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One Step Over the Line: Index

One Step Over the Line
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Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Acknowledgements
  3. Introduction
  4. Section One: Talking Across Borders
    1. 1. Connecting the Women’s Wests
    2. 2. Unsettled Pasts, Unsettling Borders
  5. Section Two: Re-Imagining Region
    1. 3. Making Connections
    2. 4. A Transborder Family in the Pacific North West
  6. Section Three: People, Place, and Stories
    1. 5. Writing Women into the History of the North American Wests, One Woman at a Time
    2. 6. “That Understanding with Nature”
    3. 7. The Perils of Rural Women’s History
  7. Section Four: Pushing the Boundaries
    1. 8. The Great White Mother
    2. 9. Pushing Physical, Racial, and Ethnic Boundaries
  8. Section Five: Border Crossers
    1. 10. “Crossing the Line”
    2. 11. “Talented and Charming Strangers from Across the Line”
    3. 12. Excerpts From Pourin’ Down Rain
  9. Section Six: The Borderlands of Women’s Work
    1. 13. “A Union Without Women is Only Half Organized”
    2. 14. Jailed Heroes and Kitchen Heroines
  10. Section Seven: Teaching Beyond Borders
    1. 15. Gendered Steps Across the Border
    2. 16. Latitudes and Longitudes
  11. Contributors
  12. Index

Index

Bold page numbers indicate illustrations. Canadian orthographic conventions have been used in the index.

  • Aboriginals. See Native peoples
  • African-Americans
    • Era Bell Thompson, 131, 139–47
    • immigrant fear of, 152
    • and industrial work, 319
    • and Mine Mill’s women’s auxiliary, 334
    • moving to Canada, 296–97, 302–03, 304–06
    • and prostitution, 248
    • racism towards, 142, 296–97, 299, 303
    • status of, 35–36
  • African-Canadians
    • Cheryl Foggo’s story, 238–39, 293–307
    • racism towards, 239–40, 294, 295–96, 301–02, 304–07
  • agriculture. See farming
  • Alberta
    • African-American migration to, 304–05, 306
    • American immigration to, 265
    • economic slump of 1920s, 273–74
    • government reaction to unions, 344–45
    • and industrial schools for Natives, 34–35
    • labour laws, 343
    • life of Annora Brown, 129, 130–31, 133–39
    • and Native women, 33–34
    • and WWI, 271. See also American Women’s Club of Calgary; Calgary, AB; Medicine Hat, AB
  • American Indians. See Native peoples
  • American Society of Equity (ASE), 183–84
  • American Women’s Club of Calgary
    • activities, 263, 270, 272–73, 274–76
    • membership, 265–66, 267–70, 275
    • origins, 238, 262–63, 264, 265
    • purpose, 261–64, 270, 282–84
    • response to World wars, 271–72, 273, 276–82
  • Anaconda, MT, 332
  • Anaconda Copper Mining Company, 319
  • Anaconda (Mercier), 309
  • Ancestors in the Americas (PBS program), 176
  • Anderson, Benedict, 32
  • Anzaldúa, Gloria, 32, 33
  • Armitage, Susan, 9
  • art, Native, 416
  • Asher, Julia Short, 38–40
  • Baird, Harry, 327
  • Baker, Conrad, 40
  • Baker, George, 36
  • Barron, Hal, 130
  • Battles, Mrs., 40
  • Bausquet, E.M., 325
  • beauty, 39–40, 137, 143, 146, 157
  • Beavers, Mrs. Roy, 269
  • Beierbach, Dorothy, 358, 366, 371
  • Benfield, Dorothy, 281
  • Bennett, Erma, 320
  • Bennett, R.B., 266–67
  • Binnie-Clark, Georgina, 417
  • Blackfoot
    • and Annora Brown, 130, 131, 136, 138, 139
    • fear of, in U.S., 37–38
    • mobility across Canada-U.S. border, 34–35
    • and Nez Perce, 59
    • and North-West Rebellion, 38, 39
  • Blatchford, Mrs. William H., 270
  • Bly, Carol, 170
  • Boag, Peter, 66–67
  • Booth, Cleo, 225
  • border crossing
    • and economic opportunity, xxii–xxiii, 166–67, 242–43
    • to escape trouble, xxii, 247–48
    • by ethnic groups, xxii–xxiii
    • for family ties, 167
    • and gold rush fever, 71–72
    • by Natives, 173
    • by prostitutes, 237–38, 239, 241–43, 247–49
    • and questions of identity, xix, 239–40
    • and transnational histories, 18
    • white women’s experience of, 4, 13, 40–41, 118
  • borderlands
    • Annie McQueen’s experience of, 116
    • effect of, on BC prostitution, 244, 245–46, 253–54
    • grasslands women’s experience of, 156
