“Notes” in “Union Power”
Notes
Canallers Fight for Work and Fair Wages
1 For a comprehensive study of workers on North American canals, see Peter Way, Common Labour: Workers and the Digging of North American Canals, 1780–1860 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
2 Ruth Bleasdale, “Class Conflict on the Canals of Upper Canada in the 1840s,” in Pre-Industrial Canada, 1760–1849, ed. Michael S. Cross and Gregory S. Kealey (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1985), 103.
3 Ibid., 114.
4 St. Catharines Journal, 7 July 1842, quoted in Bleasdale, “Class Conflict,” 111.
5 Way, Common Labour, 246–48.
The Early Labour Movement
1 Report of the Royal Commission on the Relations of Capital and Labor in Canada, vol. 6, Evidence, Ontario (Ottawa: A. Senecal, 1889; CIHM/ICMH Digital Series no. 9-08114), testimony of Robert James Mills, cigar maker, 919–22.
2 Ibid., testimony of J. R. Pettitt, Grimsby, 849; testimony of B. R. Nelles, Grimsby, 890–91.
3 Ruth A. Frager and Carmela Patrias, Discounted Labour: Women Workers in Canada, 1870–1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), 17–53.
4 Karen Dubinsky, “‘The Modern Chivalry’: Women and Labour in Ontario, 1880–1891,” MA thesis, Carleton University, 1985; Gregory S. Kealey and Bryan D. Palmer, Dreaming of What Might Be: The Knights of Labor in Ontario (Toronto: New Hogtown Press, 1987), 321–26.
5 Kealey and Palmer, Dreaming of What Might Be, 105, 150–51; David Goutor, Guarding the Gates: The Canadian Labour Movement and Immigration, 1872–1934 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007), part 2.
6 Kealey and Palmer, Dreaming of What Might Be, 64, 85.
7 Ibid., 222, 241.
8 Ibid., 297.
9 Ibid., 356–57.
10 Ibid., 292.
11 Ibid., 371.
Class and Ethnicity in the Early Twentieth Century
1 For a useful analysis of industrialization in the Niagara region, see John N. Jackson and Carole White, The Industrial Structure of the Niagara Peninsula (St. Catharines, ON: Department of Geography, Brock University, 1971).
2 Isabel Kaprielian-Churchill, Like Our Mountains: A History of Armenians in Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2005), 243, 253. See also Pamela Sugiman, “Privilege and Oppression: The Configuration of Race, Gender and Class in Southern Ontario Auto Plants, 1939–1949,” Labour/Le Travail 47 (Spring 2001): 83–113.
3 On calculations concerning the costs of labour turnover, see Harvard Business School, Baker Library, Plymouth Cordage Company Collection (hereafter PCC), H-4, topical files: Manufacturing Costs, Training, E. W. Brewster to Clark, 16 July 1920.
4 PCC, H-3, topical files: Industrial Relations, Welfare, General, Employee Book of Information, n.d., 6. See also Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880–1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).
5 Welland Telegraph, 30 November 1905.
6 Interview with Flavio Botari, Welland, October 1985.
7 Interview with Esch Orsini, Welland, October 1985.
8 Interview with Flavio Botari.
9 Interview with Elena Turroni, Welland, November 1985.
10 Brock University Library, Special Collections and Archives (hereafter BUL, Special Collections), Alfred Bolton and Barbara J. Austin, “‘The Thorold Story’: Pilkington in Canada,” Proceedings of the Administrative Science Association of Canada, Business History Division, 1994.
11 BUL, Special Collections, Alfred Bolton, warehouse manager at Thorold, transcript of interview, Pilkington Group Archives and Records Service, Information Management and Storage, St. Helens, UK, 1944.
12 Niagara Falls Daily Record, 10 June 1916.
13 Welland Tribune, 28 March 1912.
14 People’s Press, 30 May 1899, 6 June 1899, quoted in Fern A. Sayles, Welland Workers Make History (Welland, ON: By Winnifred Sayles, 1963), 116–17.
15 Welland Telegraph, 29 October and 12 November 1903.
16 Library and Archives Canada (hereafter LAC), RG 27, Department of Labour, vol. 98, file 424.01.7: Report of the Conference Held at St. Catharines, 8 September 1921, to Discuss Wages, Hours and Other Conditions on the Welland Canal.
