sheraton on the Falls, 3, 130–42

and signing bonus, 133, 135–36, 139

and Terrace Food Court, 126–27, 129, 131

and union’s online petition, 147

and workers, 3, 133–37, 141–43, 156

and work hours, 136–39

Canadian Niagara Power Plant, 23

Canadian Ohio Brass Company, 40

Canadian Paperworkers Union (CPU) 87, 90–91

and Local 290, 90–91

Canadian Steel Company, 20

Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE), 85, 88, 115, 117

canal workers, 8–10, 22–24, 27

accommodations, 23–25, 168

immigrant, 23

itinerant, 11

skilled, 23

strike, 29–30

canneries, 10, 12, 25, 28, 63, 65

Caribbean Workers Outreach Program, 169

Carr, Shirley, 95, 98

Casino Niagara, 126, 149–64

and anti-union campaign, 149–58, 160–61

associates, 152, 162–63

and contract, 158

and contract positions, 155, 158

employees, 151–59

and house advantage, 149–50, 152

and job losses, 159

management, 150–63

and work hours, 153

CAW Gaming Council (Niagara), 158

children, 13, 30, 39

and child care, 29, 81

and higher education, 105, 107

Chinese labourers, 22, 32–33

cigar makers, 10–12, 31

Clifton Hill district (Niagara), 125, 135, 149

Coke and Chemical Workers of America, 63

Cold War, 67–71, 81

collective agreement, 13, 101, 159, 161

collective bargaining, 66–67, 119

and casinos, 161

and strikes, 84

Communications, Energy and Paperworkers (CEP), 99–100, 102–4

Communist Party, 41, 54, 71–73, 83

and red-baiting, 68

communists, 40–41, 64, 71, 81

company housing, 19, 21, 34, 34–39, 46

and boarding houses, 24

and eviction, 36

and immigrant workers, 26

policies, 36–37. See also housing

company unions, 37–38, 61–69

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 41, 53–55, 61, 63, 192

contract, 98

and company union, 61–63

first, 68, 97, 100–101

and unions, 73, 83, 126

contract agreement, 63, 70, 84, 97–98, 127–28, 130, 133

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), 41, 48, 71, 73, 173

Coppen, Shirley, 175, 177

craft unions, 22, 41, 55, 112

credit unions, 36, 85

Crowland, 21, 23, 27, 41–45, 64

Crowland Council, 42–44, 64

Crowland Relief Strike, 42–47, 49

and relief allotments, 42

and work hours, 42–43

Crowland Unemployed Association, 42, 44

Dagg, Alex, 134–36, 142–45, 147

Days of Action protests (Ontario), 180

Dear John (Lammert), 120–21

deindustrialization, 94, 117–20, 149, 165

democracy, 49, 56, 59, 180

demonstration, 41–43, 95–97, 127, 133–36, 141–42, 180

Department of Labour, 48–51, 62

DiCienzo, Dino, 125–26, 129

discrimination, 19, 45, 51, 62–65, 74–80

and nationality, 74–78

Dufour, Shirley, 116

Eaton, Fred, 95

Eaton’s: employees, 95

rally, 95–97

strike, 95–98, 104

economy, 40, 94, 109–10, 121–24, 142–45, 156–57

El Contrato (Lee), 166

elections, 29

federal, 88, 94, 173–74, 179, 182

provincial, 29, 34, 71, 91, 97, 114, 173–74, 179

and union neutrality, 71

Elections Act, 89

Empire Cotton Mills, 45–49, 68

employees, 45–51

management, 46, 51

plant, 47, 51

and work hours, 45–46

employee association, 63, 68–69

employees: anti-union, 128

pro-union, 130, 150

striking, 90

employment: and Chinese workers, 33

and discrimination, 74

and insurance benefits, 92

security of, 37, 39, 157

as slavery, 25

and women, 53, 78–79, 81

employment loss, and unionization, 158

English Electric company, 66, 71, 73

ENLACE Community Link, 168

ethnic diversity, 41, 45, 47

Evening Star (St. Catharines), 15

exploitation, 9, 21, 49, 166–72

factories, 10–16, 21, 32–39, 53–56, 64

Fallsview Casino Resort, 154–55, 162

families: and benefits, 36