    • historians’ interpretations of, 31–32, 42–43, 50
    • Icelander immigrant view of, 147–48, 150
    • in Jensen family history, 167
    • Mary Dodge Woodward’s experience of, 8
    • and Métis, 173
    • as portrayed in Lone Star, 7–8
    • and reaction to dramatic landscapes, 39–40
    • Ross family experience of, 81–92. See also Canada-U.S. border
  • borders, xix, 3, 7–8, 8, 20–21, 41–42, 383. See also border crossing; borderlands; Canada-U.S. border; U.S.-Mexico border
  • Bourne, Mrs., 40
  • Bowen, William, 67–68
  • Bowman, Isaiah, 152
  • Bradford, Mary, 182
  • Brady, Ruth, 333
  • British Columbia
    • early history, 70–75
    • education of interned Japanese students, 221–24
    • education of Natives, 189–90
    • Japanese internment, 190, 221–25, 418
    • lack of women in, 103, 414
    • life of Constance Skinner, 117–21
    • life of Edith Lucas, 216–21, 227–31
    • life of Maria Fisher, 109–10
    • lives of McQueen sisters, 111–12
    • prostitution in, 243–53
    • public education in, 215–16, 222–29
    • settlement difficulties in, 74–75, 102, 103, 105, 112
  • British Columbia Security Commission (BCSC), 222, 224–25
  • British Columbia Teachers’ Federation, 222
  • Brosnikoff, Rosetta, 357–58, 358
  • Brothier, Desire, 246–47, 247–48
  • Brown, Annora, 129–30, 133–39, 135, 156, 157
  • Bryan, Eleanor E., 196–97
  • Calgary, AB
    • boom of 1912–14, 264–65
    • community of African-Canadians, 294–96, 300–02, 305
    • description in 1880s, 38
    • nationalism in, 265–66
    • prostitution in, 245, 250, 254
    • and WWI, 271, 272. See also American Women’s Club of Calgary
  • California, 71–72, 118, 176, 414
  • Calof, Abe, 13
  • Calof, Doba, 13, 18
  • Calof, Maier, 13, 18
  • Calof, Rachel, 13
  • Canada
    • farm movements, 184
    • fear of American power, 266
    • origins of western women’s history, 14–15
    • racism towards African-Canadians, 239–40, 294, 295–96, 301–02, 304–07
    • view of western history, 7, 15, 16–17, 132, 390
    • and western settlement, xvi–xviii
    • what is defined as “West,” 388
    • white settlers’ reactions to Natives, 38–39
    • and women’s auxiliary unions, 316, 324, 325–26, 328–29, 330–31
    • in WWI, 20. See also Canada, Government of; Canada-U.S. border; Canada-U.S. identity difference
  • Canada, Government of
    • ethnic policy, xxii–xxiii
    • fear of black settlers, 305–06
    • homestead provisions, 36–37, 303
    • Indian Acts, 34, 36, 92, 420
    • Japanese internment, 222, 418
    • legal status of Native women, 33, 420
    • Native treaties, 398
    • union regulations, 324, 344
    • women’s institutes, 184
  • Canada-U.S. border
    • American and Canadian views of, 385–86
    • American Women’s Club of Calgary view of, 277–78
    • effect of 9/11 on, 22
    • effect on women of colour, 3, 18, 36
    • history of, xviii–xix, 8, 30–31
    • how it divides women’s lives, 31, 416–21
    • and migration of African-Americans, 302–03
    • Native mobility and, xxii, 34–35, 73, 173
    • and prostitution, 241–43, 247–50, 253–54
    • role in western history courses, 31, 382–83. See also border crossing; borderlands
  • Canada-U.S. identity difference
    • for Americans in Canada, 6, 277–78
    • on farming frontier, 11, 393–94
    • and homesteading laws, 417–18
    • immigrant awareness of, 148–49, 156
    • and 9/11, 21–22
    • orderly v. wild stereotype, 17, 116, 137–38, 145–46, 150, 249, 397–400, 411–12
    • and union development, 325, 328, 330–31
  • Canadian Congress of Labour, 316
  • Careless, Maurice, 390
  • Carey, James, 328
  • Carlin, Kay, 325, 326, 328
  • Carter, Sarah, 18
  • Cayuse, 65–66
  • Chace, Quentin Burl, 279
  • Cherokee, 177
  • Childs, Mabel, 268
  • Chinese immigration, 176, 251, 252, 253, 256n11
  • Chinook, 62
  • Chippewa, 177–78
  • Chytuk, Pearl, 324
  • CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 311, 316, 321, 325
  • citizenship, 226–28, 238, 244, 252–53, 263–64
  • Clallum, 58
  • class
    • as factor in American Women’s Club of Calgary, 239, 263, 264, 267–68, 275, 283
    • as focus of union fight, 324–25, 335
    • and gender ideals, 347–48, 349–50, 355, 364