17 For canallers’ housing conditions, see LAC, RG 43, Department of Railways and Canals Fonds, Records Related to the Welland Canal (for example, vol. 2154, file 130; vol. 2156, file 258; vol. 2171, file 846).
18 Niagara Falls Daily Record, 24 June 1910.
19 Ibid.
20 Niagara Falls Daily Record, 25 June 1910.
21 LAC, RG 76, Immigration Branch, vol. 412, file 595173: Welland.
22 BUL, Special Collections, Report on a Limited Survey of Relgious, Moral, Industrial and Housing Conditions Prepared for the St. Catharines Survey Committee by the Department of Social Service and Evangelism of the Methodist and Presbyterian Churches (1915).
Labour Revolt in Niagara
1 LAC, RG 43, Welland Canal, vol. 2917: Report by Lt. Col. Comp. 44th Reg., 11 November 1903; People’s Press, 10 November 1903.
2 Niagara Falls Daily Record, 21 June 1910.
3 Archives of Ontario (hereafter AO), RG 18-76, Records of the Commission to Enquire into and Report upon the Rates of Wages Paid to Men Employed by the Hydro-Electric Power Commission in the Construction of the Queenston-Chippawa Development, 1920 (hereafter Queenston-Chippawa Development), 90.
4 AO, RG 4-32, Attorney General’s Department, file 1921, no. 165: Frank Collins, Chief of Police, to W. E. Raney, Attorney General, 14 January 1921; LAC, Arthur Lewis Sifton Papers, MG 27, II D19, vol. 9, Notes of the work of the C.I.B. Division for the week of 4 November 1920, 18. We are grateful to Jim Naylor for bringing the reference in the Sifton papers to our attention.
5 Welland Telegraph, 12 November 1903.
6 AO, RG 4–32, file 1908, no. 1707: L. H. Cole, District Trades and Labor Council, St. Catharines to Attorney General of Ontario, 19 December 1908.
7 Industrial Banner, 12 May and 19 May 1916; James Naylor, The New Democracy: Challenging the Social Order in Industrial Ontario, 1914–1925 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991), 62.
8 Welland Tribune, 5 June 1918.
9 Naylor, New Democracy, 127.
10 Ibid., 148–49.
11 Queenston-Chippawa Development, 134.
12 Ibid., 175.
13 Ibid.
14 Queenston-Chippawa Development, Preliminary Report, 3–4, observations of Mr. MacBride.
15 Ibid., 1.
16 Ibid., 2–3.
17 Niagara Falls Evening Review, 17 May 1920. See also Naylor, New Democracy, 231
18 Naylor, New Democracy, 210.
19 AO, RG 23–26, OPP Criminal Investigations Records, file 93/6: Strikes, 1921, Depositions and Affidavits concerning the Beaver Board strike.
20 Ibid.
21 Welland Telegraph, 11 December 1917.
22 People’s Press, 27 November 1917.
23 Welland Telegraph, 11 December 1917.
24 Ibid.
Welfare Capitalism in Niagara
1 PCC, H-3, topical files: Industrial Relations, Welfare, General, B. Preston Clark, Chairman, Industrial Homes and Gardens, n.d.
2 PCC, H-3, topical files: Industrial Relations, Labor, “The Present Unrest,” speech by Mr. Clark, 1913.
3 S. E. Morrison, The Ropemakers of Plymouth: A History of the Plymouth Cordage Company, 1824–1949 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), 94.
4 PCC, H-3, topical files: Industrial Relations, Welfare, Social Work, R. W. Brown, Supt., 5 April 1922.
5 Interview with “M.T.,” Welland, November 1985.
6 PCC, Mr. Brewster’s Files, O-6: Labor, Report by P. W. Viets (Head of Department of Industrial Relations, 1927–37), n.d.
7 PCC, H-3, topical files: Industrial Relations, Mr Marshall’s Reports, C. P. Marshall to Mr. Holmes, n.d.
8 PCC, H-3, topical files: Industrial Relations, Labor, Welland Plant Council Records, F-38, memorandum, 13 April 1936.
9 PCC, PCC Council Records, F-31, minutes of the Inaugural Meeting, 10 August 1933; Welland Plant Council Records, F-37, 11 December 1934, statement of Mr. Holmes.
