Index

Abramovitch, Raphael, xxii, xxii, xxix, 17, 100, 103, 104–5, 107, 259, 263; and Iulii Martov, xxii, 93, 107–8, 271, 287, 296, 297, 299; works by: In tsvey reṿolutsyes, di geshikhṭe fun a dor [In two revolutions, the history of a generation], 350n57; The Soviet Revolution 1917–1939, xxix
Accord of Ten, 84
agrarian question: agrarian capitalism, 115, 123; American path, 117, 122, 127–28; bread, 4, 10, 11, 13, 19, 20, 24, 40, 69, 79, 87, 131, 132, 135, 198, 230, 240, 267; collective farms (kolkhozy), 16, 19, 21–22, 23, 53, 56, 138; collectivization, xi, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 53, 54, 56, 130, 137, 139, 196, 227; family farm / family farmers, 10–11, 13, 116, 117–28, 130, 136–37; Grossbauern (“big peasants”), 127–28; Junker landlords, 127, 128, 130; kulaks, x, xi, 16, 21, 23, 117, 130, 132, 135–36, 277, 307n48; landlords and landlord-controlled farming, 10, 116, 124, 126, 128, 130, 148; muzhik (peasant), 118; Prussian path, 117, 122, 123, 132
Alexinsky, Comrade, 264–65
Ali, Tariq, 239
All-Russian Central Trade Union Council, 144
All-Russian Congress of Peasant Soviets, 281
All-Russian Executive Committee of the Union of Railwaymen (Vikzhel), 286, 287
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (or Cheka), 283. See Chekas
All-Russian Union of Postal and Telegraph Employees, 281
All-Ukrainian Relief Committee for the Victims of Pogroms, 274
Andrew, Edward, 89
Angress, Werner, 147, 180
Annenkov, Yuri, 227
anti-communism, xiv, 65, 354n
anti-intellectualism, 190, 249–58, 269, 299; and anti-capitalism, 258; and antisemitism, 258–62; of Bolsheviks, 258; of Lenin, 252–55, 256
antisemitism, 149, 156, 259–62, 264–66, 268, 350n55. See also Jews
anti-Stalinist resistance, xv, xix, xxv, 32–34, 37, 47, 57, 60, 61, 73, 75, 191, 194, 260
Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton, 45; works by: The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny, 45, 314n73
Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 45, 314n73
Applebaum, Anne, ix, 67; works by: Gulag: A History, xi; Iron Curtain, 68
Archangel, prisons and concentration camps in, 15
Armand, Inessa, 248
armies, 49, 50, 109, 110, 152, 161, 162; counter-revolutionary, 130, 148, 274, 306n41
army, 11, 12, 34, 50, 51, 62, 82, 106, 108, 144, 147, 150, 151, 153, 161, 210, 235, 258, 282, 286, 293; of peasant-soldiers (or peasants-in-uniform), xxii, 3, 4, 9–10, 11, 13, 93, 101, 103–5, 110, 116, 122, 125, 130 148, 149, 272, 296; of prisoners, 63, 64. See also German Army, Polish Army, Red Army, Russian Army and White Army
Aronson, Grégoire (Grigorii), 287
Ascher, Abraham, ed., The Mensheviks in the Russian Revolution, 322n2
Aves, Jonathan, Workers Against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 356n83
Axelrod, Pavel, 95, 218, 263, 265; works by: “Ob’edinenie rossiiskoi sotsial-demokratii i ee zadachi” [The unification of Russian social democracy and its tasks], 322n2

Babel, Isaac, xxvii, 150, 194, 226–27; execution of, 226; works by: “The Red Cavalry Stories,” 150
Babel, Nathalie, 194
Baitalsky, Mikhail, xix, xviii, 260–61, 303n31
Bakan, Abigail B., xxvii, 54, 220, 347n76, 350n55
Baku, 232, 233
Barenberg, Alan, x, 57, 58
Belarus, 121, 136, 264, 290
Berger, Joseph, 36, 37, 38, 43
Beria, Lavrenti, 67, 158–59, 226, 318n73
Berlin, East, mass strikes (1953) in, 68
Berlin, Germany, 17, 68, 173, 174, 179, 213, 257
Berlin Wall, xix
Birchall, Ian, 167, 170, 181–82, 183, 186, 187
Black Earth Region, 91
Black Hundreds (right-wing terrorists), 234
Bolshevik Central Committee, 103, 217, 236, 329n67
Bolshevik expropriations (“ex’es”), 210–14, 216, 217, 254, 271, 299
Bolshevik-Leninist, 41
Bolshevik-Leninists (Trotskyists), 34, 38, 209, 247
Bolshevik Mine (Novokuznetsk), 83
Bolshevik Party, xix, 8, 11, 13, 14, 142, 149, 202, 245, 247, 271, 298; and “July days,, 11–12; anti-intellectualism in, 258; combatting antisemitism, 260; creation of in 1903, 209
Bolshevik policies, 7, 139, 160, 218, 294
Bolsheviks, and class war against peasants, 131–32; and Petrograd Soviet, 99, 102; attempted 1919 coup in Georgia, 157; clashes with workers by, 293; criminal fundraising methods of, 209–10, 212, 214, 215, 218; occupation of public institutions during strikes by, 282; peasant anger against, 294; size of membership of, 218; weakening support within working class for, 287–88. See also Kronstadt uprising, Red Army and “war communism”
Bolshevism, xix, xx, 80, 141, 161, 162, 182, 203, 205, 216, 217, 247, 263, 287, 292; agrarian revolution and, 105; and armed soldiers, 106; and world bolshevism, 105, 109–10; Lukács’s defence of, 244
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 151, 163, 199
“Bread, peace, and land!” 13, 87
Brezhnev, Leonid, xix
Brickworks (prison and execution site), xxiv, 40, 42, 45, 59
Broido, Eva, 17, 44, 263, 307n52
Broido, Vera, 44
Broué, Pierre, 34, 37, 43, 145, 152, 153, 161, 168, 169, 178, 179, 180, 181, 234–36, 247; on the evolution of Lenin’s thinking about the 1905 revolution, 238; works by: Révolution en Allemagne, 1917–1923 [The German Revolution, 1917–1923], 178
Brovkin, Vladimir, 293
Brusilov, A. A., 145
Buca, Edward, xxv, 57, 63–64, 65, 66, 69–71, 72, 74; massacre at his labour camp, 70–71; works by: Vorkuta, 317n59
Buhle, Paul, 229, 242
Bukharin, Nikolai, 21, 22, 34, 43, 55, 169, 174, 184, 196, 221, 238, 339n5
Burawoy, Michael, 78
Butyrka prison (Moscow), 7, 11,
Byelorussia. See Belarus