    • in HBC society, 62–63
    • and ideas of race and femininity, 351–52
    • and Medalta labour situation, 350–51
    • role of, in Mine Mill, 343, 346
    • and western settlement, xxi–xxii
  • Clifton-Morenci, AZ, 334
  • Coalition for Western Women’s History, xii, 14, 25n24
  • Cody, William Frederick (Buffalo Bill), 133
  • Cold War, 312, 317, 321, 324–27, 331–32, 334
  • Collins, Patricia Hill, 204
  • colonialism
    • on Alberta’s grasslands, 138–39
    • in BC, 73–74, 122, 123–24
    • and disappearing cultures, 175
    • and racist assumptions, 101
    • and removal of Native children from families, 192, 193, 196–99, 206
    • by white women, 415–16. See also race and racism
  • communism, 316, 321, 324–7, 342, 345
  • communities, 40, 68, 245–47, 252, 294–95, 316
  • comparative history, xiv-xv, 385–86, 392–401
  • Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 311, 316, 321, 325
  • Cosgrove, Mrs. Clarence, 270
  • Coultis, Mrs. S.G., 281
  • Cowaret, Kathleen, 228–29
  • Cowdrey, Mary, 12
  • Cranmer, Mabel, 366
  • Cridge, Edward, 88
  • Critchley, Mrs. E.T., 270, 282
  • Crosby, Emma Douse, 103–07, 104, 112
  • Crosby, Thomas, 103, 105
  • Daughters of the Allies, 272, 276
  • democracy, 152
  • Densmore, Frances, 172
  • deportation, 238, 250, 253–54
  • Depression of 1930s, 273–74, 275–76
  • disease, 59–60, 65–66
  • Dissette, Mary, 200
  • distance education, 228–29
  • Divet, Edith L., 13
  • Dodge, Daniel, 9–10
  • Dodge, Walter (Walter Woodward), 9, 12
  • Donation Land Law, 68–69
  • Douglas, Abel, 109
  • Douglas, Amelia, 62, 84
  • Douglas, James, 62, 65, 70, 72, 86
  • Dream Dance, 172
  • Drew, Sadye Wolfe, 40–41
  • DuBois, Constance Goddard, 206–07
  • ecological consciousness, 132, 138–39, 143–44, 146, 154–57, 159n9
  • Edmonton, AB, 304–5
  • education
    • BC government role in, 111, 215–16, 218, 221, 222–26, 227, 231
    • in Calgary, 266
    • by correspondence course in BC, 218, 222, 223, 224–26
    • distance education in BC, 228–29
    • industrial schools, 34–35
    • and industrial training for Natives, 203–04
    • of interned Japanese-Canadian students, 222–26
    • language intstruction for immigrants, 227–28
    • Native boarding schools, 191–95, 198, 203
    • and racism in BC, 189–90
  • Elkins, Mr. and Mrs., 333
  • Emmerton, Caroline, 184
  • environmentalism. See ecological consciousness
  • ethics and writing history, 177–81, 255n8
  • ethnicity, xxii–xxiii, 19, 244–46, 350–51, 350–52, 352, 415. See also immigration
  • exceptionalism, 43
  • Fallow, W. A., 345
  • farming
    • in Alberta, 133, 134
    • in BC, 116, 117
    • industrial, 130, 138
    • male domination of, 10, 11, 392
    • in Oregon Country, 66–67
    • as theme in western history teaching, 392–95, 417–18
    • on U.S. grasslands, 130, 141, 148, 154–55
    • in Wisconsin, 167
    • women’s role in, 183–84, 185. See also homesteading
  • Farnham, Thomas, 62
  • First Nations. See Native peoples
  • Fisher, George, 109–10
  • Flanagan, May, 35
  • Fleming, Tom, 216
  • Fletcher, Alice, 197, 198, 199, 203, 205
  • Foggo, Cheryl, 238–39, 293–307
  • Folsom, Cora, 199
  • Forcade, Mrs. V.V., 282
  • Ford, Clinton B., 360
  • forest industry, 320
  • Fort MacLeod, AB, 134, 135
  • Foucault, Michel, 32
  • Fraser River gold rush, 71–72
  • Freisen, Gerald, 390
  • frontier framework of western history, 15–16, 19, 150–51, 389, 411–12
  • Frye, Northrup, 390
  • fur trade, 17, 56, 60–63, 70–71, 391, 395–97 See also Hudson’s Bay Company
  • Geddes family, 40
  • gender conflict
    • assumptions about historical role of, 99, 101
    • in union auxiliaries, 328–31, 333
    • and division of labour, xx, 10, 57–58, 310–11, 318, 353–55
    • in industrial work, 317–20
    • in Medalta strike, 343, 360, 363–64, 370–72
    • in Mine Mill, 317, 319, 326–27, 329, 331–32, 335
    • over access to wage work, 349–50
    • over anti-communist attacks on unions, 326–27, 331–32
    • over wage rates, 347, 350, 355–58
    • in unions, 311, 335–36
  • German immigration, 166, 167, 171–72, 174, 175, 180–81, 350, 351
  • Gibson, James, 62
  • Gibson, Mary Douglas, 38
  • Gilpin, Eunice, 13
