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Index
- Abramovitch, Raphael: arrested and threatened with execution, 8
- Aleksinskii, Grigorii, 24–25
- anarchism, 48, 138n10
- anarcho-Proudhonism: how Marx’s views shifted towards, 108, 110–12
- anarcho-syndicalist scheme, 110
- Angell, Norman, 57, 143n24
- anti-intellectualism, 56–57
- anti-Jewish pogroms, 21–22
- anti-parliamentarism, 43
- Applebaum, Anne, 9
- army, 43
- Arnould, Arthur, 102–4
- Aronson, Grigorii, 28–29
- Ascher, Abraham, 18, 131n43
- Axelrod, Pavel, 15, 20, 131n43
- Babeuf, François N., 100, 150n27
- Bakan, Abigail, 133n69
- Bakunin, Mikhail A., 110, 112, 138n10
- Bakuninism, 48
- Barbes, Armand, 80, 151n30
- Bauman, Nikolai, 14, 17–18
- Bernstein, Eduard, 110–11, 124, 159n55
- Berth, Édouard, 103, 158n37
- Bismarck, Otto von, 100
- Blanqui, Louis A., 80, 100–101, 146n14
- Blanquism: influence on Paris Commune, 100–101
- Bolshevik state (see also soviet structure of political organization): allows semi-legal opposition, 7–9
- attacks on basic freedoms by, 6–7
- beginning of mass internments, 9
- and end of soviet structure of power, 79
- Martov’s criticisms of, 6, 7
- and Mensheviks, 5
- and show trials, 128n20
- similarity of Jacobin dictatorship to, 69–70
- terminology used by to describe revolution, 5–6
- USPD divided attitude toward, 26
- view of democracy and terrorism, 4, 5
- Bolsheviks/Bolshevism: development of psychology for, 45–46
- disdain for intellectual culture old society, 56
- as gift from east to west, 58
- how it was imported into western Europe, 41–42
- influence of WWI on its spread, 43–44
- key features of, 44–45
- Lenin’s view on their ability to govern Russia, 160n62
- and new army raised after demobilization, 44
- reaction to timidity of soviets, 78–79
- and soviet structure of political organization, 59–61
- their portrayal of Martov, 27
- tie to agrarian revolution, 42
- usurps soviet structure of power, 68–69, 79
- bourgeois republics, 93–95
- bourgeois revolution, 71, 114, 117–19
- bourgeoisie: destroys supplies to harm Bolsheviks, 54
- Brest-Litovsk treaty, 61, 143n4
- British Labour Party delegation, 8, 9
- Bukharin, Nikolai, 61, 144n5
- Buonarrotti, Philippe, 80, 150n27
- Burgfrieden, 47–48, 138n9
- Cabet, Étienne, 80, 150n29
- capitalism (see also military-bureaucratic state machine): anarcho-Prudhonism misunderstanding of, 108
- Chartism, 98, 152n1
- Cheka, 127n18
- Chernov, Victor, 8–9, 129n25
- Cliff, Tony, 14
- Club of the Cordeliers, 142n22
- Communards, 99–100, 102, 121, 158n44
- Communism, 75–76, 80–81. see also Bolshevik state
- Dallin, David, 8, 9
- Dan, Fedor, 8, 129n25
- Dan, Lidiia Osipovna, 17, 132n57
- Dandin, George, 57
- Däumig, Ernest, 77–78, 149n22
- De Leon, Daniel, 103, 158n37
- democracy: Bolshevik state’s view of, 4, 5
- dictatorship of a minority: how it developed in France, 80–81
- dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, 98
- dictatorship of the proletariat (see also new proletariat): and development of proletariat between 1848 and 1871, 119–20
- Dunoyer (witness of Paris Commune), 107
- Ebert, Friedrich, 137n7
- Engels, Friedrich: belief in democratic values of Paris Commune, 96–97
- changed view of revolution for, 116
- on consciousness and revolution, 64
- on development of dictatorship of proletariat, 95–97
- how dictatorship mixes with democracy, 123
- how his view of state power changed, 112
- importance of overthrow of military-bureaucratic state machine to, 94–95, 98, 109, 154n21
- influence of Blanquism on, 115–16, 162n2
- K. Marx correspondence with, 108
- necessary precedents for dictatorship of proletariat, 98
- R. Luxemburg on his view of proletarian power, 115
- seen as statist, 107