capitalism, 55, 74, 90, 107, 117, 118, 120, 126, 127, 165, 174, 181, 199, 201, 220, 223, 260; and agrarian capitalism, 115, 123; and anti-capitalism, 164, 258, 298; and state capitalism, 62, 197, 271; in the Americas, 56–57
capitalist farming, 122–23, 127
Carr, E. H., “The Russian Revolution and the Peasant,” 329
Caucasus, 156, 158, 205, 211–12, 233, 234
Central Committee of the RSDLP (Unified), 287–88
Chamberlin, William, 99, 150, 152, 291
Cheka Weekly (or Bulletin of the Cheka), 278
Chekas (or GPU, NKVD, KGB), 51, 148, 158, 273, 275, 276, 278–79, 311n15, 315n10; abuses by, 279; and Kronstadt uprising, 97–98; and strikebreaking, 283–95; formation of, 97–98, 285; mandate of, 284
Chernov, Georgii Aleksandrovich, 57, 59
Chernov, Viktor, 292
Chernyshevsky, Nikolay, 190, 230, 238–42, 243, 244, 345n51; works by: What Is to Be Done?, 238–42
Chicago Tribune, 81
Chumakova, Aleksandra, xxv, 36
Churchill, Winston, 67, 309n88
Ciliga, Ante, 26, 40–41; works by: La vérité en prison [Pravda in Prison (Truth in Prison)], 41; Le Bolchevik militant [The Militant Bolshevik], 41; The Russian Enigma, 313n57; Dix ans au pays du mensonge déconcertant, 313n57
Civil War (US), 127–28
civil wars, 14, 15, 22, 25, 74, 93, 97, 129, 130, 148, 157, 278. See also Russian Civil War
class: class consciousness, xxvii, 82, 83, 95, 108; “class in itself,, 89–90; “class for itself,, 89–91, 91; class self-awareness, 95; class, formation of a new, xxii, 11, 75, 93, 107, 109, 110, 121, 136, 137, 189, 201, 271, 272, 279, 287, 29; class, objective approach, 90; class, subjective approach, 90; “corporal-academic,” 50; intellectuals, 45, 50, 78, 139, 152, 190, 216, 249–99; intelligentsia, 120, 130, 159, 250, 251–52, 256–58, 268, 280, 285; manual labour and “manual labourers,” 257, 258, 284–85; mental labour and “mental labourers,, 256–58, 284–85, 286; melkoburzhuaznyi (petit-bourgeois), 118–20; meshchanskaia (petty bourgeois), 118–19; peasant-in-uniform, 95–112; peasantry, 16, 22, 23, 25, 52, 55, 56, 93, 94, 107, 108, 109, 113, 115, 117–18, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 127, 137, 139, 164, 165, 195, 196, 211, 223, 235, 256; peasants (see under peasants and peasantry); petit-bourgeois, xxiii, 94, 113, 117, 118–21, 122, 123, 124, 128, 130, 137, 139, 257, 284, 285, 286; petty producers, 117–28; proletariat, xvi, 3, 24, 74, 80, 95–96, 99, 101, 106–9, 122, 125, 129, 137–39, 164, 174, 176–78, 180, 185, 195, 220, 227, 232, 234, 252–55, 271, 295, 296; ruling class, xvi, 162, 199, 219; sailors, 11, 14, 15, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 111, 154, 271, 272, 273, 282, 289, 290, 291–94; sluzhashchie (white collar personnel), 280; small capitalist, 119, 120, 121, 123, 137, 139; soldiers, xvii–xvii, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 69, 93, 97–100, 104–8, 110, 149, 157, 162, 282, 286, 291–93; temporary new class (of peasants-in-uniform), xxii, 93, 103–10, 271–72, 279, 287, 297; zek or zeka (labour camp prisoner), ix, xiii, xvi, xvii, 40, 63, 75, 299, 301n3
Cliff, Tony, 183–85, 279, 322n7; biography of Lenin, 184, 185
Cohen, Stephen, 25; works by: Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution, 21, 22, 23
Cold War, xiv, 259
collectivization, forced (by Stalin), 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 53, 54, 56, 130, 137, 196, 227
Comintern / Communist International, xxi, xxiii, 94, 147, 153, 169, 170, 173, 175, 176, 181–84, 186–87, 194, 266, 299; Congresses of the Communist International: first (1919), 330n1; second (1920), 141, 145–47, 148; third (1921), 94, 141, 167; fourth (1922), xxi, 94, 141, 167, 175, 186; pitfalls of uncritical reliance on them, 181–83. See also Riddell and united front approach
Committee for Salvation of Country and Revolution (KSRiR), 280–83
commune. See patriarchal commune
communism, 29, 130, 136, 142, 174, 194; consumption communism, 106, 107; “war communism” (1918-21), 14–15, 22, 25, 128–31, 133, 134–35, 139, 294
communist consciousness, 219
Communist International. See Comintern
Communist Party, 26, 45, 46, 81, 82, 88, 135, 142, 176, 180, 194, 212, 231
Communist Party’s Central Committee, 134, 155
Communist Party Twentieth Congress (1956), 45
Conference of Factory and Plant Representatives, 292
Conquest, Robert, 33, 72–73
consciousness: class consciousness, xvii, 82, 83, 95, 108; communism of the consumer, 106; consumption communism, 106, 107; Great Russian chauvinism, 145, 147, 155, 159–60; muck of ages, 219, 220, 258, 269; nationalism, 65, 73, 145, 152, 179, 246, 267, 290–91; producer communism, 109, 117–28, 326n23; reverence, 190, 229, 230, 231, 242, 243, 245, 269, 299, 346n73
Constituent Assembly, 10, 13, 14, 100, 111, 157, 235, 273, 283, 287, 297, 353n20; dissolution in January 1918 of, 288–89, 291–92; ensuing protests over dispersal of, 292; purpose of, 288
Constitutional Democrats (Kadets), 111–12, 290
Cossacks, 4, 210, 282; as antisemites, 150
Council of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom), 111, 272, 276, 283, 353n20
Cromwell, Oliver, 165, 298

D’Abernon, Edgar, 148, 162
Dallin, David, 263
Dan, Theodor [Fedor], 256–57, 263, 265, 280; on the Russian word “intelligentsia, 256–57
“Declaration of the 46” (October 1943), 34
death of Stalin (1953), x, xiii, 30, 66–67, 77, 159, 261, 318n73
death penalty, 12, 23, 46, 275–76
deportations, xi, 26, 37, 138, 196, 249, 277
Derev’ianko, General, 71
de Ste. Croix, G. E. M., 90
Deutscher, Isaac, 185, 222, 264
discourse: anti-intellectualism, 190, 249–58, 269, 299; antisemitism, 149, 156, 259–62, 264–66, 268, 350n55; Asiatic, 221, 222, 223–25; European, 105, 163, 165, 220, 222, 224, 225; Orientalism / Orientalist, 219–25, 264, 269
Donbass, 35, 79; strike by coal miners (1989) in the, 81
Donetsk, 79–80, 81
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 268
Dranovsky, Lyova (Comrade Granovsky), 31–32
Du Bois, W. E. B., xv, 128, 333n60
Dubrovsky, S. M., 125
Dunayevskaya, Raya, 189, 197, 226, 338n21; on 1939 Stalin–Hitler pact, 197
Duranty, Walter, 18
Dybenko, Pavel (People’s Commissar of Naval Affairs), 272–73, 292
Dzerzhinsky, Felix (head of the Cheka), 148, 155, 160, 283

East Berlin workers’ uprising (1953), 67, 68, 72
Eastern Europe, 67, 121, 161
economy: coal, 29, 30, 40, 54–60, 65, 71, 73, 79, 80; coal miners / coal mining, xiv, xv, 29–30, 32, 52, 54, 57–60, 65, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 91; famine, 5, 14, 16–17, 18, 27, 53, 132, 195, 227; famine denial, 17–18, 20–25; means of production, 54, 89, 106, 110, 137, 138, 199, 200, 202; trade balance in USSR and former USSR, 87; net exports, wheat, USSR and former USSR, 88; output per capita, USSR and former USSR, 85, 86
economic policy: artificial famine, 137; enclosures, 24, 25, 54; forced collectivization, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 53, 54, 56, 130, 137, 196, 227; forced labour, ix, x, xi, xv–xviii, xxvi, 3, 16, 24, 30, 44, 49, 51–54, 56, 57–58, 59, 60–75, 91, 195; “forty acres and a mule,” 127, 128; glasnost (openness), 77, 78, 81, 85, 91; Holodomor, 17, 25; New Economic Policy (NEP), 133–34, 199; perestroika (restructuring), 77–78, 81, 85; perestroika from below, 78–82; preliminary socialist accumulation, 55; primary accumulation (ursprüngliche Akkumulation), 54–55, 73, 315n25; prodrazvestka (requisitioning), 129; requisitioning, 7, 14, 20, 21, 23–24, 56, 68, 129, 131, 132–34, 139, 196, 293, 294; “war communism” (1918-21), 14–15, 22, 25, 128–31, 133, 134–35, 139, 294
economic structures: capitalism, 55, 56–57, 62, 74, 90, 107, 117, 118, 120, 126, 127, 164, 165, 174, 181, 199, 201, 220, 223, 260; colonialism, xx, 55, 56; commune, 9, 10, 94, 110, 114–17, 120–21, 123–24, 125–26, 128, 136–37, 327n33; communism, 29, 130, 136, 142, 174, 194; feudalism, 8, 116, 126, 127, 195, 196, 223, 224, 242, 267, 337n16; forced labour, ix, x, xi, xv–xviii, xxvi, 3, 16, 24, 30, 44, 49, 51–54, 56, 57–58, 59, 60–75, 91, 195; free labour, x, xi, 57; mark community (Markgenossenschaft), 115; obshchina (commune), 114, 116; patriarchal commune (mir), 9, 10, 13, 94, 110, 114–17, 120–21, 123–26, 128, 136–37, 139, 327n33; semi-feudal, 123, 124, 221, 223, 327n33; serfdom, 7, 8, 114, 127, 195, 224, 252; small-holder peasant agriculture, 113; socialism, 16, 39, 55, 56, 62, 80, 104, 110, 115, 124, 129, 135, 143, 144, 147, 154, 160, 161, 163, 185, 200, 202, 205, 250, 276, 278, 298; social production, 109; surplus, 10, 13, 22, 24, 55, 107, 115, 123–24, 197, 226, 296; surplus product, 55, 189, 194, 198–202, 225; unfree labour: x, 54; village communes, 113, 115, 122, 123, 127; wage labour, 30, 74, 75, 117, 122–23
Eighth World Congress of the Second International in Copenhagen, 218
Ekibastuz (labour camp), 65: hunger strike (1952) at, xvii
Elizavetsky, Gleb, 59–60
elections and election results, 288–91
enclosure movement (Britain), 24–25, 54
ends and means, xxii, xxiii, 271–99
Engelstein, Laura, 284
Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia), 7, 142
epistemology, xx, xxi, 113, 143, 194, 195–98, 225, 230, 231, 232, 238. See also Lenin’s epistemology
essentialism, 221, 252
ethics, xxii, 193, 241, 295–96
Ettinger, Shmuel, 268
Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI), 169, 182, 183
exploitation, xvi, 24, 53, 56, 58, 115, 124, 196, 201, 223, 285

fall of Berlin Wall (1989), xix
famine (1921–23), 53. See also Great Famine
famine denial, 17–18, 20–25
Federation of Independent Socialist Trade Unions, 82
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 90, 219–20, The Essence of Christianity, 219
Figes, Orlando, 4, 9, 104, 142, 149, 258, 275, 294
Finlandskaia gazeta (The Finish Gazette), 267
first five-year plan (1928–33), 25–26, 52, 53, 137
First World War. See Great War
Foner, Eric, 127
forced collectivization, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 53, 54, 56, 130, 137, 196, 227
forced labour, ix, x, xi, xv–xviii, xxvi, 3, 16, 24, 30, 44, 49, 51–54, 56–58, 59, 60–75, 91, 195. See also labour camps
foreign intervention (1918–20), 14
Forward (New York), 17
French Communist Party, 194
French Revolution, 107, 111, 163, 164, 165, 253
Friedgut, Theodore, 78

