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Critical Thinking, Logic, and Argument: Acknowledgements

Critical Thinking, Logic, and Argument
Acknowledgements
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Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Contents
  5. Acknowledgements
  6. Preface: Am I a Critical Thinker?
    1. Ideal Critical Thinkers
    2. What Should I Believe?
    3. Language
    4. Grammar
    5. The Role of Evaluating Arguments
  7. I. Arguments and Language
    1. 1. Critical Thinking and Belief
      1. 1.1 Are We Responsible for Beliefs?
      2. 1.2 The Causal Character of Belief
      3. 1.3 The Functional Model of Belief
      4. 1.4 Evaluating Belief
    2. 2. Inference and Argument
      1. 2.1 Context for Critical Thinking
      2. 2.2 Arguments
      3. 2.3 Relevance and Dialectic Acceptability
      4. 2.4 Selecting a Method
      5. 2.5 Language Matters
    3. 3. Standard Form and Validity
      1. 3.1 Logical Arguments
      2. 3.2 Deductive Versus Inductive Arguments
      3. 3.3 Inductive Strength and Probability
      4. 3.4 Validity
      5. 3.5 Five Valid Deductive Argument Patterns
      6. 3.6 Two Invalid Deductive Argument Patterns
    4. 4. Putting Validity into Practice
      1. 4.1 Using Counter-Examples
      2. 4.2 Modus Ponens
      3. 4.3 Modus Tollens
      4. 4.4 Affirming the Consequent
      5. 4.5 Denying the Antecedent
    5. 5. Classification Systems
      1. 5.1 Building a Classification System
    6. 6. Definitions
      1. 6.1 Definition and Language Use
      2. 6.2 Classification and Language Use
      3. 6.3 Definitions and Reference
      4. 6.4 Rules for a Good Definition
    7. 7. Arguments from Definition and Enthymemes
      1. 7.1 Reasoning with Definitions
      2. 7.2 Validity and Definitional Arguments
      3. 7.3 Enthymemes
  8. II. Categorical Logic
    1. 8. The Syllogism
      1. 8.1 Transitivity in a Syllogism
      2. 8.2 Intransitivity
      3. 8.3 Containment Revisited
    2. 9. Categorical Logic Statements
      1. 9.1 Four Kinds of Categorical Statements
      2. 9.2 Four Parts of Every Categorical Statement
      3. 9.3 Venn Diagrams
      4. 9.4 Universal Affirmative: A
      5. 9.5 Universal Negative: E
      6. 9.6 Particular Affirmative: I
      7. 9.7 Particular Negative: O
    3. 10. Translating Categorical Statements
      1. 10.1 Three Issues for Translation of Statements
      2. 10.2 Interpretations of “Some”
      3. 10.3 Direct Singular Reference
      4. 10.4 Proper Names
      5. 10.5 Translating an Informal Statement
      6. 10.6 Steps in Translations
    4. 11. Categorical Equivalence
      1. 11.1 Theory of Immediate Inference
      2. 11.2 Conversion
      3. 11.3 Contraposition
      4. 11.4 Obversion
      5. 11.5 Negation
      6. 11.6 Contradiction
      7. 11.7 Contrary and Subcontrary
      8. 11.8 Subaltern
      9. 11.9 Traditional Square of Opposition
    5. 12. The Categorical Syllogism
      1. 12.1 Theory of the Syllogism
      2. 12.2 Moods and Figures
      3. 12.3 Valid Forms
      4. 12.4 Graphing Syllogisms
      5. 12.5 Enthymemes
      6. 12.6 Rules for Using Venn Diagrams to Determine Validity
  9. III. Informal Fallacies
    1. 13. Introduction to Fallacies and Bias
      1. 13.1 Introduction to Fallacies
      2. 13.2 Bias and Relativism
      3. 13.3 Stereotyping
      4. 13.4 List of Fallacies Covered
    2. 14. Fallacies of Ambiguity
      1. 14.1 Introduction to Fallacies of Ambiguity
      2. 14.2 Equivocation
      3. 14.3 Amphiboly
      4. 14.4 Fallacy of Accent
      5. 14.5 Fallacy of Composition
      6. 14.6 Fallacy of Division
      7. 14.7 Fallacy of Hypostatization
    3. 15. Fallacies of Emotional Bias
      1. 15.1 Fallacy of Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)
      2. 15.2 Abuse
      3. 15.3 Poisoning the Well
      4. 15.4 Tu Quoque
      5. 15.5 Mob Appeal (Argumentum Ad Populum)
      6. 15.6 Appeal to Pity (Argumentum Ad Misericordiam)
      7. 15.7 Appeal to Force or Fear (Argumentum Ad Baculum)
      8. 15.8 Two Wrongs Make a Right
    4. 16. Fallacies of Expertise
      1. 16.1 Genuine Appeal to Authority
      2. 16.2 Fallacious Appeal to Authority
      3. 16.3 Fallacy of Snob Appeal
      4. 16.4 Appeal to Tradition
      5. 16.5 Appeal to Nature
      6. 16.6 Appeal to Anonymous Authority
      7. 16.7 The Appeal to Ignorance
    5. 17. Fallacies of Distorting the Facts
      1. 17.1 Analogy
      2. 17.2 False Analogy
      3. 17.3 False Cause
      4. 17.4 Slippery Slope (Wedge) Argument
      5. 17.5 Irrelevant Thesis (Ignoratio Elenchi)
    6. 18. Fallacies of Presumption
      1. 18.1 Sweeping Generalization (Fallacy of Accident)
      2. 18.2 Hasty Generalization (Converse Accident)
      3. 18.3 Difference Between Hasty and Sweeping Generalization
      4. 18.4 Difference Between Hasty and Sweeping Generalization and Composition and Division
      5. 18.5 The Fallacy of Bifurcation
    7. 19. Fallacies of Evading the Facts
      1. 19.1 Straw Person
      2. 19.2 The Fallacy of Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)
      3. 19.3 The Fallacy of Question-Begging Epithets
      4. 19.4 The Fallacy of Complex Question
      5. 19.5 The Fallacy of Special Pleading
  10. IV. Conclusion
    1. 20. Putting Critical Thinking into Practice
      1. 20.1 Returning to Inductive Strength
      2. 20.2 Making Better Arguments
      3. 20.3 Evaluating Arguments in Longer Text
    2. 21. Fallacy Round-Up
      1. 21.1 Fallacies of Ambiguity
      2. 21.2 Fallacies of Emotional Bias
      3. 21.3 Fallacies of Expertise
      4. 21.4 Fallacies of Distorting the Facts
      5. 21.5 Fallacies of Presumption
      6. 21.6 Fallacies of Evading the Facts
  11. Glossary
  12. About the Authors
  13. Answer Key