and eviction, 36

French Canadian, 19

and insufficient income, 48, 142

and living wages, 156–57

and male breadwinners, 13

and migrant workers, 166

and relief, 42–43

and shift work, 136–38

and welfare, 80

working-class, 34, 107

farmers, 25, 29–30, 34, 44, 164, 168, 170

local, 10, 24, 61, 63, 167. See also agricultural workers; workers, migrant farm

Fast, Ann, 80

Fine, Louis, 51

first contract legislation, 97–98

“foreigners,” 20–24, 27–28, 31–32, 36, 55–57, 170–71

foreign quarters, 21, 23, 44, 64

Forgách, Father László, 50–51, 192

Fraser, Wayne, 131

Fraser v. Ontario, 170–71

free trade agreement, 86, 94, 118, 122, 125, 175

French Canadians, 45–46

Gallaher Thorold Paper Company, 102–4. See also Abitibi Provincial Paper

gardens, 13, 21, 34–35

Garson, William, 15

General Motors (GM), 54, 65, 175

1970 strike at, 82–84

and Unity caucus, 81–82, 83

Gérin-Lajoie, Jean, 112

Golden Horseshoe Social Action Committee (GHSAC), 180, 182

girls, 11–12, 25, 60, 66, 79, 105

Glover, Danny, 133–37, 134, 141–46

government, 28–31

and Alien Labour Act, 22

and company unions, 66

cost-cutting, 114

and farmers, 168

federal, 28, 51, 67, 86, 121, 165, 170

and Japanese Canadians, 65

and manufacturing, 121

and Mike Harris, 179–80

NDP, 175–76, 178

provincial, 54–58, 86, 125–28, 146–49, 156–57, 170

provincial, and anti-discrimination, 76

provincial, and legislature, 15, 29

and relief, 92

United Province of Canada, 9–10

and voluntarism, 87

and World War II, 58–59, 165

government policy, and corporations, 86–87

“Granny” Beaulieu, 47

Great Depression, 40–41, 173, 175

greenhouses, 165–66

Greenlaw, Frank, 29

grievances, 38, 42, 51, 55, 70–71, 131–40, 152

Grimsby (Ontario), 12

Growing Respect for Offshore Workers (GROW), 169

Haeck, Christel, 176–77

Hamilton, city of (Ontario), 53, 61, 108, 137, 142

Hamilton, D. F., 80–81

Hansen, Ron, 175

Hargrove, Buzz, 150–51, 182

Harper, Stephen, 121

Harrington, Margaret, 175

Harris, Mike, 98, 144, 151, 179

Harrison, Len, 92, 174

Haugerud, Gerry, 172

Hemmingson, Michelle, 133, 137, 141–42

Hepburn, Mitchell, 40–41, 44, 54

higher education, 105–6

hiring, 10, 18, 65, 123, 165

Hitler, Adolf, 58–59

Holiday Inn, 146

Holmes, F. C., 37–38

Holy Rosary Credit Union, 90

homes: and “foreigners,” 21, 28

and migrant workers, 166, 168

and women, 13–14

Hosiery Workers’ Association, 51, 53

hospitality workers, non-union, 89

Hotel, Motel and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE), 125

hotels. See Canadian Niagara Hotels

housing, 21

of migrant workers, 165, 167. See also company housing

Hungarians, 16, 18, 26, 41, 45, 47, 64

Ibárruri, Dolores, 48

Ideson, John, 77, 106, 109, 173

immigrants, 16–18, 26–31, 44, 55–57, 74, 165–68

eastern European, 16, 18, 24–25, 27

immigrant workers, 16–18, 26–30, 55–57, 62–64, 184

as dangerous, 32

unskilled, 18

income, 12–13, 46, 51, 153

The Independent (St. Catharines), 99–101

Independent Labor Party (ILP), 29

industries, 16–17, 79–80, 109, 120–25, 166, 170

automotive, 79–80

gaming, 150, 158

iron, 12

inflation, 85–86, 89

Inner Circle Counter Sabotage Committee, 58

International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE), 85

International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM), 85

International Chemical Workers, 85

International Hotel and Restaurant Employees’ Union, 64

International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 55

International Typographical Union, 11

International Woodworkers of America (IWA), 61

Ireland, 9

