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Flexible Pedagogy, Flexible Practice: Index

Flexible Pedagogy, Flexible Practice
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  • Project HomeFlexible Pedagogy, Flexible Practice
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Foreword
  3. Introduction: Why Look at Flexibility?
  4. One › Clarifying the Concept
    1. Introduction
    2. 1 › Flexibility in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenge of Web 2.0
    3. 2 › Students’ Perceptions: Flexing Pedagogy and Practice
    4. 3 › Structured Flexible Learning: Making Informed Design Choices
  5. Two › Identifying Driving and Restraining Forces
    1. Introduction
    2. 4 › Flexible Distance Education for Social Transformation
    3. 5 › Politics, Pedagogy, and Productivity as Drivers of Flexible Learning
    4. 6 › Cultural Perceptions of Flexibility in Asian Higher Education
    5. 7 › Openness and Flexibility in New Zealand: Victories and Challenges
  6. Three › Surviving the Swamps of Everyday Practice
    1. Introduction
    2. 8 › Before the Fall: Breaking Rules and Changing Minds
    3. 9 › Implementing an Online System: Voices of Experience
    4. 10 › Adding Flexibility to Higher Education Using OERs: Lessons from the Open University
    5. 11 › From “Here” to “There”: The Rocky Road to Flexibility
    6. 12 › Where Has the Effort Gone?: The Quest to Sustain Momentum
    7. 13 › An Elephant’s Lifetime, the Patience of Job
    8. 14 › The Garden of Learning Delights: The Librarian’s Tale
    9. 15 › Reflecting on Swamp Life
    10. 16 › Mapping the Driving and Restraining Forces on Flexibility in Higher Education
  7. Four › Admitting Compromises
    1. Introduction
    2. 17 › The Fog of Flexibility: The Riskiness of Flexible Post-secondary Education in Australia
    3. 18 › Flexing Costs and Reflecting on Methods
    4. 19 › “Which Is to Be Master”?: Reflections on Ethical Decision Making
  8. Five › Voicing Contrarian Opinions
    1. Introduction
    2. 20 › The Paradoxes of Flexible Learning
    3. 21 › Transformational Technologies: Exploring Myths and Realities
    4. 22 › “Plenty of Saps”
    5. 23 › What Happens in the Stretch to Flexibility?
  9. Conclusion: The Challenge of Weaving Principles with Practice
  10. Index