Garanin, Stepan Nikolaivich, 39–40, 312n52
General Jewish Labour Bund, 93, 156, 263
Geological Service of the USSR, 58
Georgakas, Dan, “October Song,” 5
Georgia, 55, 155–60; attempted coup by Bolsheviks (1919) in, 157; Bolshevik rule over, 155; Central Committee of the Communist Party of, 155, 160; lack of antisemitism in, 156; massacres in, 158–59; Menshevik base in, 156; retaliation against rebels in, 158–59. See also invasion of Georgia by Russia and Tiflis
Georgians, 66, 158, 160, 264; Georgian Communists, 155; Georgian independence, 159; Georgian Mensheviks, 55, 155–57; Georgian Socialists, 158
Gerland, Brigitte, xxv, 61–62, 66, 68, 69, 71
German army, 12, 110, 276
German Communist Party (KPD), 144, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173–74, 175, 178–79, 180, 182, 184, 186; expulsion of Paul Levi from, 170, 175, 178–79; manifesto of, 275, 297–98
Germany, East and West, 67–68
Getzler, Israel, 105, 235, 246, 292, 294
Gevorkian, Sokrat, 38
glasnost (openness), 77, 78, 81, 85, 91. See also perestroika
Glukhovka textile mill, 36
Gogol, Nikolai, 268
Golovlyov, Porfirii “Little Judas” (character), 267–69
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 77–78, 79, 81, 83, 84–85
Gorky, Maxim, xxix, 9,
grain, 10, 13, 14–15, 21–24, 53, 116; requisitioning (forcible seizure) of, 7, 14, 20, 21, 23–24, 56, 132–34, 139, 196, 293, 294. See also wheat
Gramsci, Antonio, 110, 163
Graves, Major General William, 274
Great Britain, 7, 18, 24, 54, 148; enclosure movement in, 24–25, 54
Great Depression, USA (1930s), 86
Great Famine, Ukraine (1932–33), 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 227; UN resolution (2003), 25
Great Recession (2008), 86
Great Russian chauvinism, 145, 147, 155, 159, 160
Great Terror (1937–38), xxiv, 26–28, 32, 43, 52, 139, 227, 261, 296; number of victims during, 27
Great War (1914–18), xix, xxv, 9, 50, 93, 114, 117, 125, 137, 149, 179, 218, 220, 246, 296
Greeman, Richard, 85
Grimm, Robert, 246, 248
Grossbauern (“big peasants”), 127–28
Group of Democratic Centralism (or Decists), 38, 62
Gubernia Executive Committee (in Penza), 136
Gulag Archipelago, x, xv. See also Solzhenitsyn
Gulag system, xi–xi, 49, 51, 74; as described by Solzhenitsyn xi–x; number of forced labourers in, xi, xvi; origins of, 49; women prisoners in, xxv
Gurian Republic (1902‒06), 156–57, 158, 333n60; crushed uprising in, 158; Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in, 157–58

Haimson, Leopold, 8, 95
Hallas, Duncan, 181–83, 184; The Comintern and its limitations, 182–83
Halle Congress of the Independent Social Democratic Party (1920), 175
Harman, Chris, 178–80; works by: Lost Revolution: Germany, 1918–1923, 178
Haynes, Michael, 79–80
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, xxiii
Heifetz, Elias, 274–75; works by: The Slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine in 1919, 274
historical materialism, 90, 190, 201, 242–45
Hitler, Adolph, 17, 41, 51, 66, 199
Hitler–Stalin Pact, 49, 197
Hofstadter, Richard, 259–60
Holodomor (1932–33), 17, 25. See also famine
Holodomor (murder by hunger), 17
Hudis, Peter, 116
Hungarian Revolution (1918–19), xxiii, 94, 141, 167, 176–81; Béla Kun’s decrees, 177
hunger strikes, xv, xvii, 30, 33, 38–39, 42, 43, 45, 65, 73, 75, 91, 317n57

Iakubovich, Mikhail, 44
Ihnatowicz, 70,
Imeretia (Georgia), 158
incarceration, xxv, xxvi
Independent Miners’ Union, 82
Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), 173, 175, 176, 180
independent trade unions, xv, 82
industrialization, xvi, 24, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 60, 75
Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 230–31
“Internationale,” 42
International Geological Congress, 58
International Socialist Bureau, 291
International Working Men’s Association (or First International), 3
invasion of Georgia by Russia (1921), xxiii, 94, 141, 155–59; as war of Russian expansionism, 157
invasion of Poland by Russia (1920), xxiii, 49, 50, 94, 141, 142–55, 157, 161, 162, 163, 169, 184, 197; eighteenth-century tactics of, 162, 165; Lenin on, 142–43, 147, 151; Radek on, 153, 162; Serge on, 146; Trotsky on, 145, 152–53, 154, 159, 161–62, 185; Tukhachevsky on, 161
invasion of Poland by Germany (1939), 49, 50
invective: Counter-Revolutionary Trotskyist Activity (KRTD), 39, 59; “enemies of the people,” xi, 33, 111, 283, 317n57; Judas, 265–67; Judas Golovlyov, 267–69; shunning, 195, 299
Iskra (Spark), 95, 249, 250, 255, 339n47
ITL – Ispravitel’no-trudovoi lager’ (Corrective Labour Camp), ix, 61
ITL – Istinny trud Lenina (Lenin’s True Work), 61–62, 65, 66, 68
Ivanovich. See Stalin
Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 35, 234
Ivanov, Vladimir, 38
Ivlev, Sergei, 35
Izvestiia (News), 234

Jacobinism and Jacobins, 164–65, 207, 253, 298
James, C. L. R., 90, 189, 194, 196–97; works by: The Black Jacobins, 196–97; “Russia—A Fascist State,” 197
Jewish Pale of Settlement, 149, 263, 264
Jewish Socialist Labour Party (Paole-Tsion), 8. See also General Jewish Labour Bund
Jews, xviii, xxv, 66, 149–50, 156, 219, 257, 258, 259–64, 265, 268, 274–75. See also antisemitism
Joffe, Adolph, xxv, xxvi, xxx
Joffe, Maria, xxv, xxvi, xxx, 36, 59; works by: One Long Night, xxvi, 36
Joffe, Nadezhda A., xxv, xxx, 27, 262
Jones, Gareth, 18–19, 20, 25, 308n62; as eyewitness to famine in 1933, 19, 25
Jones, Stephen, 160
“Junkers,” 127, 128, 130

Kaganovich, Lazar (Stalin’s close ally), 23–24
Kagarlitsky, Boris, 82, 88
Kalpašnikov, Andrej, 273
Kamenev, Lev, 26, 34, 35, 38, 46, 151, 209, 245, 310n7
Kapustin, Mikhail, 267
Karaganda (Kazakhstan), xvii
Kashketin, Efim Iosifovich (NKVD), 33, 40, 42, 312n52
“Kashketin executions” (1937–38) 33, 40, 42
Katyn forest, 49, 50
Katyn massacre (1940), 49–50
Katz, Michael, 240, 241
Kautsky, Karl, 212, 213, 215, 250, 251, 255
Kerensky, Alexander, 11, 12–13, 101, 259, 275; and “July days,, 11–12
KGB, 51, 82, 278
Kholodnaya, 73
Khoroshev, Ivan Mitrofanovich (Mikhail Nil’skii), 33, 35, 37–39, 42; describes executions, 42; works by: “Trotskisty na Vorkute” [Trotskyists at Vorkuta], 312n38, 312n45
Khruschev, Nikita, 45
Kienthal anti-war conference (1916), 247
Kiev (Kyiv), 62, 142, 233
“Kirov flood” (1934) in camps, 26
Kirov, Sergei, 26
Kokoshkin, F. F., 272, 273
Kolyma district, 37, 39, 64
Kolyma-Magadan (prison), 37, 39, 43, 47, 54, 73, 312n52, 320n108; hunger strike (1937) at, 43
Komi Republic, 32, 311n8
Kornilov coup (1917), 12, 100, 130, 286
Kornilov, General, 12, 100, 130, 286
Kossior, V. V., 38
Kostiuk, Hryhory, 31
Kozelsk (“special camp”), 49, 50
Krausz, Tamás, xxii, 113, 115, 116, 126, 129, 133, 143, 144, 145, 153, 222, 238, 239, 241, 242, 244, 245, 248, 250; and Lenin’s epistemology, 232–33; encomium to Lenin by, 231; on Lenin’s anti-intelligentsia bias, 251–52; works by: Reconstructing Lenin: An Intellectual Biography, 190, 229–31, 242–43
Kremlin, 64, 67, 79
Kriger, Aleksandr, 84,
Kritsman, Lev, 129, 135, 285; works by: Geroicheskii period velikoi russkoi revoliutsii [The Heroic period of the great Russian revolution], 129, 328n53
Kronstadt, 97, 99, 102, 292, 294
Kronstadt sailors, 11, 15, 97, 100, 105; demands of, 15; disperse the Constituent Assembly, 292
Kronstadt uprising (1921), 15, 44, 97, 98, 105, 139; suppression of as key turning point, 294
Krupskaya, Nadyezhda, 209, 212, 213, 251
kulaks, x, xi, 16, 21, 23, 117, 130, 132, 135–36, 277, 307n48: defined, 16, 135; dekulakization of (1929–30), 52, 136, 138; “liquidate the kulaks as a class,” 16, 21, 52; “war on the Kulaks,” 16, 25, 56, 137–39
Kun, Béla, 167, 177–78, 181, 184, 187; and Paul Levi, 170–76; defends March Action, 170–71; on Clara Zetkin, 171. See also March Action
Kuzbass (Western Siberia), 79, 83
Kyiv. See Kiev

