Bibliography

Albeck-Ripka, Livia. “How Six Americans Changed Their Minds About Global Warming.” New York Times, February 21, 2018. https://nyti.ms/2BEZ0vQ.

Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers. New York: Norton, 2006.

Aristotle. On the Art of Poetry. Translated by Ingram Bywater. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1920. https://archive.org/details/aristotleonarto00aris.

———. Rhetoric. Translated by W. Rhys Roberts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Internet Classics Archive, 1994. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/rhetoric.html.

———. Topics. Translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Internet Classics Archive, 1994. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/topics.html.

Astore, William J. “Can You Spot the American Military in Your Favorite Sci-Fi Film? Hint: We’re Always the Bad Guys.” The Nation, July 12, 2016. https://www.thenation.com/article/can-you-spot-the-american-military-in-your-favorite-sci-fi-film/.

Bakhtin, Mikhail. “The Problem of Speech Genres.” Translated by Vern W. McGee. In The Lyric Theory Reader: A Critical Anthology, edited by Virginia Jackson and Yopie Prins, 224–34. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.

———. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Translated by Vern W. McGee. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.

Bassnett, Susan. “The Translation Turn in Cultural Studies.” In Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation, edited by Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere, 123–40. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 1998.

Baumgartner, Jody, and Jonathan S. Morris. “The Daily Show Effect: Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy, and American Youth.” American Politics Research 34, no. 3 (2006): 341–67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673X05280074.

Berman, Antoine. “Translation and the Trials of the Foreign.” Translated by Lawrence Venuti. In The Translation Studies Reader, edited by Lawrence Venuti, 284–97. New York: Routledge, 2000.

Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge, 1994.

Bielsa, Esperança, and Susan Bassnett. Translation in Global News. New York: Routledge, 2009.

Bodin, Per-Arne. “Petr Pevlenskii and His Actions.” In Jonson and Erofeev, Russia—Art Resistance and the Conservative-Authoritarian Zeitgeist, 271–78.

Bourdieu, Pierre. On Television. Translated by Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson. New York: New Press, 1996.

Bryzgel, Amy. “Chopped Earlobes and the Long History of Political Shock Art in Russia.” The Conversation, December 15, 2014. https://theconversation.com/chopped-earlobes-and-the-long-history-of-political-shock-art-in-russia-35233.

Buden, Boris, and Stefan Nowotny. “Cultural Translation: An Introduction to the Problem.” Translation Studies 2, no. 2 (2009): 196–208. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781700902937730.

Caraher, Wiliam, Kostis Kourelis, and Andrew Reinhard, eds. Punk Archaeology. Grand Forks, ND: Digital Press at the University of North Dakota, 2014. https://thedigitalpress.org/portfolio/punk-archaeology/.

Carey, James. “A Cultural Approach to Communication.” In Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society, rev. ed., 11–28. New York: Routledge, 2009.

———. “Technology and Ideology: The Case of the Telegraph.” In Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society, rev. ed., 155–77. New York: Routledge, 2009.

Carpenter, Amanda. Gaslighting America: Why We Love It When Trump Lies to Us. New York: Broadside, 2018.

Chalaby, Jean. “Journalism as an Anglo-American Invention: A Comparison of the Development of French and Anglo-American Journalism, 1830s–1920s.” European Journal of Communication 11, no. 3 (1996): 303–26.

Chen, Adrian. “The Agency.” New York Times Magazine, June 2, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html.

Clifford, James, and George E. Marcus, eds. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

Conway, Kyle. “Communication Is Translation, or, How to Mind the Gap.” Palabra Clave 20, no. 3 (2017): 622–44. https://dx.doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2017.20.3.2.

———. “A Conceptual and Empirical Approach to Cultural Translation.” Translation Studies 5, no. 3 (2012): 264–79. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2012.701938.

———. “Cultural Translation, Global Television Studies, and the Circulation of Telenovelas in the United States.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 15 (2012): 583–98. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877911422291.

———. “Cultural Translation.” In Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, 3rd ed., edited by Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha, 129–33. London: Routledge, 2020.

———. “Cultural Translation: Two Modes.” TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 26, no. 1 (2013): 15–36. https://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036948ar.

———. “Encoding/Decoding as Translation.” International Journal of Communication 11 (2017): 710–27. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5922.

———. Little Mosque on the Prairie and the Paradoxes of Cultural Translation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017.

———. “Modern Hospitality.” North Dakota Quarterly 84, nos. 1–2 (2017): 185–94. https://ndquarterly.org/2017/08/24/kyle-conway-modern-hospitality/.