10 PCC, Mr. Brewster’s Files, O-6: Labor, Employee Representation.
11 PCC, Welland Plant Council Records, F-37, 3 December 1935.
12 PCC, Welland Plant Council Records, F-37, 19 March 1937.
13 Interview with Mr. Triano, Welland, November 1985.
14 Interview with Esch Orsini, Welland, October 1985.
15 Interview with Flavio Botari, Welland, October 1985.
Unemployment and Organization During the Great Depression
1 AO, RG 3–10, Premier Mitchell Hepburn Private Correspondence, box 265, file: Communism 1937, H. F. Logan, Barrister and Solicitor, Niagara Falls, to Mitchell Hepburn, 26 June 1937; AO, RG 23–26, OPP Criminal Investigations Records, Strike Files, file: 133–36, Re: Sam Krysman, Alleged Inflammatory Agitator, St. Catharines, Ont., 5 March 1937.
2 LAC, RG 27, Department of Labour, Strikes and Lockouts Files, vol. 366, Strike 21, 26 February 1934; vol. 393, Strike 334, 8 May 1936. See also Kanadai Magyar Munkás, 2 February 1937.
The Crowland Relief Strike
1 AO, CP 2A 1210, Records of the Communist Party, National Executive Secretary of the W.U.L., to John Strush, Welland, 15 June 1931; CP 2A 1296, John Strush to A. Horvat, 20 July 1931; see also interview with John Strush, Hamilton, 1985; interview with Frank Haslam, Port Colborne, 1985.
2 Minutes, Crowland Township Council, 22 April 1933; Welland Tribune, 29 April 1933.
3 Welland Tribune, 12 December and 20 December 1934, 2 January and 5 January 1935.
4 Welland Tribune, 1 April 1935.
5 Welland Tribune, 9 April 1935.
6 Welland Tribune, 11 April 1935.
7 Toronto Daily Star, 26 April 1935.
8 Welland Tribune, 13 April 1935.
9 Toronto Globe, 30 April 1935.
10 AO, RG 4, Department of Attorney General, series 4–23, Criminal and Civil Files, 1935, 1222, T. D. Cowper, Country Crown Attorney, Welland, to I. A. Humphries, Department of Attorney General, 7 May 1935.
11 AO, RG 3, Hepburn Papers, General Correspondence, Box 192, Crowland Jobless, Thomas Martin to Mitchell Hepburn, 19 May 1935.
12 Welland Tribune, 11 May 1935.
The Cotton Mill Strike, 1936–37
1 LAC, RG 27, Department of Labour, Strikes and Lockouts Files, vol. 380, Strike 196, Report from Manager, Empire Cotton Mills, to Department of Labour, Canada, 28 December 1936.
2 AO, RG 7-1-0-143, Department of Labour, Geo. G. Halcrow, District Inspector, Department of Labour, to Jos. R. Prain, Chief Inspector of Labour, Ontario, 30 January 1936.
3 Interview with Ida Farioli, Welland, November 1986, and interview with Martha Bertothy, Welland, November 1986.
4 Welland Tribune, 8 January 1937.
5 Welland Tribune, 2 January 1937.
6 Welland Tribune, 30 December 1936.
7 Welland Tribune, 22 December 1936.
8 Welland Tribune, 12 January 1937.
9 Globe and Mail, 21 January 1937.
10 Toronto Clarion, 14 January 1936.
11 Kanadai Magyar Munkás, 7 January 1937.
12 Daily Clarion, 2 January 1937.
13 Welland Tribune, 19 January 1937.
14 Welland Tribune, 17 January 1937.
15 AO, RG 7-1-0–143, Department of Labour, O. C. Jennette, Department of Labor, Industrial Standard Branch, to J. F. Marsh, Deputy Minister of Labour, 4 January 1937.
16 AO, RG 7-1-0–143, Department of Labour, L. B. Spencer to David A. Croll, 6 January 1937.
17 Toronto Telegram, 31 December 1936.
18 AO, RG 7-1-0–143, Department of Labour, E. J. Anderson, M.P.P., to Arthur B. Damude, M.P., 26 January 1937.
19 AO, RG 7-1-0-143, Department of Labour, Geo. G. Halcrow, District Inspector, Department of Labour, Ontario, to Jos. R. Prain, Chief Inspector of Labour, 30 January 1936.
20 Welland Tribune, 9 January 1937.
21 Interview with Father László Forgách, Toronto, August 1978.
22 AO, RG 7-1-0–143, Department of Labour, O. C. Jennette, Department of Labor, Industrial Standard Branch, to David A. Croll, Minister of Labour, 26 January 1937.