labour camps: Archangel, 15; Brickworks, xxiv, 40, 42, 45, 59; Ekibastuz, 65; Kolyma-Magadan, 37, 39, 43, 47, 54, 73, 312n52, 320n108; Kozelsk, 49, 50; Noril’sk, xvii, 37, 43, 47, 64, 72, 320n108; Ostashkov, 49; Rechlag, x; Solovki, 15; Starobelsk, 49, 50; Turkestan, 15; Ukhta-Pechora, 38; Vorkutlag, x. See also Vorkuta
Lafargue, Paul, 171
Lang, Harry, 17
Larin, Yuri, 134–35, 261
League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, 251
Lee, Eric, 156–57, 158
Left Opposition, 29, 35, 38, 46, 47, 58, 59, 61, 182, 317n57
Left Social-Revolutionaries (Left SRs), 12, 130, 132, 281, 282, 289–91, 353n20
Leggett, George, 280, 283, 286
Lenin, Aleksandr, 241
Leningrad, 26, 30, 34, 35, 57, 62, 73; mass purges of (1934, 1935), 26, 139, 227, 296; mass purges of (1937–38), 139, 296. See also Great Terror
Lenin’s epistemology, xxi, 113, 143, 190, 192, 193, 230, 231, 238, 256
Leninism, xx, xxi, 163, 206, 207
Leninist, xxi, 35, 61, 62, 195, 206, 213, 214, 230, 240, 272; centralism, 204; distrust of self-activity, 297; epistemologies, 238; methods, 207; orthodoxy, 190; party machine, 190, 202, 225
Lenin, Vladimir, agrarian policy of, 139; and capitalist development of Russian countryside, 117; and dichotomy between “intelligentsia” and “proletariat,” 256; and January 1918 murder of two former (liberal) cabinet ministers by sailors, 272–74; and Maria Spiridonova, 130, 132; and “revolutionary defeatism,, 246–47; and the ideal of “the tribune of the people,” 260; and warning by Nikolai Rozhkov, 133–34, 135; and “war communist” policies, 128–30, 139; antagonism with Trotsky, 163; anti-intellectualism of, 252–55, 269; asks Trotsky to handle “the Georgian case,” 160; as Robespierre, 7; convenes “conference” in Prague in 1912, 212–14; denounces Martov’s Saviours or Destroyers?, 215; denounces Stalin’s “Great Russian chauvinism,” 155, 159; endorses “Open Letter to German Workers’ Organisations,” 174; influence of Chernyshevsky on, 238–42; justifies 1920 invasion of Poland, 142–43, 147, 151; on “backward Europe” and “advanced Asia,” 220; on biblical Judas, 265; on imperialism in 1891, 248; on Prussian vs. American paths, 127; on Martov’s Red Banner in Russia, 250; on post-October Revolution challenges (ends justify means), 271; on Petr Stolypin’s reforms, 126–28; on the feudal nature of Russian landlordism, 113, 127; on the mir, 115–17, 123; on the Moscow insurrection (December 1905), 236–37; on the necessity of the death penalty, 276, 277; on “the sovietization of Poland,” 143; on the Soviet of Workers’ Deputies, 236, 237; on the Soviet Union as a workers’ state, 101; on the “theory of socialism” and “the theoretical doctrine of Social-Democracy,” 250; refers to Trotsky as “the little Judas,, 265–67; responds to Luxemburg’s harsh critique of his views, 255–56; speech at 1922 Comintern congress, xxi; speech to Bolsheviks and Left SRs, 132–34; urges “mass terror,, 277–78; use of “Judas” and of the character Judas Golovlyov, 267–69; use of Orientalist discourse by, 223–25; use of “petit-bourgeois,, 117–21; vilifies kulaks, 130, 135–36; writes to Stalin about staging a revolution in Italy, 185; works by: “The Bourgeois Intelligentsia’s Methods of Struggle Against the Workers,” 215; The Development of Capitalism in Russia, 115, 117, 121; Lenin: Collected Works, xxix, xxxi, 118; Shag vpered, dva shaga nazad [One step forward, two steps back], 120, 251–52, 348n11; What Is to Be Done?, 242, 249, 250. See also Krausz, Reconstructing Lenin
Lenin, Vladimir and Grigory Zinoviev, Socialism and War, 246
Lermontov, Mikhail, 268
levelling, 106–7, 126
Levi, Paul (KPD leader), xxiii, xxiv, 144, 145, 147, 167, 169, 177, 178–80, 181, 184, 186, 187; and Béla Kun, 170–76; expulsion from KPD, 170, 175, 178–79, 184. See also s
Levi, Paul and Karl Radek, “Open Letter to German Workers’ Organisations” (1921), 172–74, 179, 180, 186; Lenin’s endorsement of, 174
Liber, Mark, 263
Liebknecht, Karl, 179
Liebman, Marcel, xx, 10; Leninism Under Lenin, xx
Lipper, Elinor, xxv, 39–40, 43, 320n108
livestock, 23–24, 115
Lloyd George, David, 18–19,
Lockhart, Bruce, 278
Lubyanka (prison), 45
Lukács, Georg, 190, 242–45; praises Lenin, 243–44; works by: History and Class Consciousness, 244; Lenin, 243–45
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, xxix, 12
Luxemburg, Rosa, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxxi, 90, 110, 163, 171, 172, 175, 177, 179, 183, 186, 204, 211, 236, 237–38, 246, 248, 254, 255–56, 275, 276, 278; and manifesto on unity (with Pavel Axelrod), 218; and “mark community” (Markgenossenschaft), 115; and Paul Levi, 144; and the mir, 116; assassination of, xxv, 175; on Bolshevik expropriations, 211; on economic underdevelopment in Russian countryside, 115; on Spartacus League, 144; on the Constituent Assembly, 291, 297; on the events leading to the 1905 revolution, 232–33; rebuttal of Lenin’s views by, 255; writes manifesto of German Communist Party, 275, 297–98; works by: “Mass Strike,” 232; “The Russian Revolution,” xxiv
Luxemburgists, 169, 171, 179–80, 186, 244

machine. See political machine
Makharadze, Filipp, 211
Malamuth, Charles, xxxi, 191–93, 195, 198–99, 200, 225–26; unwarranted antipathy against, 192–93
Malinovsky, Roman, as police agent, 215
Malzahn, Heinrich, 168, 173
Mandel, David, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87
Mandel, Ernest, 87
Manifesto and peasant reform of 1861, 114, 242
March Action (Germany) (1921), xxiii, 94, 141, 162, 165, 167–76, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186; as “the theory of the offensive,” 169; Chris Harman and Pierre Broué on, 178; effect on KPD (German Communist Party) of, 169; number of strikers in, 168. See also Kun, Béla and Levi, Paul
Marcuse, Herbert, 229
market: 15, 107, 118, 120; all-Russian market, 133; black market, 135; Boris Yeltsin’s market reforms, 83–84; capitalist market, 116, 119, 124; illegal market, 135; free market, 133; labour market, 54; market-oriented family farms, 120; world market, 115
Martov, Iulii (born Iulii Osipovich Tsederbaum), xxii, xxii, xxix, xxx, xxi, 7, 107, 119, 151, 163, 167, 206, 214, 218, 235, 246, 247, 248, 249, 254, 256, 263, 286–87, 294, 297; and perevorot (“overturn”), 8; as antiwar Menshevik-Internationalist, 93, 176; as member of Russian intelligentsia, 257; as principal leader of Mensheviks, 7; co-founds (with Abramovitch and Eva Broido) the Socialist Courier in 1921, 17; denounces Bolshevik activities, 214; denounces death penalty of Bolsheviks and workers’ state, 275–76; family background of, 257; on class consciousness of “working masses,, 107–8; on social basis of proletarian Bolshevism, 109; on social consciences of proletariat vs. soldiers, 106; reads declaration at Second Congress of Soviets, 8; role in initiating 1915 Zimmerwald conference of, 246; speech (1920) to Moscow Soviet and the All-Russian Central Trade Union Council, 144–45; vs. Lenin, 214–16; works by: Red Banner in Russia: An Essay on the History of the Russian Labor Movement, 250; “Mirovoy bol’shevizm” [World Bolshevism], xxix, 8, 105, 305n15; “Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli? (Kto i kak razrushal RSDRP)” [Saviours or destroyers? (Who destroyed the RSDRP and how)], 214–15. See also peasant-soldiers
Marxism / Marxist, 47, 90, 106, 118, 125, 143, 153, 163, 164, 230, 231, 253, 295
Marx, Karl, xxxi, 47, 54, 89–90, 110, 144, 156, 187, 196, 201, 219–20, 239, 242, 243, 250; and “primary accumulation,, 54–55, 73; draft of First International, 3; works by: Capital, 239; “Communist Manifesto, 156; The Poverty of Philosophy, 89; Theses on Feuerbach,” 90, 219–20
Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels, 219, 220, 239, 242, 250; The German Ideology, 219
Marx, Laura, 171
May Day demonstration (1932), 36
M.B. See Khoroshev
McLuhan, Marshall, xxiii, 189
Medvedev, Roy, 26, 27, 43, 133
Mehring, Franz, 212
Mel’nais, Karl Petrovich, 38
Menczer, Béla, 177
Menshevik Central Committee, 263, 292
Menshevik Delegation Abroad, 17
Menshevik-Internationalists, 8, 93, 176
Mensheviks, xiv, 7, 8, 17, 40, 44–45, 96, 105, 134, 205, 211, 212, 213, 215, 254, 255, 280, 283, 286, 288, 289, 290, 292, 299; and self-government, 95; fundraising activities of, 217; Georgian Mensheviks, 55, 155–57; leading Jewish members of, 263; platform of, 293; propaganda of, 235; radicalization in the Jewish community by, 263; Stalin on the “Menshevik yoke,” 158; size of membership of, 218. See also Martov
“Menshevik Trial,” 44
Menshevism, 159, 263
Mezhdurechensk, 79–80, 83
Mezhraionka (Inter-District Committee), xiv, 209, 247
Miéville, China, 99, 239, 274, 281
Mikoyan, Anastas, 45, 314n75
Miles, Robert, 54
Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), 8, 98–99, 100, 101, 103, 145, 276, 281–83
Minsk, 85, 130f
Mitrany, David, 125
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (usually Hitler–Stalin Pact), 49
Morgan, David, 168, 179–80
Morgari, Odino, 246
Moscow, 27, 34, 35, 36, 38, 42, 59, 61, 71, 97, 147, 152, 155, 191, 290; antisemitism in 1952 in, 262
Moscow insurrection (December 1905), 236–37, 284–85
Moscow Soviet, 130, 144
Moscow Trials (1936–38), 261
Muggeridge, Malcolm, 308n62; as eyewitness to famine, 19, 25
Mussolini, Benito, 46