Craig, Robert T. “Communication Theory as a Field.” Communication Theory 9, no. 2 (1999): 119–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x.

Craig, Robert T., and Heidi L. Muller, eds. Theorizing Communication: Readings Across Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2007.

Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Dalton, Dan. “14 Perfect French Words and Phrases We Need in English.” BuzzFeed, June 22, 2015. https://www.buzzfeed.com/danieldalton/exquisite-pain.

Davis, Julie Hirschfeld. “Trump Calls Some Unauthorized Immigrants ‘Animals’ in Rant.” New York Times, May 16, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/16/us/politics/trump-undocumented-immigrants-animals.html.

Davis, Julie Hirschfeld, and Niraj Chokshi. “Trump Defends ‘Animals’ Remark, Saying It Referred to MS-13 Gang Members.” New York Times, May 17, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/us/trump-animals-ms-13-gangs.html.

Deeg, Kathryn S., Erik Lyon, Anthony Leiserowitz, Edward Maibach, John Kotcher, and Jennifer Marlon. “Who Is Changing Their Mind About Global Warming and Why?” Climate Note, Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. January 9, 2019. https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/who-is-changing-their-mind-about-global-warming-and-why/.

Demont-Heinrich, Christof. Review of Translation in Global News, by Esperança Bielsa and Susan Bassnett. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15, no. 3 (2011): 402–5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00492.x.

Derakhshan, Hossein, and Claire Wardle. “Information Disorder: Definitions.” Paper prepared for “Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem,” a workshop held at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, December 15–16, 2017. In Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem, 5–12. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/The-Disinformation-Ecosystem-20180207-v4.pdf.

De Winne, Lena [Лена Де Винне]. “Допрос Петра Павленского. Пьеса в трех действиях [The Interrogation of Petr Pavlenskii: A Play in Three Acts].” Сноб, July 29, 2014. https://snob.ru/selected/entry/77648.

Dole, Janice A., and Gale M. Sinatra. “Reconceptualizing Change in the Cognitive Construction of Knowledge.” Educational Psychologist 33, nos. 2–3 (1998): 109–28.

du Gay, Paul, Stuart Hall, Linda Janes, Hugh Mackay, and Keith Negus. Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997.

During, Simon. “More Orwell.” Public Books, May 31, 2017. http://www.publicbooks.org/more-orwell/.

Entman, Robert M. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43, no. 3 (1993): 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.

Eshun, Ekow, Maryam Omidi, Jamie Rann, and Igor Zinatulin. “The Naked Truth: The Art World Reacts to Pyotr Pavlensky’s Red Square Protest.” Calvert Journal, November 14, 2013. http://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/1768/pyotr-pavlensky-russian-artist-nails-red-square.

Fletcher, Richard, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. “People Don’t Trust News Media—and This Is Key to the Global Misinformation Debate.” Paper prepared for “Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem,” a workshop held at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, December 15–16, 2017. In Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem, 13–17. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/The-Disinformation-Ecosystem-20180207-v4.pdf.

Franklin, Ruth. “Tracy K. Smith, America’s Poet Laureate, Is a Woman with a Mission.” New York Times Magazine, April 10, 2018. https://nyti.ms/2HnHpZT.

Frimer, Jeremy A., Linda J. Skitka, and Matt Motyl. “Liberals and Conservatives Are Similarly Motivated to Avoid Exposure to One Another’s Opinions.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 72 (2017): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.04.003.

Gauthier, Gilles. “In Defence of a Supposedly Outdated Notion: The Range of Application of Journalistic Objectivity.” Translated by Carole Small. Canadian Journal of Communication 18, no. 4 (1993). https://cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/778/684.

Gibson, Walker. “Truisms Are True: Orwell’s View of Language.” In Lutz, Beyond Nineteen Eighty-Four, 11–16.

Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.

Goldberg, Michelle. “The Autocrats’ Playbook.” New York Times, April 2, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/opinion/trump-autocrat-playbook.html.

Greenberg, Jon, Louis Jacobson, and Manuela Tobias. “Fact-Checking Donald Trump’s Fake News Awards.” Politifact, January 18, 2018. https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/jan/18/fact-checking-donald-trumps-fake-news-awards/.

Guldin, Rainer. “From Transportation to Transformation: On the Use of the Metaphor of Translation Within Media and Communication Theory.” Global Media Journal—Canadian Edition 5, no. 1 (2012): 39–52. http://gmj-canadianedition.ca//wp-content/uploads/2018/11/v5i1_guldin.pdf.