  • Gjerde, Jon, 19
  • Goforth, Marie, 328
  • Goldman, Marion, 246
  • gold mining, 71–72, 105, 176
  • Gordon, Annie McQueen, 110–17, 114
  • Gordon, James, 115–16
  • Gore-Hickman, T. O’B., 341, 363
  • Grahame, William, 37
  • Great Britain, Government of, xviii, 72–73, 74, 266, 393–94, 395
  • “great man” history, 95
  • Green, Harry, 11
  • Griswold, Helen Tyler, 200
  • Haney, Captain, 40
  • Harmon, Alexandra, 60
  • Harris, Cole, 390
  • Haumea, William, 109
  • Haun, Catherine, 201
  • Hawai’i, 107
  • Heaton, Herbert, 50
  • Heiters, Delores, 281
  • historiography, 95, 389–90, 395–96, 397, 399–400. See also western history teaching; western women’s history
  • Homestead Act, 36, 69, 160n12, 417
  • homesteading
    • in Alberta, 133, 134
    • and Donation Land Law, 68–69
    • provisions for, by Canada and U.S. governments, 10, 36–37, 303, 394–95, 417–18
    • by single women, 10–13. See also farming
  • Hudson’s Bay Company, 61–64, 65, 69, 70–71, 74, 82–92, 117, 395
  • Hulme, Tom, 351
  • Icelandic immigration, 131, 147–55
  • identity
    • of American Women’s Club of Calgary, 238, 263–64, 268–69
    • and border crossing, 239–40
    • complexities of, 6–7
    • of grasslands women, 132, 138, 154–55, 156–57
    • of Native women, 33–34, 66, 419–21
    • of prairie women, 143–44
    • and pride as African-Canadian, 295–96, 300
    • of settlers in Oregon Country, 69–70
    • of U.S. prostitutes in Canada, 244–46, 252–53, 254. See also Canada-U.S. identity difference; citizenship; male domination/masculine identity; regional identity
  • immigration
    • American immigration to Canada, 265
    • between 1870 and 1910, 414–15
    • Asian immigration to Canada, 167, 251
    • to BC, 74–75, 216–18, 226–27
    • to California, 176
    • and discrimination, 27n41, 167
    • and education, 226–29
    • and hired help on homesteads, 10–11
    • Icelandic, 131, 147–55
    • national policies and, xxii–xxiii
    • to North Dakota, 142
    • of white women to Canada, 37, 74
    • to Wisconsin, 171–72. See also Chinese immigration; German immigration; Japanese immigration
  • Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire, 266
  • Inderwick, Mary, 35, 36, 38, 40
  • Indian Act(s), 34, 36, 92, 420
  • industrial schools, 34–35
  • Ingram, John S., 249–50
  • Innis, Harold, 16, 390
  • International Union, of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers. See Mine Mill
  • isolation, 2–3, 12–14, 141, 246, 247, 276, 295
  • Jamieson, Alice, 268
  • Japanese immigration, 190, 221–22, 222–26, 245, 248, 418–19
  • Jencks, Clinton, 330–31
  • Jensen, Joan, 17, 21, 166, 175, 180–81
  • Jensen-Miller prize, 14
  • Jones, Nellie Kedzie, 182
  • Junger, Adelaine, 184
  • Kessler, Engilena, 348, 349, 351, 359, 361, 365
  • kinship, 51, 59–60, 67–68, 294–95. See also communities
  • Kirkpatrick, Alma Coffin, 39, 40
  • Klausen, Susanne, 320
  • Kogawa, Joy, 168, 419
  • Kramer, Horst, 228
  • Kroeber, Alfred, 206
  • labour, division of, xx, 10, 57–58, 310–11, 318, 353–55
  • labour, organized. See unions
  • Lac du Flambeau, WI, 177
  • Lacombe, Father, 34–35
  • land, 132, 138–39, 143–44
  • land laws, 68–69
  • landscapes, 39–40, 137, 138, 159n9
  • language instruction, 226–28
  • Larery, Alice, 202
  • law and order, recent interpretations of, 399–400
  • League of Nations, 273
  • Lee, Jason, 64
  • Le Guin, Ursula, 169–70
  • Lessing, Elsie, 10, 11, 19
  • Lessing family, 10, 11, 19
  • Lethbridge, AB, 250, 254
  • Limerick, Patricia, 55
  • Local Council of Women, 265, 275–76
  • Lodge, Henry Cabot, 274
  • Lone Star (film), 7–8
  • Longridge, Josie, 362, 363, 371
  • Longridge, William, 342, 363
  • Lord, Alexander, 216
  • Lowrie, John, 200
  • Lucas, Edith, 190, 216–18, 217, 219–20, 221, 224–29, 230, 231
  • Lutz, John, 73
  • MacCorkindale, H. N., 225
  • MacNeill, A. R., 222
  • Mahoi Douglas Fisher, Maria, 107–10, 108, 124
  • male domination/masculine identity
    • and Annora Brown, 137
    • Canadian v U.S. conceptions of, 137
    • deconstruction of, in history courses, 387–88
    • of farming, 10, 11, 392
    • of fur trade, 396
    • and ideas of femininity, 348