Narodniks, 115, 325n6
nationalization of means of production, 137–38, 199–200.
Nekrasov, Nikolai, 268; works by: “Ballet,” 268
Neue Zeit, 255, 256
New Economic Policy (NEP), 133–34, 199. See also “war communism”
New Left movement, 229, 247, 258
New York Evening Post, 17
Nicolaevsky, Boris, 215
Nil’skii, Mikhail. See Khoroshev
Ninth All-Russian Conference of the RCP(B), speech by Karl Radek at, 153
NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 33, 37, 39, 44, 51–52, 53, 59, 65, 227, 311n15, 312n45, 316n40, 319n88; arrests and killings by, 44
Nogin, Viktor, 111
Noril’sk (labour camp), xvii, 37, 43, 47, 64, 320n108; strike (1953) at, xvii, 72–73, 75, 80
North Caucasus, 19, 23
Nove, Alec, 22–23, 24, 25, 27, 56, 128, 129, 135
Novoe Vremia (New Age), 267

Obukhov factory, 102
October “overturn” (perevorot), 8, 14
October Revolution (1917), 5, 7, 11, 14, 98, 111, 193, 231, 232, 245, 262, 266, 271, 287, 291, 304n3; origins of, 8, 13, 275. See also Russian Revolution (1917)
Odessa, 53, 62, 233; Odessa Talmud Torah, 257
Old Bolsheviks, 38, 45
“Open Letter to German Workers’ Organisations,” 172
Ordzhonikidze, 155, 158
Orientalism, 221, 264, 269
Orientalist discourse in writings by Lenin, Souvarine, and Trotsky, 219–25
Ostashkov (“special camp”), 49
Owl of Minerva, xxiii, 189, 296
Ozick, Cynthia, 226

Pallot, Judith, 123
Panin, Dimitri, The Notebooks of Sologdin, 64
Paris Commune (1871), 14, 156, 157
Pasternak, Boris, 61
patriarchal, 9, 94, 110, 120, 123–24
patriarchal commune (mir), 9, 10, 13, 94, 110, 114–17, 120–21, 123–26, 128, 136–37, 139, 327n33; cycle of peasant debt on, 114; revival of, 126; semi-feudal nature of, 123; survival of, 116–17
“peace now” movement, 247
Peace, Richard, 239
peace without annexations, 247
peasants and peasantry, allotment system of (as explained by Lenin), 113; and “bourgeois evolution” (Lenin) of, 127; and so-called “rich” peasants, 16, 117, 135, 136, 201; as “petit-bourgeois,” 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132, 137, 139; living conditions of, 9, 115; starvation of, 19–21, 23, 24, 115. See also agrarian question, Bolshevik expropriations, grain, kulaks, forced collectivization and patriarchal commune (mir)
peasant-soldiers (or peasants-in-uniform), xxii, 3, 4, 9–10, 11, 13, 93, 101, 104–5, 110, 116, 122, 125, 130 148, 149, 272, 296
Pechora coal basin, 58, 59
Pechora district, 38, 58, 64, 79
Pechora river, 32
People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs. See NKVD
People’s Commissar of Justice, 7, 112, 272, 284
perestroika (restructuring), 77–78, 81, 85; perestroika from below, 78–82. See also glasnost
Peterburgskie vedemosti (The Petersburg Times), 257
Peter the Great of Russia, 271
petit-bourgeois and petty bourgeois, 118–20, 137
Pethybridge, Roger, 9, 13, 286, 287
Petrograd, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 59, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 130, 131, 259, 277, 286, 291, 292–93, 294; and peasant-soldiers and sailors, 103–5; and starvation, 134, 135; strikes i, 279–85
Petrograd Bolshevik Party Committee meeting, 271
Petrograd Soviet Executive Committee, 99, 101, 102, 103, 136, 323n24
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 99, 101, 103, 104, 136
Petrograd Telegraph Agency, 103
Pipes, Richard, 10, 13, 104, 280–81, 282, 283; works by: The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, 354n39
Pipes, Richard, ed., The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive, 330n7
Plekhanov, G. V., 206, 216, 239, 242, 339n47
pogroms, 66, 150, 234, 260, 262, 264, 268, 274–75
Poland, compared with Russia, 148; Lenin’s “sovietization of,” 143. See also invasion of Poland by Russia
Polish Army, 50, 142, 161
Polish invasion of Ukraine, 141–42, 150, 158, 274–75. See also Ukraine
Polish–Soviet War (1920), 50, 162. See invasion of Poland by Russia
Politburo, 35, 45, 159
political machine, 14, 190, 194, 202–3, 205, 206, 207, 219, 225–26, 296
political organizations / tendencies: anti-Stalinism / anti-Stalinist, xv, xix, xxv, 32–34, 37, 47, 57, 60, 61, 73, 75, 191, 194, 260; Bolshevik-Leninist, 34, 38, 209, 247; Bolshevism, xix, xx, 80, 105, 106, 109, 141, 161, 162, 182, 203, 205, 216, 217, 244, 247, 263, 287, 292; Bund, 93, 156, 218, 263–64 (see also Bolshevik); General Jewish Labour Bund, 93, 156, 263; Independent Socialists (USPD), Germany, 173, 175–76, 180; Inter-District Committee (Mezhraionka), xiv, 209, 247; Jacobinism, 164, 207, 253; Kadets (Constitutional Democrats), 111–12, 290; KPD (German Communist Party), 144, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173–74, 175, 178, 180, 184, 186, 275, 297; Left Opposition, 29, 35, 38, 46, 47, 58, 59, 61, 182, 317n57; Left Social-Revolutionaries (Left SRs), 12, 130, 132, 281, 282, 289–91, 306n32, 353n20; Leninism / Leninist, xx, xxi, 35, 61, 62, 163, 190, 195, 202, 206, 207, 213, 214, 230, 240, 272; Luxemburgism, 169, 171, 179–80, 244; Menshevism / Menshevik, xiv, 7, 8, 17, 40, 44–45, 95, 96, 105, 134, 155–57, 159, 205, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218, 235, 254, 255, 263, 280, 283, 286, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 299; Mezhraionka (see Inter-District Committee), xiv, 209, 247; Russia Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDRP), xiv, 44, 209, 213, 262, 263; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Germany, 168, 172, 173, 175–76, 179, 180, 216, 255; Social-Revolutionaries (SRs), 12, 40, 41, 44, 45, 105, 288, 289, 290, 306n32, 325n6; Solidarność (Poland), xix; Spartacus League, 144, 176; Stalinism, ix, xv, xxii, xxv, 14, 40, 46, 57, 66, 68, 82, 83, 85, 87, 96, 189, 198, 204, 206, 220, 226, 229, 295; Stalinist, xv, xvi, xviii, 16, 30, 33, 34, 35–36, 38, 46, 51, 57, 58, 61, 78, 161, 163, 170, 197, 239, 260, 265; Trotskyist, xv, 33, 34, 36–38, 39, 40, 45, 49, 55, 56, 59, 75, 88, 91, 163; United Opposition, 34, 35, 36, 38, 43, 209
political prisoners, xi, xxv, 29, 38, 40, 72, 73, 303n31
political strategy: adventurism, 168, 178, 216–19; “anti-parliamentarism,” 107; centralism, xx, 204, 206, 255, 295; coercion, xvi, 22, 56, 73–74, 110–12, 128 / consent, 73, 110–12; democracy, xx, 14, 62, 91, 101, 107, 110, 119, 164, 196, 203, 220, 223, 234, 244, 255, 274, 280, 296–97; democratic centralism, xx; export of revolution, 141-65; expropriations, 210–14, 216, 217, 254, 271, 299; maximalism, 105, 109; political volunteer, 216–19; “professional revolutionary,” 205; “probe with bayonets,” 143, 144; “revolutionary defeatism,” 246; sectarian, xx, xxi, 235, 236, 244, 246, 247; scholar activism / activist, xxxi, 299
Ponomarev, T., 58; Pechora district report, 58–59
Popov, Nikolai, 212, 213
Potresov, Alexander, 249
Poznanskii, Igor 38
Prague (Sixth All-Russia) Conference of the RSDRP (1912), 206, 212–13
Pravda in Prison, 41
Pravda (Truth), 265, 266
pravda (truth), xxv
Pravda za reshetkoi (Truth behind bars), xxv, 41–42
Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, xxix, 55–56, 337n16
Prigorovksy, Mikhail, 58
“proletarian revolution,” 100, 103, 227, 255, 275, 297
proletariat: 24, 80, 101, 129, 164, 185, 220, 227, 252, 256, 257, 284; and support of bureaucracy by, 137–39; and capitalism, 74; and support of collectivization, 139; and the Gulag’s forced labourers, xvi, 3; and the Red Guard, 99; and the Soviet as the organization of, 234; class consciousness of, 106–9, 164, 253; German, 180, 185, 296; rural, 122, 125; Lenin on, 253, 254, 255, 271; Luxemburg on, 255; “reduced to a kind of serfdom” (Souvarine), 195; self-activity and self-determination of, 95–96; Trotsky on, 295; “unifying and amalgamating the proletariat” (Levi), 177–78; urban, 101, 232; “we want the dictatorship of the proletariat” (Bukharin), 174, 176
provisional government, 5, 10–11, 102, 103, 215, 236, 286, 291, 298
publications: Iskra (Spark), 95, 249, 250, 255, 339n47; Pravda za reshetkoi (Truth behind bars), xxiv–xxv, 41–42; Sotsialisticheskii vestnik (Socialist courier), 16, 17; The Underdog (leaflet), xxiv; Zaria (Dawn), 249, 250
Putilov works, 233