Hall, Stuart. “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse.” Paper prepared for the Council of Europe Colloquy “Training in the Critical Reading of Televisual Language” held at the University of Leicester, September 1973. CCCS Stencilled Occasional Papers no. 7 (1973). https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-artslaw/history/cccs/stencilled-occasional-papers/1to8and11to24and38to48/SOP07.pdf.

———. “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms.” Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980): 57–72. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016344378000200106.

———. “Encoding/Decoding.” In Culture, Media, Language, edited by Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis, 128–38. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

Hall, Stuart, ed. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997.

Hodgson, Naomi, Joris Vlieghe, and Piotr Zamojski. Manifesto for a Post-critical Pedagogy. Brooklyn, NY: Punctum Books, 2017. https://punctumbooks.com/titles/manifesto-for-a-post-critical-pedagogy/.

Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor W. Adorno. “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception.” 1944. In Dialectic of Enlightenment, translated by John Cumming, 120–67. London: Verso, 1997. Abridged version, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/adorno/1944/culture-industry.htm.

Howe, Irving, ed. Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four: Text, Sources, Criticism. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.

Husserl, Edmund. The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy. Translated by David Carr. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1970.

Jones, Jeffrey P. Entertaining Politics: Satiric Television and Political Engagement. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010.

Jonson, Lena, and Andrei Erofeev, eds. Russia—Art Resistance and the Conservative-Authoritarian Zeitgeist. New York: Routledge, 2017.

Kakutani, Michiko. “Why ‘1984’ Is a 2017 Must-Read.” New York Times, January 26, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/books/why-1984-is-a-2017-must-read.html.

Keith, Tamara. “President Trump’s Description of What’s ‘Fake’ Is Expanding.” National Public Radio, September 2, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/643761979/president-trumps-description-of-whats-fake-is-expanding.

Kershner, Irvin, dir. The Empire Strikes Back. Los Angeles: 20th Century Fox.

Kim, Sujeong. “Rereading David Morley’s The ‘Nationwide’ Audience.” Cultural Studies 18, no. 1 (2004): 84–108. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0950238042000181629.

Korb, Scott. “The Soul-Crushing Student Essay.” New York Times, April 21, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/21/opinion/the-soul-crushing-student-essay.html.

Lazer, David M. J., Matthew A. Baum, Yochai Benkler, Adam J. Berinsky, Kelly M. Greenhill, Filippo Menezer, Miriam J. Metzger, Brendan Nyhan, Gordon Pennycook, David Rothschild, Michael Schudson, Steven A. Sloman, Cass R. Sunstein, Emily A. Thorson, Duncan J. Watts, and Jonathan L. Zittrain. “The Science of Fake News.” Science 359 (2018): 1094–96. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1094.

Lienhardt, Godfrey. “Modes of Thought.” In The Institutions of Primitive Society: A Series of Broadcast Talks, by E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Raymond Firth, E. R. Leach, J. G. Peristiany, John Layard, Max Gluckman, Meyer Fortes, and Godfrey Lienhardt. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954. https://archive.org/details/institutionsofpr033235mbp.

Liszka, James Jakób. A General Introduction to the Semeiotic of Charles Sanders Peirce. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.

Longinovic, Tomislav Z. “Fearful Asymmetries: A Manifesto of Cultural Translation.” Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 35, no. 2 (2002): 5–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1315162.

Lucas, George, dir. Star Wars. Los Angeles: 20th Century Fox, 1977.

Lutz, William. Beyond Nineteen Eighty-Four: Doublespeak in a Post-Orwellian Age. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1989. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED311451.pdf.

———. “Notes Toward a Definition of Doublespeak.” In Lutz, Beyond Nineteen Eighty-Four: Doublespeak in a Post-Orwellian Age, 1–10.

Maitland, Sarah. What Is Cultural Translation? London: Bloomsbury, 2017.

Marx, Karl. Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. 1857–58. Translated by Martin Nicolaus. London: Penguin Books, 1973. Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/.

———. “Theses on Feuerbach.” 1845. Translated by W. Lough. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1969. Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm.

Mattelart, Armand. L’invention de la communication. Paris: Découverte, 1994.

———. The Invention of Communication. Translated by Susan Emanuel. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.

Mercieca, Jennifer. “There’s an Insidious Strategy Behind Donald Trump’s Retweets.” The Conversation, March 8, 2016. https://theconversation.com/theres-an-insidious-strategy-behind-donald-trumps-retweets-55615.