    • of industrial work, 310, 311, 318–20
    • of labour histories, 310
    • in Native life, 200, 420
    • of politics, 183, 321
    • and prostitution, 248, 253
    • and racial stereotypes, 352–53
    • of unions, 311, 317, 321, 328–31, 343
    • and western settlement, xx, 122–23, 392, 398–99
  • Mandan, 142, 144
  • Manitoba, 147–50, 172, 305
  • Manning, Ernest, 344–45
  • Maori, 175
  • marginalization
    • and education, 222–26, 228–29
    • of Mary Dodge Woodward, 2–3
    • of minorities at Medalta Potteries, 353
    • of people without power, 1, 2
    • of U.S. prostitutes in Canada, 241–42, 244, 245–46, 249, 252–53, 254
    • of women in mythic view of West, xix–xx, 15–16, 19, 411–12
  • Mark, Joan, 198
  • marriage
    • and homesteading laws, 68–69
    • and land ownership in Oregon, 68–69
    • law in Canada and U.S., 33, 419–21
    • mixed race, 60–61, 62–63, 70–71, 74, 84, 109, 110
    • in Ross family, 82, 83, 84, 85–86
    • in settler society, 115, 120, 122–23
    • white view of Native marriage, 73, 200
  • Marshall, Daniel, 71
  • Mason, William, 327
  • maternalism, 196–99, 200, 203–04, 205, 207–08
  • McClintock, Anne, 74
  • McClung, Nellie, 15
  • McDonald, David, 321
  • McDonald, Dorothy, 328
  • McGadney, Viola, 334
  • McKinney, Mrs. H.H., 274
  • McLoughlin, John, 56, 61–62, 63–64, 65
  • McLoughlin, Marguerite, 62
  • McNamer, Deirdre, 56
  • McNeill, Mrs. Walter, 270, 276, 282
  • McNeill, Mrs. Wilbur, 282
  • McQueen, Jessie, 110–17, 113, 123
  • McQueen Gordon, Annie, 110–17, 114
  • Medalta Potteries
    • criminal charges laid during strike, 341–42, 360–64, 370–72
    • division of labour at, 353–55
    • labour situation before strike, 346–47, 350–51
    • men and women working at, 348, 349, 353–59
    • strike, 341–44, 345–46, 349, 359–64, 365, 367–72
    • wage rates, 355–58, 367–70
  • Medicine Hat, AB, 341–42, 345, 346–47, 351, 355
  • Menominee, 172
  • Mercer’s Belles, 74
  • Mescalero Apaches, 194, 204
  • Métis
    • and fur trade, 17, 62–63
    • immigrant fear of, 154
    • marriage to Europeans, 70–71
    • at Medalta Potteries, 352, 353
    • and North-West Rebellion, 11, 13
    • origins of, 61
    • story of Isabella Ross family, 82–92
    • in U.S., 150, 173
  • Mexican-Americans, 319, 334, 335
  • Mexico-U.S. border, xviii, 7–8, 18, 30, 33, 385
  • Michel, Sonya, 196
  • Miller, Anna, 224, 225
  • Miller, Darlis, xv, 17
  • Milton, Norma, 14
  • Mine Mill
    • and anti-communist attacks, 321, 324–28, 331–32
    • and position on women workers, 364–65, 370–72
    • demand for equal pay at Medalta, 368–69
    • and fundraising campaign, 365–66
    • gender conflict in, 317, 319, 326–27, 329, 331–32, 335
    • history, 311, 315–16, 346
    • legacy, 316–17
    • and Medalta Potteries strike, 342, 345, 359
    • racial tensions in, 334
    • and women’s auxiliaries, 322–24, 328–35
  • mining, 18, 71–72, 242–44, 311–12, 316–24, 413–14
  • missionaries, 64, 71, 73, 83, 103, 105–06, 200–02, 415
  • Mitchell, Rose, 193, 194
  • Montana, 33, 35, 316, 319, 412
  • motherhood, 196–99, 201–02, 203–04, 247
  • Motter, Mrs. F. M., 281
  • multiculturalism, 17–18, 84, 142–43, 171–72
  • mythologized West
    • African-Americans’ roles in, 146–47
    • Annora Brown’s rejection of, 133–34
    • and Canadian v. U.S. level of violence, 16–17, 29, 116, 137–38, 145–46, 150, 249, 397–400, 411–12
    • deconstruction of, in history courses, 387–88, 391
    • Era Bell Thompson on, 141–42, 144–45
    • and fur trade, 396
    • and marginalization of women, xix–xx, 15–16, 19, 411–12
    • Natives’ role in, 15–16, 17, 20, 46n27, 141–42
    • and practice of good history, 43, 381–83
    • prostitutes’ role in, 242, 243, 253
    • role of men and women in western settlement, 15–16, 19, 29–30, 56, 131–32, 411–12, 414
    • Thorstina Jackson Walters’ experience of, 150, 151
  • National Council of Women, 265
  • national histories, xvi, 3–4, 14, 19–20
  • nationalism, 265–66, 267, 277
  • nation states, 32, 41–42
  • Native peoples
    • and art, 416
    • assimilation policy, 192–93, 195–97
    • under British control in BC, 72–74
    • in Constance Lindsay Skinner’s writing, 118, 120–21