“I Stand with Diane” campaign, 146–47. See also Barnim, Diane

Jackson, C.S., 61–62

Japanese Canadians, 65, 164

Jary, Mary, 47–48

Jennette, O.C., 48–50

jobs: agricultural, 165

better, 17, 19, 32

better-paid, 39, 156–57, 164

and discrimination, 65

full-time, 158

and the Great Depression, 40

and injuries, 55

labour-intensive, 65

labourious, 25

“men’s,” 13

permanent, 39

and rights, 88

scarce, 9

and security, 74

sex-typing of, 79–80

and teenagers, 12

unskilled, 18, 64

white-collar, 55–56

“women’s,” 79–80

job security, 62, 95–98, 117, 122, 152, 157–63

John Deere, 118–23

and contract, 119

employees, 119

and federal election campaign, 121–22

and job losses, 119, 121

management, 119

plant closure, 118–23

press conference, 120–22

Joseph Stokes Rubber Company, 40

journalists, 48, 99, 168

justice, 143, 172, 178

Justicia for Migrant Workers, 171

Kimberly-Clark of Canada, 85, 90

Klose, Heidi, 115

Knights of Labor, 13–15

and work hours, 14–15

Kormos, Peter, 102, 143, 147, 175, 177, 179, 183, 202

Kraisman, Sam, 55

Kukacka, Petra, 168

Laborers’ International Union of North America (LIUNA), 150, 157

labour, 34, 180

agricultural, 63, 164–70

and Brock University, 105–17

and canals, 16, 22

decline of, 91

and ethnicity, 65

organized, 34, 40–41, 86, 105–9, 149, 172–84

and postwar period, 74

and World War II, 33, 67

labour activists, 10, 28, 95, 166

Labour Day demonstration, 142, 145, 172, 183

labour dispute, 85–86, 90–91, 97–98, 101, 104, 130–31

labour education, 113–14

labourers, 9–10, 30, 33, 166

common, 9, 22

foreign, 22, 28

labour laws, and Canada, 171

labour movement, 4, 17, 64, 91, 105, 108, 149, 177–84, 185

and anti-discrimination, 74

and Brock University, 109–10, 112

and company unions, 38, 61

and ethnicity, 32

and free trade agreement, 94

and ideology, 84

and organizing, 95, 97–98

and politics, 71, 73

postwar, 68

and women, 13

labour radicalism, 32–34

Labour Review, 113

labour rights, 164, 170

labour shortages, 18, 28, 33, 56, 60, 165

labour studies, 113, 166

Lambert, Gord, 82–83, 90

Lammert, Mark, 120

languages, 26–27, 31

law, 27, 74–78, 97–98, 144, 164

Bill 48, 177–78

and discrimination, 74, 77

and first contract, 97–98

and immigrants, 27

and migrant workers, 164, 170. See also legislation

layoffs, 38, 58, 92, 119, 159

Layton, Jack, 122, 122

leadership, 64

and Unity caucus, 82

and women, 66

legislation, 77–78, 56, 59, 97, 128, 177

anti-discrimination, 74, 76–78

back-to-work, 86

and decertification information, 128

first contract, 97

and right to strike, 86

Social Contract, 177. See also law

Lewenza, Ken, 160

Lumsden, Walter, 167

Lundy, Andrew, 99

machinists, 11, 22, 85

Major Carmichael, “Digger,” 57–58

manufacturing, 10–13, 16–17, 117, 120–23, 150, 157

Martin, Paul, 182

Massachusetts, 18, 40

McClelland, John S., 15

McCormick, Brian, 176

McCrostie, James, 195–96

McKinnon Industries, 18, 54–60, 65–66, 79–81, 108

employees, 56–58, 65, 107

management, 54, 57–58

plant, 55, 57–58, 65

worker council, 54

McQuillan, Kim, 131

Medulun, Greg, 163

Mexico, 119, 123, 166, 171

Migrant Worker Fan Club, 189

migrant workers, 165–72, 184

caravan, 171–72

and isolation, 166–67, 169

wages, 170

and work hours, 167–68. See also agricultural workers; workers, migrant farm

mill, 45–48, 50, 102–4

Minister of Colleges and Universities, 175

Minister of Consumer and Commercial Relations, 175

Minister of Financial Institutions, 175

Minister of Housing, 92, 175

Minister of Labour, 49, 128, 175, 192

Monarch Knitting Company, 51–53