Merrell, Floyd. “Charles Sanders Peirce’s Concept of the Sign.” In The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics, edited by Paul Cobley, 28–39. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Michel, Jean-Baptiste, Yuan Kui Shen, Aviva Presser Aiden, Adrian Veres, Matthew K. Gray, William Brockman, The Google Books Team, Joseph P. Pickett, Dale Hoiberg, Dan Clancy, Peter Norvig, Jon Orwant, Steven Pinker, Martin A. Nowak, and Erez Lieberman Aiden. “Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books.” Science 331, no. 6014 (2011): 176–82. https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1199644.

Mitchell, Amy, Jeffrey Gottfried, Michael Barthel, and Elisa Shearer. The Modern News Consumer: News Attitudes and Practices in the Digital Era. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, July 7, 2016. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/24985/24985.pdf.

Moran, Albert. New Flows in Global TV. Chicago: Intellect, 2009.

Morley, David. The “Nationwide” Audience: Structure and Decoding. London: British Film Institute, 1980.

Nastasia, Diana Iulia, and Lana F. Rakow. “What Is Theory? Puzzles and Maps as Metaphors in Communication Theory.” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism and Critique 8, no. 1 (2010): 1–17. https://triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/137.

Nechepurenko, Ivan. “How Russia’s ‘Most Controversial Artist’ Persuaded His Interrogator to Change Sides.” The Guardian, July 28, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/28/petr-pavlensky-artist-scrotum-red-square-interrogator.

New York Times Editorial Board. “The Cruelty of Breaking Up Immigrant Families.” New York Times, May 17, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/opinion/trump-immigrant-families-separation-deportation.html.

———. “A Free Press Needs You.” New York Times, August 15, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/15/opinion/editorials/free-press-local-journalism-news-donald-trump.html.

———. “The True Damage of Trump’s ‘Fake News.’” New York Times, April 4, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/opinion/trump-washington-post-amazon.html.

Nordgaard, Ingrid. “Documenting/Performing the Vulnerable Body: Pain and Agency in Works by Boris Mikhailov and Petr Pavlensky.” Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture 5, no. 1 (2016): 85–107. https://dx.doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2016.184.

Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. In Howe, Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, 3–205.

———. “Politics and the English Language.” In Howe, Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, 248–59.

Pavlenskii, Petr, and Pavel Yasman. “A Dialogue About Art.” In Jonson and Erofeev, Russia—Art Resistance and the Conservative-Authoritarian Zeitgeist, 279–91.

Peirce, Charles. The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings. Edited by Justus Buchler. London: Routledge and Kegan, 1940.

Peters, John Durham. Speaking into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Plato. Gorgias. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. Cambridge, MA: MIT Internet Classics Archive, 1994. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/gorgias.html.

———. Phaedrus. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. Cambridge, MA: MIT Internet Classics Archive, 1994. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/phaedrus.html.

———. The Republic. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. Salt Lake City, UT: Gutenberg Project, 2008. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1497.

Posner, George J., Kenneth A. Strike, Peter W. Hewson, and William A. Gertzog. “Accommodation of a Scientific Conception: Toward a Theory of Conceptual Change.” Science Education 66, no. 2 (1982): 211–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730660207.

Qiu, Linda. “17 Times Donald Trump Said One Thing and Then Denied It.” Politifact, July 6, 2016. https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/jul/06/17-things-donald-trump-said-and-then-denied-saying/.

Qiu, Linda. “The Context Behind Trump’s ‘Animals’ Comment.” New York Times, May 18, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/us/politics/fact-check-trump-animals-immigration-ms13-sanctuary-cities.html.

Rasool, Amira. “Journalist Liz Plank Believes the Media Was Baited by Melania Trump’s Zara Jacket.” Teen Vogue, June 22, 2018. https://www.teenvogue.com/story/melania-trump-zara-jacket-gaslighting-media-liz-plank.

“Remarks by President Trump at a California Sanctuary State Roundtable.” WhiteHouse.gov. May 16, 2018. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-california-sanctuary-state-roundtable/.

Ricoeur, Paul. On Translation. Translated by Eileen Brennan. New York: Routledge, 2006.

———. “The Problem of Double Meaning as Hermeneutic Problem and as Semantic Problem.” Translated by Kathleen McLaughlin. In The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics, edited by Don Hide, 62–78. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1974.

Rocha, Samuel D. Folk Phenomenology: Education, Study, and the Human Person. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2015.