    • and Canadian Government, 33, 398, 420
    • child removal to boarding schools, 191–95, 199–208
    • and colonialism, 415–16
    • and disease, 65–66
    • in Era Bell Thompson’s writing, 141–42, 147
    • education of, 189–90, 203–04
    • effect of Canada-U. S. border on, 7, 18, 34–35
    • fear of, 12, 37–39, 152, 153
    • feelings of victimization, 174
    • and fur trade, 61, 62, 396, 397
    • and gold mining, 71
    • Indian Acts, 34, 36, 92, 420
    • Isabella W. St German’s story, 177–78
    • legal status in Canada and U.S., 33–34, 419–21
    • life of Maria Fisher, 107–10
    • and missionaries, 103, 105, 106
    • Native women’s effect on tribal policy, 185
    • and North-West Rebellion, 11, 12, 38–39
    • racial assumptions about, 156–57, 195–200, 206–08, 352–53
    • role in mythic view of West, 15–16, 17, 20, 46n27, 141–42
    • role in western settlement, 37, 57–60, 65–66, 69, 398, 399, 414
    • of Wisconsin, 172–73
    • and WNIA, 191–92, 194–97, 200, 202, 206–07
  • Navajo, 200
  • Nelson, BC, 250
  • Newhall, Mrs. E. P., 268, 273
  • Newman, Louise, 208
  • New Mexico, 194, 335
  • Nez Perce, 58, 59, 65
  • North Dakota, 131, 139–47, 147–55
  • North West Mounted Police (NWMP), 133, 245, 398, 399
  • North-West Rebellion of 1885, 11, 12, 13, 34, 38–39, 150
  • O’Brien, Lucius S., 85–86
  • Ojibwa, 172
  • Oklahoma, 302–03, 421
  • Omaha, 205
  • Oregon, xviii, 103, 420
  • Oregon Country, xviii–xix, 50–51, 55–60, 61–70
  • Oregon Trail, 64–65
  • Orlich, Mary, 322–23, 324–26, 327–28, 333, 334
  • Paquette, Mary Ann, 182–83
  • Parr, Joy, 364
  • Peace Council, 274–75
  • Pence, Eva, 330, 331, 333
  • Perry, Adele, 73, 414
  • Perry, Anne Anderson, 262
  • Perry, H.G., 223
  • Petek, Annie, 334
  • Pocsik, Christine, 346–47, 348
  • Pokemi, 34
  • Polish immigration, 172
  • politics
    • and African-Americans, 303
    • and American Women’s Club of Calgary, 275–76
    • and anti-Americanism in Canada, 266
    • and Cold War effect on unions, 312, 317, 324–27, 334
    • male domination of, 183, 321
    • in Medalta Potteries factory strike, 342, 345
    • and prostitution, 249–50, 250–52
    • of western women, 182–85
    • and white motherhood, 201–03
    • women’s union fight for voice in, 317, 320, 322–32, 335–36
  • Port Alberni, BC, 320
  • potlatches, 73–74
  • Pourin’ Down Rain (Foggo), 239, 293–307
  • Pratt, Richard Henry, 192, 195, 197, 204, 205
  • Princeton, BC, 250
  • privacy restrictions and writing history, 178–81, 255n8
  • Prohibition, 145, 273
  • property rights, 417–18
  • prostitution
    • in BC, 243–53
    • crossing Canada-U.S. border, 116, 237–38, 239, 241–43, 247, 249
    • friendships among prostitutes, 245–48
    • increased policing of, 249–54
    • in mining towns, 72, 311
    • mobility of, 245–46, 249
    • and Native women, 34, 73
    • violence in, 400
  • Quinton, Amelia S., 195–96, 197, 200–01
  • race and racism
    • and Asian immigration to Canada, 167, 251
    • in BC education, 189–90
    • and British immigration schemes, 74
    • in Constance Lindsay Skinner’s writing, 120–21
    • in Era Bell Thompson’s story, 142, 146, 147
    • on the frontier, 17, 18
    • in fur trade, 60, 63, 70–71
    • and industrial schools, 34–35
    • and inter-racial relationships, 300–02
    • and Japanese relocation camps, 190
    • of McQueen sisters, 115, 116
    • at Medalta Potteries, 351–52, 353
    • and Native child removal policy, 199–208
    • Native concept of, xx–xxi, 59, 110
    • racist assumptions about people of colour, 101, 123, 156, 248, 279, 350, 352–53
    • in resource-based industries, 318, 319, 334
    • social concept of, xx–xxi
    • and status of African-American women, 35–36
    • Thorstina Jackson Walters’ view of, 152, 154
    • towards African-Americans, 142, 296–97, 299, 303
    • towards African-Canadians, 239–40, 294, 295–96, 304–07
    • towards mixed race couples, 109, 110
    • towards Native wives of Europeans, 83, 84
    • towards Ross family, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88
    • in U.S.-Mexico relationship, 30
  • Rae, William, 342, 345, 359
  • railroad, 110–11, 112