Québec solidaire, 263

Rabinovich, S. E., History of the Civil War, 154
Rabinowitch, Alexander, 99, 103, 282
Radek, Karl, 98, 100, 120, 152, 153, 159, 161, 162, 171, 172, 177, 184, 186; on Lenin as Moses, 243; on “petty producers” and “petit-bourgeois,” 119
Radical Reconstruction, 333n60. See also Du Bois
Radkey, Oliver Henry, 100, 289–90
railways, 138, 158, 233, 285–87; and telegraph system, 285–86
Rakovsky, Christian, 196
Rand, Ayn, 239, 241, 242; works by: Atlas Shrugged, 241; The Fountainhead, 241
rape, xxv, 274
Raskolnikov, Fiodor, 292
Rear-View Mirror, xxiii, 296
Red Army (Bolshevik), xii, 26, 49, 63, 97, 142, 145, 147–49, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157–58, 161–62, 169, 177, 275, 279; antisemitism in, 150; at gates of Warsaw, 50, 141, 152; composition of, 149; use of bayonets by, 147, 154, 159, 160. See also invasion of Poland by Russia and White Army
Red Cavalry, 141, 150
Red Guards, 99–100, 102, 177, 273, 291; and sailors, 99–100
Red Terror, 148, 158, 274–76
Rechlag (labour camp), x
Reiman, Michal, 34
“requisitioning farm produce” (prodrazvestka), 129. See also economic policy
revolution: counter-revolution, xx, xxiv, 12, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 26, 29, 41, 45, 46–47, 75, 96, 97, 112, 128, 137, 189, 190, 195, 199, 200, 205, 218, 226; counter-revolutionaries, xii, 33, 103, 126, 130, 134, 138, 148, 274, 275, 279; coup d’état, 14, 98, 193; perevorot (overturn), 8, 304n13; revoliutsiia (revolution), 8, 304n13; vosstanie (uprising), 8, 304n13
“revolution from above,” 20, 24, 79
Revolutionary Military Committee, 98
Revolution (Overturn) (October/November 1917), 8, 14
Riddell, John, 141, 168, 169, 173, 174, 176, 186, 187
Riddell, John, ed., To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921, 169–70, 172, 174, 175, 187, 303n38; Toward the United Front: Proceedings of the Fourth Congress of the Communist International, 1922, 167, 169, 175, 181, 187, 303n38
Robespierre, Maximilien, 7, 15, 298
Rogovin, Vadim, 40, 261
Rosenberg, Suzanne, xxv, 27, 262, 292; as Gulag camp survivor, xi
Roure, Remy (Pierre Fervacque), founder of Le Monde, 149
Rozhkov, Nikolai, appeal to Lenin by, 133–34
Rudenko, Roman, 70
Rudzutak, Ianis, 23, 309n78
Russian Army, 12, 50, 101, 109, 110, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 152, 154, 157–58
Russian Civil War, 27, 44, 117, 145, 148, 149, 154, 266, 274, 306n41
Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 23, 153; 17th Party Congress of, 23
Russian empire, xx, 29, 60, 104, 105, 113, 117, 149, 156, 159, 249, 258, 263, 264, 285, 290, 295; and the RSDRP, 213; antisemitism in, 257, 260, 269; class struggle in, 232, 237. See also Tsar and tsarist and tsarism
Russian Federation, 25, 86
Russian invasion of Poland. See invasion of Poland by Russia (1920)
Russian peasantry, 94, 107, 118, 119, 121
Russian revolution: bureaucratic degeneration, 101; bureaucratic twist, 101; “degenerated workers’ state,” 101, 189 –90, 195, 199; fascist coup, 45–46; military-feudal exploitation, 196; Red Terror, 148, 158, 274–76; soldiers’ revolution, 106; state capitalism / state capitalist, 46, 62, 182, 197, 271; White Terror, 274; workers’ state, 14, 46, 47, 77, 99, 100, 101, 130, 190, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 275, 293
Russian Revolution (1905), xix, xx, 108, 116, 164, 190, 210, 217, 222, 230, 231–38, 263, 267, 277, 284
Russian Revolution (1917), xix, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxv, 3, 21, 28, 29, 33, 36, 43, 53, 61, 87, 93, 96, 116, 122, 130, 156, 157, 164, 182, 185, 245, 294, 297; as a socialist workers’ revolution, 104; trajectory of, 89. See also October Revolution (1917)
Russian social democracy, 164, 203, 255
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP): 1903 congress of, 96, 164, 209, 249, 262–63, 299; 1906 congress of, 210, 211; 1907 congress of, 212, 217–18, 264
Russian socialism and socialists, 34, 115, 222, 281
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 83, 121, 144
Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 81