———. A Primer for Philosophy and Education. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2014.

Rogers, Katie, and Maggie Haberman. “Spotting CNN on a TV Aboard Air Force One, Trump Rages Against Reality.” New York Times, July 24, 2018 (updated July 25, 2018). https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/24/us/politics/trump-putin-cnn.html.

Rohn, Ulrike. “Lacuna or Universal? Introducing a New Model for Understanding Cross-cultural Audience Demand.” Media, Culture and Society 33 (2011): 631–41. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443711399223.

Said, Edward. “Representing the Colonized: Anthropology’s Interlocutors.” Critical Inquiry 15 (1989): 205–25. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343582.

Sapir, Edward. “The Status of Linguistics as a Science.” Language 5 (1929): 207–14.

Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique générale. Paris: Payot, 1916.

———. Course in General Linguistics. Translated by Wade Baskin. New York: Philosophical Library, 1959.

Schudson, Michael, and Barbie Zelizer. “Fake News in Context.” Paper prepared for “Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem,” a workshop held at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, December 15–16, 2017. In Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem, 1–4. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/The-Disinformation-Ecosystem-20180207-v4.pdf.

Scott, A. O. “Open Wide: Spoon-Fed Cinema.” New York Times, August 7, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/movies/09scot.html.

Scranton, Roy. “‘Star Wars’ and the Fantasy of American Violence.” New York Times, July 2, 2016. https://nyti.ms/29kM2ql.

Shannon, C. E. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” Bell System Technical Journal 27 (1948): 379–423 and 623–56.

Shuessler, Jennifer. “With ‘1984’ on Broadway, Thoughtcrime Hits the Big Time.” New York Times, June 15, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/theater/with-1984-on-broadway-thoughtcrime-hits-the-big-time.html.

Sillen, Samuel. “Maggot-of-the-Month.” In Howe, Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, 297–99.

Simon, Scott. “Opinion: Calling the Press the Enemy of the People Is a Menacing Move.” National Public Radio, August 4, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/08/04/635461307/opinion-calling-the-press-the-enemy-of-the-people-is-a-menacing-move.

Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Stephens, Bret. “Trump, MS-13, and Fake News.” New York Times, May 18, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/opinion/trump-ms13-fake-news.html.

———. “Trump Will Have Blood on His Hands.” New York Times, August 3, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/03/opinion/trump-fake-news-enemy.html.

Stevens, Martine Danielle. “Ultradeep: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Fort McMurray and the Fires of Climate Change.” Master’s thesis, University of Ottawa, 2018. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/37572.

Striphas, Ted. “Communication as Translation.” In Communication as . . . : Perspectives on Theory, edited by Gregory J. Shepherd, Jeffrey St. John, and Ted Striphas, 232–41. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006.

Trump, Donald. “Here’s Donald Trump’s Presidential Announcement Speech.” Time, June 16, 2015. http://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/.

Tuchman, Gaye. “Objectivity as Strategic Ritual: An Examination of Newsmen’s Notions of Objectivity.” American Journal of Sociology 77, no. 4 (1972): 660–79.

Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem. A collection of short papers prepared for “Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem,” a workshop held at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, December 15–16, 2017. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/The-Disinformation-Ecosystem-20180207-v4.pdf.

Uribe-Jongbloed, Enrique, and Hernán David Espinosa-Medina. “A Clearer Picture: Towards a New Framework for the Study of Cultural Transduction in Audiovisual Market Trades.” Observatorio 8, no. 1 (2014): 23–48. http://obs.obercom.pt/index.php/obs/article/view/707.

Vološinov, V. N. Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. 1929. Translated by L. Matejka and I. R. Titunik. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.

Vosoughi, Soroush, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. “The Spread of True and False News Online.” Science 359 (2018): 1146–51. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1146.

Wachowski, Lana, and Lilly Wachowski, dirs. The Matrix. Los Angeles: Warner Brothers, 1999.

Walker, Craig Stewart. “Madness, Dissidence and Transduction.” Palabra Clave 20, no. 3 (2017): 686–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2017.20.3.5.

Weaver, Warren. “The Mathematics of Communication.” Scientific American 181, no. 1 (1949): 11–15.

Whorf, Benjamin Lee. “Science and Linguistics.” Technology Review 42, no. 6 (1940): 229–31 and 247–48. http://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/whorf.scienceandlinguistics.pdf.

Yagoda, Ben. “How Old Is ‘Gaslighting’?” Lingua Franca, January 12, 2017.https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/01/12/how-old-is-gaslight/.