employees, 52–53

Moses, Moira, 144

Muellers, Andreas, 26

Mulroney, Brian, 94

Myers, Jay, 121

neoliberalism, 86, 92

New Democrat Party (NDP), 91, 94, 121, 172–82

and labour, 173–74, 179

and Social Contract Act, 176–79

Niagara casinos, 149–50, 153, 155, 160, 164

Niagara College, 113, 120

Niagara District Council of Human Rights, 77

Niagara District Trades Federation, 28

Niagara Falls Daily Record, 24, 26

Niagara Falls Evening Review, 70

Niagara Falls Review, 125, 129–30, 154, 160, 163

Niagara Industrial Relations Institute, 66

Niagara New Democratic Youth, 101

Niagara-on-the-Lake, 64, 167, 169, 172, 177

Niagara Parks Commission, 132, 143

Niagara Peninsula, 10, 14–16, 22, 66, 73, 110

Niagara Peninsula Joint Committee on Higher Education, 106

Niagara Regional Council, 173

Niagara Regional Police, 97, 134

Niagara River, 26

Niagara Structural Steel, 88

Niagara Wine Festival, 166

Nicholson, Ron, 75

Norton Company, 21, 125

O’Brien, Paul, 100

offshore workers, 167

Ontario Federation of Labour (OFL), 80, 179

Ontario Labour Relations Board (OLRB), 88, 134, 146–47, 151

Ontario Paper Company, 66, 85

Ontario Provincial Offences Court (Niagara), 143

Ontario Public Service Employees Union (OPSEU), 128, 135, 152

Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation (OSSTF), 115–17

organization: anti-union, 58

organizers, communist, 41–42

Ortlieb, Ralph, 167

Ottawa, 29, 49, 59, 88, 121–23, 179–82

paper industry, 85, 87, 89–90

paperworkers, 73, 85, 87, 90–91, 100

payroll deductions, 106, 108–9

Pen Centre (St. Catharines), 95–97

pensions, 39–40, 95, 97, 156

Peterson, David, 176

petition, 76, 78, 129, 156

company-initiated, 132

picket, one-day, 129–30

picket lines, 61, 85, 90, 95, 99, 104, 129

Pietropaolo, Vincenzo, 168–69

Pilkington Glass Company, 21

plant, non-unionized, 73

Plymouth Cordage Company, 18–20, 32–40, 68–69

employees’ attitudes, 35–39

management, 37–38

paternalism at, 36–37

plant council, 36–38

welfare policies, 35–40

and workers, 36, 68–69

Poles, 16, 18, 26, 45

police, 27, 32, 43, 48, 54, 134, 144

policies: and discrimination, 55

hiring, 33, 57

welfare, 36, 39

Polley, Sarah, 147

poverty, 24, 158–59

press release, 131, 136, 144, 148

printers, 11, 15, 192

strike-breaking, 15

production, 12, 54, 82, 88, 120

profits, 36, 59, 102, 124–27, 160

protests, 26, 33, 41–44, 76–77, 87–92, 179–80

Queen’s Park, 97, 173, 177, 179

race, 4, 14, 33–38, 74–78

racism, 14, 24, 55, 77–78, 164

Rae, Bob, 175–77

Rand, Ivan (Supreme Court justice), 67–68

Rand formula, 67–68

recession, 85, 175–76

red-baiting, 68

Regional Municipality of Niagara, 85, 98

Reiter, Esther, 113

relief. See Crowland Relief Strike

religion, 27, 38, 44, 74, 76–77

replacement workers, 100, 127, 130

restaurants, 61, 74, 121, 142

Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union (RWDSU), 95, 98

and contract, 98

Reuther, Walter, 82

Riseley, Arthur, 106

Rogers, Linda, 180

Romanians, 19, 21

room attendants, 126, 128, 133, 138–39, 145

Royal Commission on Textile Industry, 51

Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, 79–81

safety, 33, 70, 166, 169

Samuelson, Wayne, 134–36, 141, 143–44

Schoures, Donald, 57

Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP), 165–70

and contract, 165, 168

secretaries, 28, 30, 88

Seebach, Ron, 106

seniority, 38, 79–80

Service Employees International Union, 167

shacks, 8, 21, 23–24, 26, 32, 39

shifts, 24, 47, 86–87, 129, 136–38, 180

six-hour, 139

split, 3, 135–36, 139

shop committees, 51–53