23 Welland Tribune, 17 February 1936.
24 Interview with Father László Forgách.
The Monarch Strike
1 See Report of the Royal Commission on the Textile Industry (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1938). See also LAC, RG 33, series 20, vol. 19, Royal Commission on Textile Industry, Transcript of Hearings, vol. 5, 8 October 1936, Dunnville, Ontario, 9137.
2 LAC, RG 33, series 20, vol. 19, Royal Commission on the Textile Industry, Transcript of Hearings, vol. 5, 8 October 1936, Dunville, Ontario, 9209 ff.
3 AO, RG 7-30–0–48, Department of Labour, Strike, Monarch Knitting Co. Ltd., St. Catharines, 1938.
4 LAC, RG 33, series 20, vol. 51, Royal Commission on Textile Industry, Wage Questionnaires, Monarch Knitting Co. Ltd., St Catharines.
The CIO at McKinnon Industries
1 Isabel Kaprielian-Churchill, Like Our Mountains: A History of Armenians in Canada, 245.
2 AO, RG 23–26, OPP Criminal Investigations Records, Strike Files, McKinnon Industries and General Motors Workers, St. Catharines, Attempts at agitation by Sam Krysman, file: 133–6, Re: Sam Krysman, Alleged Inflammatory Agitator, St. Catharines, Ont., 5 March 1937.
3 St. Catharines Standard, 6 March 1937.
4 Quoted in Kaprielian-Churchill, Like Our Mountains, 258.
5 The Oshawa Labor Press, 25 August 1938.
Fighting for Democracy on the Home Front, 1939–45
1 AO, Select Committee to Inquire into Collective Bargaining Between Employers and Employees, RG 49-116, vol. 11, 16 March 1943, submission of St. Catharines Citizens’ Delegation, 1263.
2 Niagara Falls Evening Review, 20 September 1941.
3 St. Catharines Standard, 23 September 1941.
4 Ibid.
5 St. Catharines Standard, 27 September 1941.
6 St. Catharines Standard, 13 September 1941.
7 St. Catharines Standard, 11 September, 12 September, and 19 September 1941.
8 Doug Smith, Cold Warrior: C. S. Jackson and the United Electrical Workers (St. John’s: Canadian Committee on Labour History, 1997), 118.
9 Interview with Mike Bosnich, Welland, 11 November 1985.
10 AO, RG 7-30–217, b354934, Industrial Disputes Inquiry, Atlas Steels, J. P. Nicol, Industrial Disputes Inquiry Commissioner, to M. M. Maclean, Director of Industrial Relations and Registrar, Department of Labour, Ottawa, Re: Atlas Steels Limited, Welland, Ontario, and Re: Vote of employees, 18 June 1943 and 22 June 1943; RG 7-60, Department of Labour Applications for Certification, 1943–44, box 270767, file 12, UE vs. Atlas Steels. See also Smith, Cold Warrior, 119.
11 Niagara Falls Evening Review, 28 October 1943.
12 AO, RG 49-116, Records of the Selective Committee to Inquire into Collective Bargaining Between Employers and Employees, vol. 8, 708, Petition from Citizens of the Niagara Peninsula.
13 Niagara Falls Evening Review, 17 September 1941.
14 Niagara Falls Evening Review, 15 September and 17 September 1941.
15 LAC, MG 28, I 190, United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, vol. 1, file 6, UE District 5 Council 21st Annual Convention, 31 October–3 November 1957, UE pamphlets.
16 Interview with Harry Kurahara, quoted in Addie Kobayashi, Exiles in Our Own Country: Japanese Canadians in Niagara (Richmond Hill, ON: Nikkei Network of Niagara, 1998), 92.
17 St. Catharines Standard, 17 April 1940 and 27 September 1941.
18 AO, Select Committee to Inquire into Collective Bargaining Between Employers and Employees, RG 49-116, vol. 11, 16 March 1943.
1 LAC, MG 31, B 19, Madeleine Parent and R. Kent Rowley fonds, Local Union Files, vol. 2, file 14: Local 174, Plymouth Cordage Limited, Welland, Ontario, Correspondence 1947, 1949; vol. 12, file 8, Local 174, Plymouth Cordage Company, Welland, Ontario, Correspondence, O.L.R.B. Reports, Seniority Lists, Union Membership Lists and Notes, 1947–49; AO, RG 7-30–0–927, Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration files, Plymouth Cordage Co., Welland, 1948. See also Fern A. Sayles, Welland Workers Make History, 170–71.