- view of 1848 revolution, 119
- view of England, 94
- view of proletariat in 1871, 122
- England, 46, 47, 93–94
- English Revolution, 140n17
- Erfurt program, 95, 154n19
- European socialism, 41–42, 53, 54, 76
- federalism, 66–67, 102–4
- federation of communes, 102–7
- Finland, 42, 137n5
- Fourier, François M. C., 80, 150n28
- French Revolution (see also Jacobin dictatorship): anti-intellectualism of, 56
- General Jewish Labour Bund, 11, 13–14
- George, Lloyd, 47
- German Revolution, 42, 77–78, 136n4, 139n11
- Germany: breaking of trade union movement in, 46–47
- Getzler, Israel: on Bauman-Prikhodko affair, 17
- Girondins, 155n26
- Golos (newspaper), 20–21
- Gramsci, Antonio, 158n37
- Grimm, Robert, 20
- Guillaume, James, 99, 110
- Haase, Hugo, 137n7
- Haase-Ebert government, 47
- Haimson, Leopold, 6, 15
- Hébert, Jacques R., 156n30
- Hébertists, 101, 112
- Heckert, Fritz, 77, 149n23
- Hegel, Georg W. F., 49, 139n14, 140n15
- Hervé, Gustave, 83, 151n33
- Herzen, Aleksandr, 92–93, 117, 153n13
- Hess, Moses, 117
- Hungary, 62–63, 144n6
- imperialism, 52, 57, 58, 94
- Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), 25–26
- International (Second International Workingmen’s Association): background, 136n2
- Iskra (newspaper), 12–13
- Jacobin dictatorship: and anti-intellectualism, 56, 141n22
- Jerson, Herman, 2, 33
- Jura Federation, 99
- Kamenev, Lev, 61, 129n26
- Kautsky, Karl: biography, 136n3
- Kerensky, Alexander F., 75, 148n20
- Khoroshev, Ivan (Mikhail Nil’skii), 129n26
- Kienthal Conference, 49, 139n13
- knowledge workers, 85
- komitety benoty (committees of the poor), 69, 146n13
- Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 14, 131n43
- Kugelmann, Ludwig, 91, 92, 94, 100, 109, 153n8
- Kun, Béla, 62–63, 144n6
- Lassalle, Ferdinand, 48, 84, 138n10, 140n18
- Lavoisier, Antoine L., 56, 141n22
- Lavrov, Peter, 105–6
- Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich: on ability of Bolshevik Party to govern Russia, 160n62
- change to soviet structure made by, 68–69, 70, 79, 146n11
- circumstances leading to split with Martov, 14–19
- as constant presence, 1
- and democracy, 73
- on England and revolution, 93
- on federalism, 66–67
- on Golos, 21
- and Hungary, 62, 144n6
- N. Krupskaya on, 131n43
- obscures Engels’ view of dictatorship of proletariat, 95–96
- portrayal of by Bolshevist press, 27
- and principle of self-determination, 61
- and proletarian state, 91–92
- rage over Bernstein’s view of Marx, 111
- referenced in World Bolshevism, 140n16
- response to World Bolshevism, 139n12
- role in uniting Russian Left, 12–13
- on soviet structure of political organization, 64–66
- total published output of, 2
- use of Marx in replacing state system with soviets, 110, 112–13, 160n62
- use of Marx’s view of destruction of state by, 110
- view of dictatorship of proletariat, 96, 97
- Levi, Paul, 138n10
- Lewis, Ben, 23
- Liebich, André, 27
- Lih, Lars, 14–15, 26
- Lozovskii, Alexander, 125n1
- Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 57, 63, 142n23
- Luxemburg, Rosa, 115, 138n10, 161n1
- Mandel, David, 145n11
- Marat, Jean-Paul, 56, 142n22
- Martov, Iulii (see also World Bolshevism (Martov)): abilities as organizer, 23–24
- achievements in final years, 26–27
- anti-war internationalism of, 20–21
- attempt to recover political voice of, 3
- Bolshevist press portrayal of, 27
- circumstances leading to split with Lenin, 14–19
- criticisms of Bolshevik state, 6, 7
- criticized by Trotsky, 22, 25
- critics of, 22–24
- death, 26
- delivers paper at congress of USPD, 25–26
- early years as activist, 4–5, 9–10, 21–22
- expelled by Bolsheviks, 7
- and formation of Jewish Labour Bund, 11–12
- goes into exile, 9