Skyway Lumber Company, 88

Social Contract Act, 186–9. See also New Democrat Party

solidarity, 44, 54, 137, 141, 184

Spencer, L. B., 49

St. Catharines and District Labour Council, 74–78, 83–84, 88–96, 124, 172–80

Labour Review, 106, 113, 177

St. Catharines City Council, 76

St. Catharines Council of Women, 77

St. Catharines Fidelity Assembly, 15

St. Catharines Journal, 9

St. Catharines Standard, 54–60, 74–76, 82, 88–89, 97–103

and contract, 99, 101

management, 101

strike, 99–101

St. Catharines Steel Products, 66

St. Catharines Trades and Labour Council, 61, 89–97, 109, 124, 172–73, 177

steelworkers, 3, 85, 88, 106, 130–31, 142

stonecutters, 11, 14

strike: canal workers, 9

and ethnicity, 21

hydro canal workers, 29–30

Knights of Labor, 15

legal, 82, 127, 129

and militia, 26

railroad, 85

wave, 84–88

wildcat, 87

and work hours, 21

strike action, 57–58, 84

strike ballot, 58

strikebreakers, 21, 31–32

strike duty, 63

strike leaders, 31–32, 51

jailed, 44

strikes: and food, 42–44, 48, 61

and higher wages, 27–28, 39, 46, 56, 63–64, 68, 150

mass, 87

sit-down, 54

students, 113–34, 145, 165

Summers, Charles, 74–76

and family, 74–77

Swart, Mel, 91, 97, 173, 174, 175

taxes, corporate, 88, 121–23

teaching assistants, 115, 117

Thompson, Russell, 75

Thorold Township Council, 173

Toronto and District Labour Committee for Human Rights, 76

tourism industry, 125, 127, 129, 133–34, 142, 156–57

Trades and Labour Congress (TLC), 28

trespassing, 97, 134, 141, 144

Trudeau, Pierre, 86, 93

Ukrainians, 16, 18, 27, 41, 45, 47

Underground Railroad, 171–72

unemployment, 40–41, 51, 85, 92–93, 113, 173

union: agitators, 42, 44, 52

benefits, 39, 73, 101, 156, 159, 169–70

communist-led, 73

decertification attempts, 128–29, 131–32

and democratic structure, 73

fight, 3, 59–61, 67, 94, 102, 134

fledgling labour, 126

gaming, 161

independent, 38, 62

industrial, 40–41, 55, 61, 63, 66, 112, 124–25

international, 68, 87, 105, 108

labour, 67, 87, 147, 149–50, 163, 184

membership cards, 50, 62

organizing drive, 48, 61–63, 68–70, 95, 99, 115–16, 150–55

politics, 83

private sector, 184

profile, 137

strong, 150

and support, 38, 67, 70–71, 116–17, 136, 153

trade, 111, 114, 162

voice, 14, 24, 108–9, 115, 178

and work hours, 22

union activists, 54, 68, 82, 87, 97, 106, 136–43

union-avoidance strategy, 150, 152–53, 158, 163

union-busting, 97, 130, 145

Union Carbide Company, 33

union cards, 62, 116, 146, 151, 153–55, 158

union certification, 95, 114–15, 143, 146, 150–54, 158–60

card-based, 146, 163

union drive, 146, 146

union dues, 52, 67–68, 152

unionists, trade, 105, 114

unionization, 88, 98–99, 114–17, 150–60, 164

combatting, 146, 163

defeat, 34

postwar, 64

private sector, 118

rejected, 150, 163

unionizing campaign, 115–16

Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), 3, 15, 31, 95, 132, 141, 157, 199–200

union leadership, 64, 67, 126, 131, 143, 176, 182

union locals, 13, 106, 109, 114, 117, 145

affiliated, 124

union membership, 31, 84, 92–106, 125–40, 150–54, 176–77

compulsory, 68

union neutrality, 71

union newsletter, 91

union organizers, 48, 54, 65, 132

union representation, 68, 115, 153–54

union substitution techniques, 150, 152, 163

union suppression tactics, 150, 152, 163

United Automobile Workers of America (UAW), 54–57, 65, 73, 79–82, 85, 91, 106, 108

strike, 81–82

United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, 22, 33

United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers Union (UE), 61, 69