  • Rash, Charlotte M., 325
  • RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police), 16, 17, 163n51
  • Reat, S.C., 268
  • Red Cloud Woman, 172
  • Red Feather Woman, 172
  • Reel, Estelle, 196, 198–99, 203, 204–05
  • Reginbal, Alfred, 279
  • regional history, 49–50, 51–52, 56
  • regional identity, 69–70, 75, 130, 146–47, 157
  • Reid, Ruth, 330
  • religion, 105–06, 111, 196, 199, 200–02, 253. See also missionaries
  • Rember, John, 65
  • Riel, Louis, 11, 12
  • Riel Rebellion, 11, 12, 13, 34, 38–39, 150
  • Riley, Glenda, 393
  • Robbins, Martin, 17
  • Rocky Mountains, 39–40
  • Roosevelt, Theodore, 160n20
  • Ross, Charles, 51–52, 82–83
  • Ross, Flora, 84, 85, 88–89, 91
  • Ross, Isabella, 51–52, 82–87, 88, 91
  • Ross Jr., Charles, 84, 85, 90, 91–92
  • Rossland, BC, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249–50
  • Roy, Patricia, 224
  • Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 16, 17, 163n51
  • Royal Neighbors of America (RNA), 183
  • Ruutila, Julia, 340n41
  • Sage, Walter, 50
  • Sailer, Clarence, 358–59
  • Salt of the Earth (film), 335
  • Sandau, Ruth, 371
  • Saskatchewan, 167, 302, 305, 306
  • Saskatoon, SK, 305
  • Sayles, John, 7
  • Schlissel, Lillian, 67
  • Sekaquaptewa, Helen, 193–94
  • September 11, 2001 World Trade Center attacks, 21–22
  • sexual abuse, 179, 253, 400
  • sexual relationships, 60–61, 71, 180–81, 200–01, 358–59. See also marriage
  • Sharp, Paul, 50
  • Shibuya, Harry, 226
  • Short, Julia, 38–40
  • Shoshone, 59
  • silence, 143, 168
  • Silko, Leslie Marmon, 58–59
  • Silverman, Eliane, 14
  • Simpson, George, 83
  • single women, 36–37, 37, 69, 74, 123, 179–80
  • Sioux, 172
  • Skinner, Constance Lindsay, 117–21, 119, 123
  • Smith, George Willis, 297–99
  • Smith, Rufus, 302–03
  • social networks, 51, 56, 60–61, 63, 68, 84–85
  • social reform, 116–17, 250–51, 252–53, 265–66
  • social status, 3–4, 35–36. See also class
  • Spangler, Jewel, 21
  • Sparhawk, Frances, 191
  • spiritualism, 58
  • Spivack, A. Y., 364
  • Springer, Lena, 205
  • St. Germain, Isabella Wolfe, 177–78
  • Stainsby, Jill, 318
  • Steedman, Mercedes, 328, 331
  • Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 152
  • Stewart, Elinore Pruitt, 417
  • Stickel, Chris, 346–47, 359
  • Stickel, Selma, 371
  • Stockdell, Helen Gibson, 200
  • Stocking, Lucy, 40
  • Stoler, Ann, 71, 206
  • storytelling, 58–59, 98, 144–45, 148, 151, 170, 175
  • Stottler, V.E., 204
  • Sudbury, ON, 324, 331–32
  • suffrage movement, 20, 183, 274
  • Taylor, Loulie, 201
  • Tegnell, Ann, 419
  • Texas, 421
  • The Telling (Le Guin), 169–70
  • Thompson, Era Bell, 131, 139–47, 156, 157
  • Thoms, Dorothy, 177
  • Tiffany, Louis C., 152
  • tourism, 144, 244
  • transnational history, xiv–xv, 2, 18, 30, 50, 242–43
  • Travis, Maurice, 327
  • Trivett, Mrs., 40
  • Tsimshian, 106
  • Tsinhnahjinne, Hulleah, 175
  • Turner, Frederick Jackson, 16, 389
  • Tuscarora, 173
  • Tyler, Caroline Abbott, 37–38
  • Tyrwhitt, J. A., 225, 226
  • Udel, Lisa, 205
  • Ukrainian immigration, 352
  • unions, 311, 316–17, 319–20, 321–24, 344, 346, 349, 364–65. See also Mine Mill
  • United Farm Women of Alberta, 184
  • United States
    • Americans in Calgary, 238, 264
    • anti-Americanism in Canada, 266–67
    • effect of westward expansion on, xvi–xvii, xviii–xix
    • fear of Natives, 37–38, 65–66
    • immigrant awareness of symbols, 150–51
    • and Japanese internment, 418
    • Jim Crow laws, 296–97, 299
    • migration into Canada, 264–65
    • and mythic wild west, 151
    • and Native marriage laws, 33, 420–21
    • prostitution in, 253
    • view of West and western history, 7, 15–16, 132, 389
    • during wartime, 271, 278
    • and woman suffrage, 20. See also American Women’s Club of Calgary; Canada-U.S. border; Canada-U.S. identity difference; United States Government; U.S.-Mexico border
  • United States government
    • and Donation Land Law, 68–69
    • ethnic policy, xxii–xxiii feared annexation of BC, 72, 75
    • homestead provisions, 10, 36
    • removal of Native children to boarding schools, 192–93, 194–95, 197
    • and women’s movements, 185