2 Niagara Falls Evening Review, 28 October 1943.
3 Niagara Falls Evening Review, 14 July and 29 July 1953.
4 Niagara Falls Evening Review, 18 August 1953.
5 LAC, MG 28, I 190, United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, vol. 24, files 5–7: English Electric Company of Canada Ltd., St. Catharines, Ont., Material issued to English Electric and Packard Electric, 1944–50; files 9–10: English Electric Company of Canada Ltd., St. Catharines, Ont., Materials and correspondence re: J. Bacon and Group, 1948.
Women and Workers of Colour in the 1950s and 1960s
1 St Catharines Standard, 10 September 1959.
2 Ibid.
3 St. Catharines Standard, 11 September 1959.
4 Toronto Telegram, 11 September 1959.
5 LAC, MG 28, V75, Records of the Jewish Labour Committee of Canada, vol. 42, file 15, Correspondence, Reports, September–October 1959.
6 Toronto Telegram, 11 September 1959.
7 St. Catharines Standard, 11 September 1959.
8 St. Catharines Standard, 15 September 1959.
9 Sydney Cape Breton Post, 16 September 1959.
10 St. Catharines Standard, 26 October and 27 October 1959.
11 St. Catharines Standard, 15 September 1959.
12 St. Catharines Standard, 22 March 1960.
13 For the role of the St. Catharines and District Labour Council and the Toronto and District Labour Committee for Human Rights, see BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, general correspondence, 1957–63; LAC, MG 28, V75, Records of the Jewish Labour Committee of Canada, vol. 23, Circulars and Clippings, “Submissions re: racial discrimination in apartment buildings and multiple dwelling units”; vol. 42, file 15: Correspondence and Reports, September–October 1959; file 16: Correspondence and Reports, November–December 1959.
14 St. Catharines Standard, 3 May 1962.
15 Briefs of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, Brief Presented to the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, Brief no. 8, 23 October 1967.
16 St. Catharines Standard, 6 June 1968.
Ideologies Clashing: The 1970 UAW Strike
1 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, September 2006.
2 Ibid.
3 St. Catharines Standard, 2 January 1971.
4 St. Catharines Standard, 17 December 1970.
5 St. Catharines Standard, 7 November 1970.
6 Ibid.
7 St. Catharines Standard, 18 December 1970.
8 St. Catharines Standard, 16 August 1982.
9 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, September 2006.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
Strike Wave: 1972–76
1 Jon Peirce, Canadian Industrial Relations, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Prentice-Hall Canada, 2003), 344.
2 St. Catharines Public Library, “Niagara Peninsula — Strikes and Lockouts, 1968–1978,” vertical file guide, Special Collections.
3 Ibid.
4 Leo Panitch and Donald Swartz, From Consent to Coercion: The Attack on Trade Union Freedoms, 3rd ed. (Aurora, ON: Garamond Press, 2003), 27.
5 Ibid., 32.
6 Ibid., 30.
7 St. Catharines Standard, 28 June 1975.
8 James McCrostie, Just the Beginning! The Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada (Ottawa: Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada, 1996), 17–18.
9 Allan Maslove and Gene Swimmer, Wage Controls in Canada, 1975–78: A Study of Public Decision Making (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1980), 148.
10 St. Catharines Standard, 14 October 1976.
11 St. Catharines Standard, 15 October 1976.
12 St. Catharines Standard, 20 January 1972.
13 BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, undated news clippings.
14 BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, correspondence from Kenneth Brisbois to Rudy Dick, 2 November 1972.
15 BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, correspondence from Rudy Dick to Kenneth Brisbois, 2 November 1972.
Canadian Pulp and Paper Workers Fight Back
1 James McCrostie, Just the Beginning! The Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada, 17.
2 Jamie Swift, Walking the Union Walk: Stories from the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union (Ottawa: Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada, 2003), 63.
