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Critical Thinking, Logic, and Argument: Part II. Categorical Logic

Critical Thinking, Logic, and Argument
Part II. Categorical Logic

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  • Project HomeCritical Thinking, Logic, and Argument
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Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Contents
  5. Acknowledgements
  6. Preface: Am I a Critical Thinker?
    1. Ideal Critical Thinkers
    2. What Should I Believe?
    3. Language
    4. Grammar
    5. The Role of Evaluating Arguments
  7. I. Arguments and Language
    1. 1. Critical Thinking and Belief
      1. 1.1 Are We Responsible for Beliefs?
      2. 1.2 The Causal Character of Belief
      3. 1.3 The Functional Model of Belief
      4. 1.4 Evaluating Belief
    2. 2. Inference and Argument
      1. 2.1 Context for Critical Thinking
      2. 2.2 Arguments
      3. 2.3 Relevance and Dialectic Acceptability
      4. 2.4 Selecting a Method
      5. 2.5 Language Matters
    3. 3. Standard Form and Validity
      1. 3.1 Logical Arguments
      2. 3.2 Deductive Versus Inductive Arguments
      3. 3.3 Inductive Strength and Probability
      4. 3.4 Validity
      5. 3.5 Five Valid Deductive Argument Patterns
      6. 3.6 Two Invalid Deductive Argument Patterns
    4. 4. Putting Validity into Practice
      1. 4.1 Using Counter-Examples
      2. 4.2 Modus Ponens
      3. 4.3 Modus Tollens
      4. 4.4 Affirming the Consequent
      5. 4.5 Denying the Antecedent
    5. 5. Classification Systems
      1. 5.1 Building a Classification System
    6. 6. Definitions
      1. 6.1 Definition and Language Use
      2. 6.2 Classification and Language Use
      3. 6.3 Definitions and Reference
      4. 6.4 Rules for a Good Definition
    7. 7. Arguments from Definition and Enthymemes
      1. 7.1 Reasoning with Definitions
      2. 7.2 Validity and Definitional Arguments
      3. 7.3 Enthymemes
  8. II. Categorical Logic
    1. 8. The Syllogism
      1. 8.1 Transitivity in a Syllogism
      2. 8.2 Intransitivity
      3. 8.3 Containment Revisited
    2. 9. Categorical Logic Statements
      1. 9.1 Four Kinds of Categorical Statements
      2. 9.2 Four Parts of Every Categorical Statement
      3. 9.3 Venn Diagrams
      4. 9.4 Universal Affirmative: A
      5. 9.5 Universal Negative: E
      6. 9.6 Particular Affirmative: I
      7. 9.7 Particular Negative: O
    3. 10. Translating Categorical Statements
      1. 10.1 Three Issues for Translation of Statements
      2. 10.2 Interpretations of “Some”
      3. 10.3 Direct Singular Reference
      4. 10.4 Proper Names
      5. 10.5 Translating an Informal Statement
      6. 10.6 Steps in Translations
    4. 11. Categorical Equivalence
      1. 11.1 Theory of Immediate Inference
      2. 11.2 Conversion
      3. 11.3 Contraposition
      4. 11.4 Obversion
      5. 11.5 Negation
      6. 11.6 Contradiction
      7. 11.7 Contrary and Subcontrary
      8. 11.8 Subaltern
      9. 11.9 Traditional Square of Opposition
    5. 12. The Categorical Syllogism
      1. 12.1 Theory of the Syllogism
      2. 12.2 Moods and Figures
      3. 12.3 Valid Forms
      4. 12.4 Graphing Syllogisms
      5. 12.5 Enthymemes
      6. 12.6 Rules for Using Venn Diagrams to Determine Validity
  9. III. Informal Fallacies
    1. 13. Introduction to Fallacies and Bias
      1. 13.1 Introduction to Fallacies
      2. 13.2 Bias and Relativism
      3. 13.3 Stereotyping
      4. 13.4 List of Fallacies Covered
    2. 14. Fallacies of Ambiguity
      1. 14.1 Introduction to Fallacies of Ambiguity
      2. 14.2 Equivocation
      3. 14.3 Amphiboly
      4. 14.4 Fallacy of Accent
      5. 14.5 Fallacy of Composition
      6. 14.6 Fallacy of Division
      7. 14.7 Fallacy of Hypostatization
    3. 15. Fallacies of Emotional Bias
      1. 15.1 Fallacy of Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)
      2. 15.2 Abuse
      3. 15.3 Poisoning the Well
      4. 15.4 Tu Quoque
      5. 15.5 Mob Appeal (Argumentum Ad Populum)
      6. 15.6 Appeal to Pity (Argumentum Ad Misericordiam)
      7. 15.7 Appeal to Force or Fear (Argumentum Ad Baculum)
      8. 15.8 Two Wrongs Make a Right
    4. 16. Fallacies of Expertise
      1. 16.1 Genuine Appeal to Authority
      2. 16.2 Fallacious Appeal to Authority
      3. 16.3 Fallacy of Snob Appeal
      4. 16.4 Appeal to Tradition
      5. 16.5 Appeal to Nature
      6. 16.6 Appeal to Anonymous Authority
      7. 16.7 The Appeal to Ignorance
    5. 17. Fallacies of Distorting the Facts
      1. 17.1 Analogy
      2. 17.2 False Analogy
      3. 17.3 False Cause
      4. 17.4 Slippery Slope (Wedge) Argument
      5. 17.5 Irrelevant Thesis (Ignoratio Elenchi)
    6. 18. Fallacies of Presumption
      1. 18.1 Sweeping Generalization (Fallacy of Accident)
      2. 18.2 Hasty Generalization (Converse Accident)
      3. 18.3 Difference Between Hasty and Sweeping Generalization
      4. 18.4 Difference Between Hasty and Sweeping Generalization and Composition and Division
      5. 18.5 The Fallacy of Bifurcation
    7. 19. Fallacies of Evading the Facts
      1. 19.1 Straw Person
      2. 19.2 The Fallacy of Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)
      3. 19.3 The Fallacy of Question-Begging Epithets
      4. 19.4 The Fallacy of Complex Question
      5. 19.5 The Fallacy of Special Pleading
  10. IV. Conclusion
    1. 20. Putting Critical Thinking into Practice
      1. 20.1 Returning to Inductive Strength
      2. 20.2 Making Better Arguments
      3. 20.3 Evaluating Arguments in Longer Text
    2. 21. Fallacy Round-Up
      1. 21.1 Fallacies of Ambiguity
      2. 21.2 Fallacies of Emotional Bias
      3. 21.3 Fallacies of Expertise
      4. 21.4 Fallacies of Distorting the Facts
      5. 21.5 Fallacies of Presumption
      6. 21.6 Fallacies of Evading the Facts
  11. Glossary
  12. About the Authors
  13. Answer Key

Part II Categorical Logic

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