- health of, 3, 4, 20, 25, 26
- hidden literary output of, 1–2, 13
- intellectual importance to Russian Left, 2, 23
- Jewish identity of, 9, 10, 21, 24
- as leading anti-war Menshevik, 2–3
- legacy of his view of Russian Revolution, 28–29
- as mysterious hidden figure, 1
- R. Abramovitch’s view of, 27–28
- role in uniting Russian Left, 12, 13
- use of October overturn to describe revolution, 6
- view of class dynamics in Russian Revolution, 3–4, 28–29
- work in Vilno, 10–11
- Marx, Karl: on basic preconditions for socialist revolution, 116–19
- changes in view of smashing/using state machinery, 91–92, 93–94, 98, 109, 154n21
- defending the Paris Commune contrary to his own theory, 97, 99, 100, 108–10, 156n29
- description of Paris Commune, 146n12
- and development of dictatorship of proletariat, 96, 119–21
- F. Mehring on how his views changed from Communist Manifesto, 111–12
- impact of Blanquism on, 115–16, 162n2
- on materialist doctrine, 83
- necessary precedents for dictatorship of proletariat, 98
- R. Luxemburg on his view of proletarian power, 115
- seen as statist, 107
- sees Commune as form for emancipation of labour, 109
- shift toward Proudhonism of, 110–12
- on social character of dictatorship of proletariat, 97
- on temporary victories for proletariat before revolution, 117–18
- on universal suffrage, 93
- view of 1848 revolution, 119
- view of dictatorship of proletariat at Paris Commune, 120–23
- view of England, 94
- view of peasantry in Paris Commune, 121–122
- view on how democracy equates with proletarian dictatorship, 96, 123, 124
- views of used by Lenin in establishing soviets, 110, 112–13, 160n62
- on weakness of anarcho-Proudhonists, 108
- Marxism, 49, 50–51, 107
- materialism, 82, 83
- Mehring, Franz, 111–12
- Menshevik-Internationalists, 3, 5
- Mensheviks: literature of, 151n36
- Metrov, 17, 18
- Miéville, China, 23
- militarism, 56–57
- military-bureaucratic state machine: breaking up of as means of restoring natural relationships, 103
- Molière, 143n25
- Montagnards, 98, 155n26
- Morrison, James, 90, 152n1
- Mussolini, Benito, 158n37
- Naarden, Bruno, 20
- Naine, Charles, 74, 81, 148n17
- Napoleon III, 119
- narodovlastie (sovereignty of the people), 92, 96, 101
- O’Brien, Bronterre, 91, 153n4
- On Agitation, 11
- Oppenheim, Samuel, 145n11
- Orlovskii, P., 75–76, 78, 79, 81
- Ottoman Empire, 61–62
- Our Political Tasks (Trotsky), 15
- Owen, Robert, 83, 151n32
- Paris Commune of 1794, 101, 117. see also Jacobin dictatorship
- Paris Commune of 1871: democratic values of, 96–97
- description of, 92
- as expression of communal autonomy, 102–7
- as expression of municipal autonomy, 99–100
- influence of Anarcho-Proudhonism on, 101–2
- influence of Blanquism on, 100–101
- influence on development of soviets, 107, 110, 112–13
- Marx’s defense of, 99, 100, 108–10, 156n29
- Marx’s hope for dictatorship of proletariat in, 120–23
- and shift of Marx’s view on state machinery, 91–92
- parliamentarism, 65, 67–68, 90
- Pavlov, I. M., 24, 25
- Pearce, Brian, 14
- peasantry, 121–122
- perevorot (overturn), 5, 6, 28, 127n13, 127n16
- Plekhanov, G. V.: background, 132n56
- Potresov, Alexander: background, 126n7
- Pouget, Émile, 81–82, 151n31
- Priestley, Joseph, 56, 142n22
- Prikhodko, Claudia, 17–18
- proletariat (see also dictatorship of the proletariat): breaking away from traditional trade unions, 46–48
- development of during WWI, 45–46
- and disdain for development of forces of production, 51–55
- historical development of, 49–50
- Marx on development of between 1848 and 1871, 119–20
- moral crisis of during WWI, 48–49
- process necessary for revolution, 84–87
- recognition of soviet structure as ideal, 59–61