3 St. Catharines Standard, 2 September 1975.
4 St. Catharines Standard, 27 August 1975.
5 St. Catharines Standard, 6 September 1975.
6 St. Catharines Standard, 10 September 1975.
7 BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, meeting minutes, 1 October 1975.
8 BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, meeting minutes, 3 December 1975.
Corporate Restructuring and Labour’s Decline
1 St. Catharines Standard, 16 November 1981.
2 Ibid.
3 St. Catharines Standard, 17 June 1982.
4 Ibid.
5 St. Catharines Standard, 7 January 1983.
6 St. Catharines Standard, 6 April 1983.
7 Leo Panitch and Donald Swartz, From Consent to Coercion: The Attack on Trade Union Freedoms, 86.
8 Ibid., 96.
The Eaton’s Strike: Women Workers Walk the Line
1 St. Catharines Standard, 6 January 1985.
2 St. Catharines Standard, 4 February 1985.
3 St. Catharines Standard, 4 June 1985.
4 St. Catharines Standard, 4 February 1985.
5 St. Catharines Standard, 13 March 1985.
6 St. Catharines Standard, 15 April 1985.
7 BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, news clipping: Frances Phillips, “Eaton Dispute Stepped Up,” n.d.
8 St. Catharines Standard, 14 May 1985.
“Don’t Lower the Standard”: The Newsroom on Strike
1 Barbara Leiterman, “The Ascendancy of Conrad Black: Cost-cutting and Conservatism Are Trademarks of Canada’s Media Mogul,” Extra! November–December 1996, http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1369.
2 St. Catharines Standard, 27 May 1998; BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, memo to affiliates, 23 May 1998.
3 Andrew Lundy, “CBC Lockout XVI: A View on the ‘Strike Newspaper,’” The Garret Tree, 22 August 2005, http://robinrowland.com/garret/2005/08/cbc-lockout-xvi-view-on-strike.html.
4 The Independent, 30 May 1998.
5 Ibid.
6 The Independent, 13 June 1998.
Occupation in Thorold
1 Thorold News, 23 October 1999.
2 Ibid.
3 Jamie Swift, Walking the Union Walk: Stories from the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union, 65.
4 Globe and Mail, 19 October 1999.
5 Swift, Walking the Union Walk, 65.
6 Ibid., 67.
7 Ibid., 65.
Labour Builds Brock: Unions and the University
1 BUL, Special Collections, Brock University Founders’ documents.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Edward Mitchelson “Labour and Brock Work Together,” St. Catharines and District Labour Council, Labour Review (1968).
6 Interview with Lynn Williams, Toronto, 29 September 2006.
7 BUL, Special Collections, Brock University Founders’ documents.
8 Interview with Lynn Williams.
9 BUL, Special Collections, Brock University Founders’ documents.
10 Interview with Lynn Williams.
11 Ibid.
12 Lynn Williams, “The Labour Movement and the University,” Larry Sefton Memorial Lecture, University of Toronto, 6 December 1982.
13 Jeffery Taylor, “Linking Labour Studies and Unions: Past Lessons and Future Visions,” Just Labour: A Journal of Work and Society 4 (Spring 2004): 36.
14 Esther Reiter, “Labour Studies at Brock,” St. Catharines and District Labour Council, Labour Review (1989): 23.
15 Canadian Association of University Teachers, “Brock Academic Staff Unionize,” CAUT Bulletin, n.d., http://www.cautbulletin.ca/en_article.asp?articleid=2485.
16 Heidi Klose, “Here We Grow Again,” Education Forum 28 (2002): 6–8.
Living in a Dying Town: Deindustrialization in Welland
1 Canadian Labour Congress, Communities in Crisis: Welland, Ontario (2009), 10.
2 Ibid., 5.
3 Toronto Star, 3 September 2008.
4 Canadian Labour Congress, Communities in Crisis, 6.
5 Ibid., 5.
6 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, January 2011.
7 Welland Tribune, 22 March 2009.
8 Waterloo Record, 28 November 2009.
9 Welland Tribune, 28 February 2010.
10 Dear John: A Documentary (2009), directed by Mark Lammert, One Three Four Films, Toronto.
11 Toronto Star, 3 September 2008.
12 Ibid.
13 Welland Tribune, 20 September 2008.
14 Welland Tribune, 26 February 2009.
15 Canada, House of Commons Debates, 40th Parliament, 1st Session, edited: Hansard no. 5, 24 November 2008. Hansard incorrectly quotes Allen as saying, “They told me they had thought they had finally found a secure job in an agri-region.” But his words were “in the Niagara region.”