  • United Steel Workers of America (USWA), 316, 321, 328, 332
  • “Unsettled Pasts” conference, xiii–xv, xvi
  • U.S.-Mexico border, xviii, 7–8, 18, 30, 33, 385
  • Utes, 200
  • Vancouver, BC, 243–45, 246–47, 249–53
  • Van Kirk, Sylvia, xv, 14, 17, 60
  • victimization, 174–76, 193
  • Victoria, BC, 51, 65, 70, 82–86, 88–91, 109, 116, 216–18, 226–27, 250
  • violence
    • in Canadian and U.S. western settlement, 16–17, 29, 116, 137–38, 145–46, 150, 249, 397–400, 411–12
    • and Canadian rum runners, 145–46
    • and gold mining, 71–72
    • at Medalta Potteries factory strike, 341, 359, 360–61, 362–63
    • and prostitution, 246, 248, 249, 400
    • and racial stereotypes, 305, 352
    • romanticizing, 170–71
    • towards women, 17, 179–80
  • Walker, Helen E., 268
  • Walker, W. J. Selby, 268
  • Walters, Émile, 154
  • Walters, Thorstina Jackson, 131, 147–55, 149, 153
  • Washington, 103, 420
  • Watkins, Mary, 202
  • WCTU (Women’s Christian Temperance Union), 265, 273
  • west, definition of, 388, 389–90
  • Western Federation of Miners (WFM), 316, 317
  • western history teaching
    • approach to fur trade, 395–97
    • approach to law and order, 397–400
    • approach to pioneer farming, 392–95
    • comparative approach, 385–87, 394–95
    • dealing with myth, 387–88
    • defining the west, 388–89
    • difficulties of, 381–83
    • framework for, 389–90
    • gendering of, 386–87, 388, 391, 392–94, 396, 400
    • themes for, 390–92
  • western women’s history
    • difficulties of teaching, 381–83
    • and dismantling myths, 411–12
    • and economics, 413–14
    • effect of Canada-U.S. border on, 30, 31–32, 42–43
    • example of history course on, 413–22
    • and fantasizing, 169–71
    • and fur trade, 396
    • and gendering of traditional history courses, 386–87
    • and immigration, 414–15
    • importance of complete picture in, 19–20
    • interpretation of pioneer farming, 392–94
    • judgement of Native child removal, 207–08
    • lack of Canadian sources for, 168
    • multicultural agenda of, 17–18
    • origins of, xv, 14–15
    • personalizing, 173–74, 178–82
    • politicizing, 182–86
    • rationalizing, 176–78
    • romanticizing, 98, 170–74
    • and state power, 416–21
    • tracing individual lives for, 100–101
    • and “Unsettled Pasts” conference, xiii–xiv
    • victimizing, 174–76
    • and “woman of her times” argument, 208
  • Wexler, Laura, 279
  • whaling, 109
  • Wheeler, Burton K., 325
  • White, Richard, 132
  • Whitehead, Maes, 326
  • white slave trade, 253
  • Whitman, Marcus, 64
  • Whitman, Narcissa, 64
  • Wickett, Murray, 421
  • Willis, S. J., 222, 224
  • Wilson, Ethel, 75
  • Wing, May, 18
  • Winnipeg, MB, 305
  • Wisconsin, 167, 171–72, 174–75, 182–83, 185
  • Wissler, Clark, 206
  • WNIA (Women’s National Indian Association), 191–92, 194–97, 200, 202, 206–07
  • Woman’s Canadian Club of Calgary, 266
  • women. See American Women’s Club of Calgary; gender conflict; homesteading; identity; Lucas, Edith; marginalization; marriage; Medalta Potteries; Mine Mill; motherhood; mythologized west; Native peoples; politics; prostitution; Ross, Isabella; single women; western history teaching; western women’s history
  • Women Grain Growers’Association, 184
  • Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 265, 273
  • Women’s National Indian Association (WNIA), 191–92, 194–97, 200, 202, 206–07
  • women’s societies, 265–66
  • Women’s West conference (1983), 14
  • Wood, Rachel, 328–29
  • Woodward, Fred, 10
  • Woodward, Kate, 11, 12
  • Woodward, Mary Dodge, 2–3, 9–14, 18, 19
  • Woodward, Walter, 9, 12
  • Worden, Miss, 205
  • Work, Josette, 84
  • World War 1, 20, 271–72, 273
  • World War II
    • AWC response to, 276–82
    • effect on union, 344, 346, 349
    • effect on women, 320
    • and German immigrants, 351
    • and industrial work, 318–20, 353
    • and Japanese internment, 418–19
  • Worster, Donald, 56
  • Wright, Richard, 162n43
  • Yasui, Lise, 419
  • Young, Dora, 327
  • Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), 226–27, 265
  • Yuill, J.H., 378n85

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