- use of metaphysical materialism in revolution, 81–83
- and winning battle of democracy, 91–94
- Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 156n30. see also anarcho–Proudhonism
- Radek, Karl, 157n32
- Red Guards, 28–29
- revolutions, 63–64, 81–87. See also bourgeois revolution; English Revolution; French Revolution; German Revolution; Russian Revolution
- Revolutions of 1848: description of, 140n18
- Robespierre, Maximilien, 56, 101, 141n22
- Rolland, Romain, 57, 143n24
- Russian Communist Party, 61. See also Bolshevik state; soviet structure of political organization
- Russian Revolution: anti-state thrust of, 112–14
- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDRP), 1, 124
- Ryan, Barbara, 19
- samodeiatel’ni, samodeiatel’nost’ (self-active, self-activity), 15, 64, 65, 79, 85, 86
- sans-culottes of Paris, 48, 56, 101, 138n10
- Savel’ev, P. Iu., 13, 20, 26
- Scheidemann, Philipp, 48, 139n11
- second-wave feminism, 19
- Seignobos, Charles, 104
- self-activity, 15, 65, 85
- self-determination, 61
- Serge, Victor, 21, 134n77
- Shaw, Bernard, 57
- Shtein, Aleksandr, 26
- Simmel, Georg, 139n11
- Smith, James E., 90, 152n1
- social patriotism, 24–25
- Social Revolutionary Party (SR), 128n22
- socialist revolution, 116–119
- Solovki prison camp, 9
- Sorel, Georges, 103, 158n37
- Sorge, Friedrich A., 156n29
- Souvarine, Boris, 1, 125n1
- soviet structure of political organization: adaptability of, 70–71
- and aim of self-governance, 76–77
- attraction to socialists of, 76
- changes made to by Lenin, 68–69, 70, 79, 146n11
- exportability around the world, 60, 61–63
- failure to live up to its ideals, 67–68, 77–79, 113–14
- in Germany, 77–78, 79
- how it was defined in Russia, 64–67, 79
- in Hungary, 62–63
- influence of Paris Commune on, 103, 107, 110, 112–13
- mystique of, 62–63, 69, 113, 160n63
- only applicable after stages of development, 60–62
- relation to democracy, 60–61, 71–74
- role of Marx’s views on, 110, 112–13, 160n62
- and search for new social forms, 89–90
- seen as ideal, 59–61
- in Switzerland, 74–75
- usurped of power by Bolshevik Party, 68–69, 75–76, 79
- and working class self-governance, 76, 77
- Spartacist movement, 54–55, 141n20
- Stalin, Joseph, 128n20, 129n27
- The State and Socialist Revolution (Martov), 2, 33
- Sukhanov, Nikolai, 7, 128n20, 131n43
- Switzerland, 74–75
- syndicalism, 82, 107
- terror, 4–6, 63, 85, 113, 116
- Tiutiukin, S. V., 13, 20, 26
- trade unions, 45, 46–48, 90, 103, 107
- Trotsky, Leon, 15, 22, 24–25, 61, 125n1
- Trutovskii, Vladimir, 66, 145n9
- Tsereteli, Iraklii G., 78, 149n24
- Turkey, 61–62
- United States, 60, 94, 98
- USPD (Independent Social Democratic Party), 25–26
- utopianism, 64, 82, 83–84
- Vandervelde, Émile, 48, 138n11
- Varlin, E., 99–100
- Vestnik, Sotsialisticheskii vestnik [Socialist courier] (journal of the Mensheviks-in-exile), 27, 135n105
- Vilno (Vilnius), “Jerusalem of Lithuania,” 10–11
- Weitling, Wilhelm, 80, 117, 150n28
- working classes, 46–51, 81, 113–14. see also proletariat
- World Bolshevism (Martov): author’s notes on translation of, 33–36
- World War I: and anarchism, 48
- anti-parliamentarism in, 43
- and breaking down of working classes, 46–51
- and class dynamics of Russian Revolution, 3–4
- consequences of, 57, 58
- and crisis of International, 47, 48
- and destruction of world culture, 57
- development of new proletarians, 45–46
- impact on forces of production, 51–54
- influence on spread of Bolshevism, 43–44
- and Martov’s anti-war internationalism, 20–21
- and moral crisis of proletariat, 48–49
- and social patriotism, 24–25
- Zaria (journal), 12, 13
- Zasulich, Vera, 16, 18, 132n55
- Zimmerwald anti-war movement, 20, 25, 49, 139n13
- Zinoviev, Grigory, 25–26