“Kicking Ass for the Working Class”: Hotel Workers in Niagara
1 Niagara Falls Review, 28 April 1973.
2 Ibid.
3 Niagara Falls Review, 2 April 1993.
4 Niagara Falls Review, 27 August 1991.
5 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Niagara Falls Review, 23 December 1999.
9 Niagara Falls Review, 20 December 1999.
10 Niagara Falls Review, 24 December 1999.
11 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
12 CTV News, “Ontario Unions Claim New Law Is ‘Igniting a War,’” 2 November 2000, http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20001102/ctvnews77955/.
13 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
14 Niagara Falls Review, 4 October 2002.
15 Niagara Falls Review, 22 November 2002.
16 Niagara Falls Review, 7 December 2002.
17 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
18 Niagara Falls Review, 7 December 2002.
19 Niagara Falls Review, 9 December 2002.
20 Ibid.
21 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
22 Niagara Falls Review, 16 December 2002.
23 National Post, 24 October 2007.
24 Ibid.
25 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
26 UNITE HERE press release, 31 July 2007.
27 Ibid.
28 Confidential interview with union offical, St. Catharines, April 2011.
29 Ibid.
30 Niagara Falls Review, 1 September 2007.
31 Niagara This Week, 20 September 2006.
32 Globe and Mail, 9 December 2006.
33 Niagara This Week, 20 September 2006
34 Globe and Mail, 9 December 2006.
35 St. Catharines Standard, 13 December 2006.
36 UNITE HERE press release, 13 December 2006.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
41 UNITE HERE press release, 14 December 2006.
42 Michelle Hemmigson, speech to St. Catharines and District Labour Council, May 2007.
43 UNITE HERE press release, 16 June 2007.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 UNITE HERE press release, 3 September 2007.
48 Niagara Falls Review, 3 September 2007.
49 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
50 UNITE HERE press release, 17 October 2007.
51 St. Catharines Standard, 25 January 2008.
52 Toronto Star, 24 January 2008.
53 UNITE HERE press release, 24 January 2008.
54 Niagara Falls Review, 9 February 2008.
55 UNITE HERE press release, 8 February 2008.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
58 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
59 UNITE HERE press release, 15 December 2008.
60 St Catharines Standard, 5 February 2009.
61 St. Catharines Standard, 15 April 2009.
62 St. Catharines Standard, 7 April 2009.
63 Ibid.
64 St. Catharines Standard, 5 February 2009.
65 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
66 UNITE HERE press release, 30 April 2008.
67 Workers United press release, 17 November 2010.
The House Advantage: Organizing Niagara’s Casinos
1 Windsor Star, 12 November 1994.
2 Ibid.
3 Niagara Falls Review, 3 November 1999.
4 Ontario Federation of Labour, “The OFL Action Plan: For a New Activism and a People’s Charter,” 5 December 2001, http://ofl.ca/uploads/library/policy_papers/TheOFLActionPlanAsAmended.pdf.
5 Ibid.
6 Niagara Falls Review, 18 January 2000.
7 Niagara Falls Review, 16 February 2000.
8 Buzz Hargrove, speech delivered at Brock University, 23 November 2009.
9 Niagara Falls Review, 1 May 2001.
10 Niagara Falls Review, 24 October 2001.
11 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
12 Niagara Falls Review, 3 December 2003.
13 Niagara Falls Review, 8 December 2004.
14 Niagara Falls Review, 31 March 2005.
15 Niagara Falls Review, 23 November 2005.
16 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
17 Niagara Falls Review, 2 May 2007.
18 Ibid.
19 UNITE HERE press release, 2 October 2007.
20 CAW press release, 22 January 2010.
21 CAW, “Where Are All the Full-Time GOOD Paying Jobs?” The Real Deal, n.d.
22 Niagara Falls Review, 2 February 2009.
23 Romel Argeta, speech delivered to the CAW Gaming Council, Niagara Falls, March 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-Y1docI2gs.
24 Niagara Casinos,“Casinos of Niagara — Make an Informed Decision!” n.d.
25 Ibid.
26 CAW, “Know the Facts Before You Vote!” n.d.
27 Ibid.
28 Niagara Falls Review, 21 April 2010.
29 Niagara Falls Review, 22 April 2010.
30 Confidential interview wih union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
31 Niagara Falls Review, 18 May 2010.
32 Ibid.
33 Niagara Falls Review, 25 April 2010.
34 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
Migrant Farm Workers in Niagara
1 Report of the Royal Commission on Price Spreads (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1935), 67–72, 114–15, 153–57.