United Farmers of Ontario government, 29

United Food and Commercial Workers Union (UFCW), 166–71

United Steelworkers of America (USWA), 73, 105, 108

United Textile Workers of America (UTWA), 46, 50, 68–69

Unity Caucus, 81–83

university workers, 3, 115, 142

Upper Canada, 9

Virgil, town of (Ontario), 169–70, 172

vote, popular, 94, 174–75, 179

vouchers, 8, 11, 42, 44–45

wage parity, 82–83

wages: and caps, 67

cut, 55

fair, 8–9, 30, 60

increase in, 70–73, 84, 89–91, 130, 133, 136, 143

living, 22, 156

low, 12–13, 25–27, 38–40, 47–53, 60, 150, 164

lower, 39, 45–46

minimum, 157, 166

negotiated, 61–63

and rent, 46

and women, 53, 60

Wagg, Virginia, 116

Walter Reuther Administration, 81–83

Washuta, John, 83

Welch, Alex, 46

welfare plan, 34–36, 38–39, 68

Welland and District Labour Council, 175

Welland Canal, 8–9, 14–17, 22, 28, 124, 189

Welland’s People’s Press, 21, 32

Welland Telegraph, 18, 22

White, John, 33

Williams, Lynn, 105–10

women, 74–84

and Empire Cotton Mills, 46

and gender inequality, 14

immigrant, 25, 164

married, 78, 80–81

and picket lines, 47

and politics, 175

self-supporting, 80

and service industry, 95

and supplemental wages, 13

and textile industry, 13, 45

and union support, 53, 56, 59

as unskilled workers, 12

and the vote, 29

and wage parity, 47

working-class, 13, 29

and World War II, 60, 68. See also workers, women

Woodcock, Leonard, 82

Woods, Jack, 74, 76

workers: Anglo-Canadian, 19–31

anti-union, 129

and Brock University, 105, 117

cafeteria, 117

canal, 8–10

cannery, 25

casino, 149–64

casino, unionized, 152, 155, 157

Chinese, 32

and class, 4, 16, 21, 36–37, 60

and class conflict, 34

clerical, 117

of colour, 74–81

and complaints, 54

and deindustrialization, 117–24

disabled, 15

and early manufacturing, 10–15

and ethnicity, 16–25

farm, 84, 167

health, 36, 70, 166

hotel, 124, 134, 147–48

injured, 124

Italian, 16, 18–22, 26–28, 34, 45–47

laundry, 145

and loneliness, 169

and loyalty, 18–19, 37, 152

maintenance, 88

migrant farm, 164–72

militant female, 60

minority, 56, 64

Native, 165

native-born, 22, 29

office, 19

part-time, 95, 97

postal, 3, 85

and protest, 25–34

public sector, 86, 142

racetrack, 161

rail, 21

restaurant, 132

seasonal, 24, 125, 164–65, 170

semi-skilled, 16

sheet metal, 85

shoe factory, 11

textile, 45, 51

tourism, 125, 145, 156

unorganized, 11, 28

unskilled, 10, 12–14, 28, 55

unskilled, as children, 12–13

and the welfare plan, 34–41

women, 14–15, 25, 65, 79–80, 95–98

Workers United, 148

workforce, 40, 114, 118, 123, 154–55, 163–64

work hours: canaller, 8, 30

and union, 11

workplace, 104, 114, 128, 131–33, 140, 147–54, 184–85

unionized, 67, 128

World War I, 25, 28–29, 34, 67

World War II: and employment discrimination, 32–33, 65

and labour shortages, 56

and profits, 57, 59

and war effort, 59–60, 67

Yale and Towne company, 71, 73