Acknowledgements

Eric’s Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the following reviewers, whose comments and suggestions on drafts of the original text were much appreciated: Keneth Boyd, Darcy Cutler, Bruce Howes, and Mikal A. Radford.

I would also like to thank Anthony Jenkins for his helpful advice on categorical logic and George Williamson and Derek Postnikoff, who taught sections of critical thinking using earlier versions of this text and had helpful comments. A debt of gratitude also goes to the large number of authors whose books I read or used during more than twenty years of teaching critical thinking. And lastly, I would like to thank the helpful people at Pearson Education Canada who helped bring the previous version of this book out—Christine Cozens, Joel Gladstone, Rema Celio, and Richard di Santo—as well as Dianne Fowlie, Susan Bindernagel, and Sally Glover for their commitment to the previous original text.

Kristin’s Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Vanessa Lehan and Maya Seshia for their detailed reviews of this text. I owe many thanks to Megan Hall, who has been instrumental in all stages of the Open Educational Resource development. My thanks to Dan Cockroft, Kathy Killoh, and everyone behind the scenes at AU Press. Thank you to Jessica Tang for your artwork based on our drawings. I benefited greatly from the support of my faculty, principally my dean, Manijeh Mananni, for supporting this project, as well as numerous colleagues who shouldered workloads to help this along: Mark McCutcheon, Nisha Nath, Katie MacDonald, Davina Bhandar, Lynn Hughey Engelbert, Suzanne McCullagh, Chris McTavish, and Wendell Kisner. Thank you to my students who piloted the earlier version of this text and to Robert Andrews for many discussions about how to make my text more accessible to Indigenous learners. I continue to be lucky to receive pedagogical and scholarly advice from Cressida J. Heyes, to whom I am grateful in perpetuity.

Principally, I thank Eric Dayton, whose generosity, incisiveness, and commitment to accessible philosophical education are evident on every page of his text. Because of community-engaged, dedicated, and ethically responsive pedagogues such as Eric, Open Educational Resources are now becoming more common. Throughout his immense teaching career, he developed these materials by revising and reteaching, progressively adapting and responding to his students’ needs. He designed his own diagrams in WordPerfect and distributed the text as a low-cost coursepack. Eric taught supersections of this course for over two decades in Saskatoon and it will come as no suprise to those who know him that he often gets stopped in grocery stores and on the street by former students who are adamant that this course was their favourite—and most useful—course of their undergraduate studies. As an undergraduate student, I did not think I could pursue graduate training in philosophy until Eric asked me to grade critical thinking exams in 2004. He was the first and most convincing philosopher to encourage me to pursue graduate training (both times). I work to live up to the great gift of his mentorship.

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