2 Addie Kobayashi, Exiles in Our Own Country: Japanese Canadians in Niagara, passim.
3 Vic Satzewich, Racism and the Incorporation of Foreign Labour: Farm Labour Migration in Canada Since 1945 (London: Routledge, 1991).
4 AO, RG 16–102, Agricultural Manpower Services, b354994.
5 Kerry L. Preibisch, “Local Produce, Foreign Labor: Labor Mobility Programs and Global Trade Competitiveness in Canada,” Rural Sociology 72, no. 3 (2007): 418–49.
6 El Contrato (2003), directed by Min Sook Lee, National Film Board of Canada, Montréal.
7 Sue Ferguson, “Hard Time in Canadian Fields: Conditions Can Be Tough for Our 19,000 Migrant Workers,” Maclean’s, 11 October 2004.
8 Toronto Star, 27 October 1994.
9 Windsor Star, 26 October 1994.
10 Toronto Star, 27 October 1994.
11 Petra Kukacka, “Agricultural Migrant Workers and the Struggle for Dignity: Mexican-Canadians Build Enlace Community Link,” unpublished paper, 16 May 2005, home.oise.utoronto.ca/~lared/agricultural%20workeers.doc.
12 Agricultural Workers Alliance, “The Status of Migrant Farm Workers in Canada, 2010–2011,” UFCW Canada, 2011.
13 Kate Andres-Toal, “Growing Respect for Offshore Workers,” OPIRG-Brock. http://www.opirgbrock.org/node/75.
14 Agricultural Workers Alliance, “The Status of Migrant Farm Workers in Canada, 2010–2011.”
15 Ibid.
16 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
17 Agricultural Workers Alliance, “The Status of Migrant Farm Workers in Canada, 2010–2011.”
18 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
19 Globe and Mail, 29 April 2011.
20 St. Catharines Standard, 6 September 2011.
21 City of St. Catharines, “British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel,” http://www.stcatharines.ca/en/experiencein/BritishMethodistEpiscopalChurchSalemChapel.asp.
22 Justicia for Migrant Workers press release, 1 September 2011.
23 Justicia for Migrant Workers press release, 24 August 2011.
24 St. Catharines Standard, 6 September 2011.
Organized Labour and the New Democratic Party in Niagara
1 St. Catharines Standard, 2 June 1960.
2 Ibid.
3 St. Catharines Standard, 13 October 1967. See also Larry Savage, “We Know the Rotten Part of the Rich: Working-Class Politics in Thorold South” (BUL, Special Collections).
4 Niagara Falls Review, 1 March 2007; Niagara This Week, 2 March 2007.
5 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, September 2006.
6 Thomas Walkom, Rae Days: The Rise and Follies of the NDP (Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1994), 239–40.
7 Leo Panitch and Donald Swartz, From Consent to Coercion: The Attack on Trade Union Freedoms, 178–80.
8 For further discussion, see Walkom, Rae Days; and George Ehring and Wayne Roberts, Giving Away a Miracle (Oakville, ON: Mosaic Press, 1993).
9 Walkom, Rae Days, 98–103.
10 Panitch and Swartz, From Consent to Coercion, 178–80.
11 St. Catharines Standard, 18 June 1993.
12 BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, Hamilton Spectator, n.d.
13 St. Catharines Standard, 4 June 1993.
14 BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, Hamilton Spectator, n.d.
15 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, September 2006.
16 Walkom, Rae Days, 144.
17 Peter Kormos, “Betrayed: Social Contract Bill a Problem for All Working People,” St. Catharines and District Labour Council, Labour Review (1993),33–34.
18 Walkom, Rae Days, 121.
19 Ibid., 122.
20 Panitch and Swartz, From Consent to Coercion, 189–94.
21 BUL, Special Collections, St. Catharines and District Labour Council files, St. Catharines Day of Action Co-ordinating Committee, “The Ontario Way, the Niagara Way,” n.d.
22 St. Catharines Standard, 22 April 1998.
23 St. Catharines Standard, 2 May 1998.
24 Larry Savage, “Contemporary Party-Union Relations in Canada,” Labor Studies Journal 35, no. 1 (2010): 15.
25 Ibid.
26 Confidential interview with union official, St. Catharines, April 2011.
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