Said, Edward, 221
sailors, 99, 101, 103, 111, 154, 271, 272, 273, 282, 289, 290, 293–94; and Constituent Assembly, 291–92; radicalization of, 14. See also Kronstadt sailors
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, The Golovlyov Family, 267–69
samizdat (underground anti-Stalinist literature), 32, 44, 312n52, 317n57
Saunders, George, 64, 73, 312n38, 317n57
Saunders, George, ed., Samizdat: Voices of the Soviet Opposition, 317n57
Savel’ev, P. Iu., 7, 250
Savel’ev and Tiutiukin, 250
Schapiro, Leonard, 101, 135, 263
Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur, 259–60
Schmidt, N. P., 212
Scholmer, Joseph, 32, 54, 57, 66, 67, 68–69, 70, 71, 73, 74; works by: Vorkuta, 319n88
Schwarz, Solomon, 25, 263
Sciabarra, Chris Matthew, Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical, 241
Second Congress of the Soviets (1917), 8, 281–82
Second International, 216, 218, 247
Sedova, Natalia, 191
self-activity / substitutionism: samodeiatel’nost (self-activity), xxi, xxii, 74, 93, 94, 95, 96–97, 144, 164, 165, 178, 187, 232, 297; samopredeleniia (self-determination), 95; samostoiatl’nost (autonomy), 95; samoupravlenie (self-government), 95; self-determination, 66, 95, 96, 224, 247, 296; self-development, 95; self-education, 95, 255; self-emancipation, xxi, xxii, 3, 93, 95, 110, 141, 144, 163, 165, 167, 185, 231, 296; substitutionism, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 3, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 141, 160, 178, 185, 187, 287, 295, 299
Senaki, Georgia, 159
Serbyn, Roman, 53
Serpantinka (prison), 39
Serge, Victor, xx, xxxi, 40, 97, 98, 129, 146–48, 153, 183, 285; works by: Year One of the Russian Revolution, 285
“sewage disposal system” (Solzhenitsyn), 52
sexual violence, xviii, xxv
Sherman, William T., 127–28
Shingaraev, A. I., 272
Shlyapnikov, 103
Shumuk, Danylo, xvii, 72, 74
Siberia, 19, 26, 37, 64, 79, 81, 104, 196, 274
Siegelbaum, Lewis, 78
“Sixth All-Russia Conference of the RSDLP,” 213
Skidelsky, S. S., 241
Smirnov, V. M., 55
Smith, Steve, 287
social democracy, 164, 203, 234, 250, 252, 255, 278, 296
Social Democratic Party (SPD), Germany, 168, 172, 173, 175–76, 179, 180, 216, 255
socialist consciousness, 106, 200; and the “war on the Kulaks,” 16, 25, 56, 137–39
Socialist Courier (Sotsialisticheskii vestnik), 16, 17
Socialist Workers Party (UK), 181–82
Socialist Workers Party (USA), 197
social movements, 244, 248, 298
Social-Revolutionaries (SRs), 12, 41, 40, 44, 45, 105, 288, 289, 290, 306n32, 325n6; destruction of, 44. See also Left Social-Revolutionaries
Social-Revolutionary Party, 11
soldiers, xvii–xvii, 4, 7, 97, 107, 108, 110, 286, 291; and levelling, 106–7; Bolshevisks and, 106, 157, 293; death penalty for, 12; desertion by, 13; dispersal of Constituent Assembly by, 291–92; distance from the working class of, 105; feelings of betrayal by, 11; influence on revolution of, 93, 106; in 1920 invasion of Poland, 162; in Petrograd, 98–100, 104, 282; looting by, 149; radicalization of, 14; ravages by, 19; sympathy with strikers of, 69. See also peasant-soldiers
soldiers and workers, consumption communism of, 107–8
Solidarność (Poland), xix
Solovki (labour camp), 15
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I., ix–xx, xxiv, 26, 38, 39, 45, 52, 64, 299; arrest of, xii; works by: The First Circle, xv, 64; The Gulag Archipelago, ix, xii, xiii, xv, xvi, xviii, xix, 45
Souvarine, Boris (Boris Lifschitz), 9, 13, 17, 25, 26, 28, 139, 158, 194–96, 209, 217–18; and Trotsky, 14, 15, 98, 190, 194, 195, 201, 205–9, 223, 225–26, 296; founds La Critique sociale, 194; on Bolshevik expropriations, 210–11, 217; on death toll of Great Terror, 27; on Martov’s Saviours or Destroyers?, 215; o, 1932–33 famine, 16; on October 1917 as coup d’état 14, 98; on Stalin’s rise in the ranks, 205–6; on the appropriation of surplus value by the State, 201–2; on the counter-revolution, 195–96; on the Tiflis affair, 212; on Trotsky’s Our Political Tasks, 207; on war communism, 129; use of Orientalist discourse by, 222; works by: Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism, 137, 194, 205
Sotsprof (Federation of Independent Socialist Trade Unions), 82
Soviet Central Executive Committee, 111
Soviet of Workers’ Deputies, 234, 236, 237
Soviet Union, ix, x, xiii, xiv, xvii, 15, 17, 22, 23, 34, 47, 52, 66, 80, 195, 196, 197, 205; Accord of Ten, 84; as a workers’ state, 46, 101, 195, 199, 201; fall of (1991), xvi, xxii, 30, 87, 143, 229; and totalitarian Stalinism,” coal production in, 54; class in, 90–91, 194, 200, 225; famine in, 18, 20; forced labour system of, 24–25, 30, 73; Hitler’s invasion of, 51; in the 1930s, 189, 199; in the 1980s, 77, 85, 87, 230; nationalized property in, 137, 200; working class in, 82, 83;
soviets: “All Power to the Soviets!” 11, 13; commune, 9, 10, 13, 94, 110, 114–17, 120–21, 123–24, 125–26, 128, 136–37, 139, 327n33; Sovietization, 143, 147, 148; workers’ councils, xix, 5, 14, 62, 232, 234, 235, 237
Sovremennik (Contemporary), 239
Sovremennyia zapiski (Modern notes), 41
Spartacus League (anti-war German left group), 144, 173, 176, 179, 186
Spartacus slave revolt, 63, 64, 65, 91
Spiridonova, Maria, 130–32
Stalinism, ix, xv, xxii, xxv, 14, 40, 46, 57, 66, 68, 82, 83, 85, 87, 96, 189, 198, 204, 206, 220, 226, 229, 295; collapse of (1991), xvi, 91
Stalinist, xv, xvi, xviii, 16, 38, 46, 51, 58, 61, 78, 163, 170; activists, 34; antisemitic discourse, 265; bureaucracy, 260; industrialization, 57; nationalistic expansion, 66; repression, 35–36; state, 30, 33, 197, 307n52; totalitarianism, 161; plan to “liquidate the kulaks as a class,” 16; “social realism,” 239. See also anti-Stalinist resistance and samizdat
Stalinists, coup attempt (August 1991), 91
Stalin, Joseph, adopts Preobrazhensky’s “socialist accumulation” approach in 1929, 55–56; and eliminating Old Bolsheviks, 45; and “war communism” (1918-21), 14–15, 22, 25, 128–31, 133, 134–35, 139, 294; antisemitism under, 261–62, 265, 269; condemns 20,000 Polish prisoners to death in 1940, 49; death of, x, xiii, 30, 66–67, 77, 159, 261, 318n73; deceives Trotsky about the day of Lenin’s burial, 243; forced collectivization by, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 53, 54, 56, 130, 137, 196, 227; genocidal intentions of, 20; in Stockholm (as Ivanovich), 210, 211; on the “Menshevik yoke,” 158; opposes colonialism, 55–56; report on the 1907 party congress by, 264–65; rise to power of, 192, 194, 202, 205–6; speech (1921) in Tiflis, 158; suppresses census, 28; tribute levied on peasants by, 56; violates 1920 recognition of Georgian independence, 159; vs. Georgian Communists, 155; war on the kulaks by, 16, 21, 25, 52, 56, 137–39; works by: “Dizzy with Success” (article), 22. See also forced collectivization and United Opposition (against Stalin)
Starobelsk (“special camp”), 49, 50
Steinberg, Isaac (People’s Commissar for Justice), 7, 11, 12, 275–79, 283, 286, 350n57, 353n20; and Lenin, 272–73; and Third Peasant Congress (January 1918), 130–31; and Trotsky, 111–12, 276–77; on Cheka abuses, 279; on Kronstadt uprising, 15, 97; on Petrograd strikes (1917), 280; on the peasant revolution, 130; works by: In the Workshop of the Revolution, 306n32
Stevens, Thaddeus, 128
Stolypin, Petr, 10, 117, 121, 122, 124, 126, 132
Stolypin’s agrarian reforms, 10–11, 121–23, 125–28, 130, 136, 137
St. Petersburg, 8, 102, 145, 163, 221, 232, 233, 234–36, 238, 290
St. Petersburg Soviet, 145, 234–35
Strakhovsky, Leonid, 122, 125
strikes: across European Russia (1918), 293; at Bolshevik Mine, 83–84; by airline pilots, 80; by bus drivers, 80; by coal miners in the Donbass (July 1989), 77, 79–81; by mineworkers (July 1990), 81; by textile workers (1896), 232; in Baku (December 1904), 232, 233; in East Berlin (1953), 68; in Elisavetgrad’s factories (1903), 233; in Kiev’s railway workshops (July 1903), 233; in Nikolaev (1903), 233; in Petrograd (late 1917), 279–85; in Rostov-on-Don (1903), 233; in St. Petersburg (January 1905), 233; in the Caucasus (March 1902); in Tiflis (1903), 233; in Vorkuta: coal miners’ strike (1989), 30, 80, 81, 83, 84, and workers’ strike (1953), 30, 60, 68–71, 74–75, 80. See also hunger strikes.
Stuttgart, Germany, 173, 179, 180, 186; as a base for Clara Zetkin, Luxemburgists, and Spartacists, 180, 186
Stuttgart metalworkers’ union, 171, 173, 186
subsistence, 13, 107, 115, 119, 123, 135, 137
Sukhanov, Nikolai, 102, 323n25
suki (collaborators) and blatnoy (irreconcilables), 62–65, 317n59
Supreme Council of the People’s Economy (VSNKh), 135
Surya, Michel, 194
Swianiewicz, Stanisław, 24, 49–51, 54; works by: Lenin jako ekonomista [Lenin as an economist], Polityka gospodarcza Niemiec hitlerowskich [The economic policy of Hitler’s Germany]

Tauger, Mark, 20
“technical intelligentsia,” 26, 285, 355n59
terror, 7, 33, 38, 39, 55, 97, 111, 136, 148, 210, 272–73, 277–78, 279, 282, 287, 293, 297, 298. See also Great Terror and Red Terror
The Bolshevik-Leninist, 41
the money question, 216, 217
“theory of the offensive,” 94, 169, 339n5
Thermidor, 15–16, 195, 198, 200, 261; Thermidorian reaction, 15–16, 25, 46, 96
“thin man” (anonymous camp survivor), xxiv
Third All-Russia Congress of the Soviets of the People’s Economy, 134
Third Peasant Congress (January 1918), 130–31
Third Soviet Congress of Workers and Soldiers, 130
Thompson, E. P., 90; The Making of the English Working Class, 90
Tiananmen Square protests (1989), xix
Tiflis, Georgia, 158, 211–12, 233
Tiflis robbery (1907), 212, 214, 216, 217, 254. See also Bolshevik expropriations
Tito, Josip, 16, 135
Tiutiukin, S. V., 7, 250
Tokmakoff, George, 122, 124
Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace, xiii
totalitarianism, 28, 158, 160, 161, 192, 229, 318n73
To the Masses (proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International), 169–70, 172, 174, 175, 187, 303n38
Tottle, Douglas, Fraud, Famine and Fascism, 20
Toward the United Front (proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International), 167, 169, 175, 181, 187, 303n38
Transcaucasus, 157, 290
Treadgold, Donald, 16, 121, 128
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 132, 288, 293
Treaty of Versailles, 153
“tribute” (levied by Stalin on peasants), 56
Triple Alliance, 249
Trotskyist opposition, 34
Trotskyists, xv, 33, 39, 45, 49, 55, 56, 59, 88, 91, 163; capitulation of, 36–37; “genuine Trotskyists,” 38; hunger strikes by, 75; imprisoned, 40, 42; lifestyle of, 37; opposition to, 34. See also Brickworks
Trotskyists at Vorkuta, xv, xxiv, 37–38, 40, 42, 43, 49, 88, 312n38
Trotsky, Leon, addresses Petrograd Soviet, 103; and Military Revolutionary Committee, 99, 145; and Boris Souvarine, 14, 15, 98, 190, 194, 195, 201, 205–9, 223, 225–26, 296; and Isaac Steinberg, 111–12; and socialist consciousness, 137; and “Thermidor,, 15–16; and war against the kulaks, 138–39; antagonism with Lenin, 163–64; as Leninist, 207, 209, 225, 246; assassination of, 46, 191, 226; assessment of Lenin’s legacy, 245; defends united front/coalition-building approach, 174–75, 187; Lenin attempts to form a bloc with Trotsky against Stalin, 159–160; meets Lenin in London in 1902, 209; on antisemitism under Stalin, 261–62; on centralism, 204; on Bolshevik expropriations, 214, 216; on Lenin as initiator of the invasion of Poland, 154; on Leninist methods, 207; on Lenin’s “revolutionary defeatism,, 246–47; on S. E. Rabinovich’s History of the Civil War, 154; on Souvarine’s Stalin, 205; on Stalin and “an impersonal machine,, 202–3; on Stalin’s rise in the ranks, 206; on the “bureaucratic degeneration of the state” 101; on the control of surplus produce, 201; on the events leading to the 1905 revolution, 233–38; on the invasion of Georgia, 159; on the invasion of Poland, 145, 152–53, 154, 159, 161–62, 185; on the Moscow insurrection (December 1905), 237; on the nationalization of the means of production and the land, 137–38, 200; on the proletariat, 3, 14, 95–96; on Thermidor, 198, 200; on the Soviet Union as a workers’ state, 46; on the Tiflis robbery, 216; proposals to Communist Party’s Central Committee by, 134; use of Orientalist discourse by, 221–22; works with Mensheviks in 1905, 235; works by: 1905, 232; Between Red and White, 159; History of the Russian Revolution, xiii; “Lenin Is Dead,” 243; 1905, 223, 232; Our Political Tasks, 95–96, 204–5; Revolution Betrayed, 189, 194; Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence, xxiii, xxxi, 137, 152–53, 154, 189–95, 197–98, 200, 201, 209, 221, 225, 229; Their Morals and Ours: The Marxist View of Morality, 295; “Thermidor and Anti-Semitism,” 261
Tsar and tsarist, xx, xxv, 4, 5, 10, 11, 50, 58, 105, 117, 142, 145, 148, 156, 164, 210, 215, 224, 237, 261, 267, 268, 276, 286, 288, 325n2; collapse of tsarist regime, 157; tsarist oppression, 239, 260
tsarism, xxv, 96, 98, 152, 196, 222, 246, 258, 259, 260, 262, 298, 327n33
Tsar Nicholas I, 32–33
Tsar Nicholas II, abdication of, 10
Tucker, Robert, 89, 264, 265
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Nikolaievich, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 161, 162, 185, 339n5; antisemitism of, 149
Turgenev, Ivan, 257, 268; works by: Fathers and Sons, 239–40
Turkestan, prisons and concentration camps in, 15
Ukhta-Pechora (labour camp), 38

Ukraine, 17, 19, 54, 79, 81, 91, 121, 126, 141, 149, 264, 290–91; famine in, 16–17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 53, 227; pogroms in, 274–75; Polish invasion of, 142, 150, 158, 274–75
Ukrainian Red Soviet army, 275
Ukrainian Social-Revolutionaries, 290
Union of Unions of Government Employees (Petrograd), 280–81
Union of Workers of the Coal Industry, 87
united front approach (coalition building), 169, 170, 175, 180–81; origins of, 167, 171, 173, 179, 182, 186–87. See also Levi, Paul
United Opposition (against Stalin), 34, 35, 36, 38, 43, 209
USSR, economic decline in 1991 in, 84–85
Ust-Usa, 42; 1942 uprising at, 64

Vashonov, Pavel, 84
Verkhne-Uralsk “isolator” (prison), 40–41
Vietnam, 258
vlast (authority), 14
Volkogonov, Dmitri, 318n73
Volodarsky, V., 103, 277
Vorgashorskaya (coal pit), 80
Vorkuta coal miners’ strike (1989), 30, 80, 81, 83, 84
Vorkuta forced labour camps (Gulag archipelago), x, xv, 29, 37–40, 42–43; and coal mines and miners, 29–30, 32, 54, 57–60; massacre at (as described by Solzhenitsyn), xvi–xvii; location of, 32, 311n8; politicization of, 87–88; resistance and opposition at, 61–64; Ukrainian vs. Russian labourers, 65–66; uprising (1947) at, 63–64. See also Great Terror and Trotskyists at Vorkuta
Vorkuta hunger strike (1936–37), 38–39
Vorkuta River, 31, 32
Vorkuta strike waves: (1936–37), xv; (1947–53), xv, xvi; (1989–91), xxii, 30, 85, 91
Vorkuta workers’ strike (1953), 30, 60, 68–71, 74–75, 80
Vorobev, Ivan, 72
Voroshilov, 46
Vorwärts (Forward), 266
Vpered group, 266

Wagner, William, 240, 241
“war communism” (1918-21), 14–15, 22, 25, 128–31, 133, 134–35, 139, 294. See also New Economic Policy
Warsaw, 50, 141, 142, 145, 147, 150, 152, 153, 154, 162; defeat of Red Army at gates of, 50, 141–42, 150, 153; “the catastrophe before Warsaw” (Trotsky), 151, 152, 154. See also invasion of Poland by Russia
Washington Post, 81
waves of arrests (as identified by Solzhenitsyn), 1928–32, 1937–38, 1944–46, 52
Weekly People, 17
Western Europe, xxi, 146, 286
wheat, 10, 20, 53, 87–88, 91. See also grain
White Army (counter-revolutionaries), 134, 145, 148, 274, 275, 306n41. See also Red Army
White, James, 213, 236, 325n13
Winter Palace, 45, 100, 103
Wolfe, Bertram, 118, 122, 125, 139, 223, 243
Women’s Day demonstration (Petrograd, 1917), 3–5, 10, 97, 102, 189
Women’s Day (1921), 97
Woods, Alan, xxxi, 191–93, 198–200, 229; revisions to Malamuth’s translation of Trotsky’s Stalin by, 192–93, 198–99, 200, 225–26
Workers’ Conference of the Union to Defend the Constituent Assembly (Petrograd, 1918), 292–93
workers’ councils (soviets), xix, 5, 14, 62, 232, 234, 235, 237
workers’ movement, xvi, xviii, 65, 67, 73, 78, 85, 87, 96, 107, 145, 163, 164, 173, 214, 235, 279, 294, 296
workers’ revolution, 15, 104, 117, 164, 272
workers’ state, 14, 46, 47, 77, 99, 100, 101, 130, 190, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 275, 293; “degenerated workers’ state,” 101, 189–90, 195, 199
workers, white-collar, 257, 258, 280, 284, 286, 287
Workers’ Opposition, 294
World Bolshevism, xxix, 8, 105, 305n15
world bolshevism, features of, 109–10
world market, 115
World War I. See Great War
World War II, xi, 54, 199, 221, 222, 274

Yagoda, Genrikh, 37
Yeltsin, Boris, 83–85

Zaria (Dawn), 249, 250
Zemlya i Volya (Land and Freedom), 130
Zetkin, Clara, 170–71, 175, 180, 186–87, 213–14, 215, 248; and Paul Levi, 169, 171, 173, 174, 178, 179, 187; influence of, 179, 180, 186; works by: “Resolution by Clara Zetkin on March Action,” 170
Zhelezniakov, Anatolii, 292
Zhitomir (Ukraine) 150
Zimmerwald anti-war conference (1915), 245–47; as turning point in constructing a New Left, 247–48; Lenin and “revolutionary defeatism” at, 246–47
Zinoviev, Grigory, 174–75, 184, 187, 246, 294, 310; and Lev Kamenev, 26, 34, 35, 38, 46, 209; 1918 speech by, 277; 1920 speech by, 176

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