Index

  • Abrioux, Dominique, 7
  • actor-network theory (ANT), 279–80
  • administration/administrators: and Blackboard, 129–130
    • and constraints on flexibility, 332–334
    • and Dublin City University, 154–156
    • support services for, 163
    • and UT TeleCampus, 111–12, 117–18. See also faculty; institutions
  • adult learners, 100–101, 123, 164–65, 199, 220
  • Al-Harthi, Aisha S., 85
  • Altbach, Philip G., 80
  • Anadolu University, 81
  • Anderson, Bill, 104–5
  • Asia, 80–88, 214
  • assessment: ethical questions about, 267
    • implications of technology on, 288–89, 292–93
    • inflexibility in 279–80
    • students’ view of, 36–37
  • Athabasca University, 1–2
  • audio blogging, 252
  • audio conferencing, 249
  • Australia, 3, 231–36
  • Baggaley, Jon, 87
  • Batson, Trent, 183
  • Belenky, Mary F., 85
  • Bird, Jenny, 36
  • Blackboard (AUTonline): implementation of, 130–32
    • maintenance of, 135–36
    • operation of, 132–35
    • opposition to, 129–30
    • setting up of, 127–29
  • blended learning, 32, 58, 131, 203, 237
  • blogs, 133–34, 164, 251, 252, 306
  • Boettcher, Judith V., 245
  • Bologna process, 151–52
  • books: advantages of, 307
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, 277
  • Brown, Phillip, 281–282
  • Bugeja, Michael, 25
  • Burge, Elizabeth, 12–13, 260
  • Butterfield, Shona, 95
  • capacity development framework, 67–68
  • Chambers, John, 179, 181
  • Chat software, 46
  • Chen, Der-Thanq (Victor), 49–50
  • choice: inassessment, 36–37
    • in Blackboard AUTonline, 135
    • and conflict with quality assurance, 62
    • modern abundance of, 4, 20, 236, 338
    • and OERs, 142–45
    • and portability, 34–35
  • Clarke, Julia, 280–81
  • Cloonan, Martin, 4
  • cloud computing, 23–24
  • collaboration: assessment of, 292–93
    • in defining flexibility, 212
    • and ethical practice, 263–64
    • and implementing e-learning, 170–71, 204–7, 222–23
    • implications of technology on, 287, 288
    • librarians and, 192–93
    • negative effect of, 319
    • in setting up virtual university, 115–18, 122–23
    • between students, 23, 250–51, 306
  • Collis, Betty, 8, 30
  • commercial education, 178, 180–81, 234–36, 238–39
  • commodification, 321–22
  • Confucius, 301–2
  • constructivist approach, 30, 183, 243, 276, 288
  • correspondence education, 231–33, 300–301. See also distance education
  • costs: of e-learning, 307–8
    • and efficiency, 73
    • methods of reducing, 246–48, 250–51
    • in New Zealand, 95
    • of Open University education, 304–5
    • in South Africa, 62–63
    • of student support, 249–50
    • students’ view of, 34
    • of technology, 20, 87, 243, 253
    • tracking and analysing, 252–53. See also funding
  • course-management systems (CMSs), 266
  • Cranfield University: barriers to flexibility at, 162–68
    • implementing e-learning strategy, 168–71
    • level of e-learning at, 161–62
  • Creanor, Linda, 101
  • crowdsourcing, 252
  • Crowther, Geoffrey, 93
  • cultural diversity, 53–54, 83–86, 88, 96–97
  • culture as barrier to change, 163–64
  • Cunningham, William, 115, 116–17
  • curriculum planning, 100
  • Daniel, John, 251, 307
  • Daweti, Milly, 65
  • democratization, 202
  • dialogic approach, 168, 249
  • digital technologies: inAsia, 84, 86–88
    • in Blackboard AUTonline, 133–34
    • choices made for OERs, 142–45
    • cost of, 20, 87, 243, 253
    • and digital divide, 202, 221, 277, 306
    • false prophets of, 338
    • history of, 176–82
    • implementation of, 128–29
    • implications for assessment, 288–89, 292–93
    • implications for student-focused learning, 286–90
    • implications for teachers/teaching, 133, 134–35, 164, 279, 290
    • improved choice from, 4, 236
    • influence of Web 2.0, 21–27
    • in libraries, 188–96
    • and meaning of flexibility, 203–4
    • in New Zealand, 97–98
    • at Open University (UK), 305–7
    • quality assurance of, 24, 25–26, 251–52
    • questions to ask about, 265–66, 294–95
    • and shaping of human cognition, 208
    • in South Africa, 63
    • and student collaboration, 251–52
    • and support staff for, 22, 132–33, 134, 135
    • unrealized potential of, 182–84
    • used incorrectly, 69, 293–94
    • on UT TeleCampus, 119–20
    • workload challenges of, 243–46
  • disciplinary knowledge, 317–19
  • distance education: early examples of, 199, 200
    • history of, 99, 175–76, 200, 299–302
    • history of, inAustralia, 231–33
    • multiple terms for, 237–38
    • and politics, 233–35
    • in South Africa, 56–57
  • distributive-leadership model, 71
  • Dublin City University (DCU): attitudes to e-learning, 151–56
  • political pressures on, 156–57
  • as traditional university, 149, 150
  • Duke, Jon, 71
  • e-learning: inAsia, 83–86, 214
    • barriers to, 70–74
    • costs of, 307–8
    • creation of MBA program at University of Wisconsin–Madison, 217–19
    • cultural opposition to, 163–64
    • Dublin City University commits to, 151–56
    • and history of digital technology, 176–82
    • implementing, 168–71, 204–7, 222–23
    • for librarians, 187–96
    • organization of, 161–62
    • Oscail consultation over, 152–54
    • Oscail recommendations for, 154–56
    • quality assurance of, 20–21, 153, 306–7
    • students’ view of, 31–32, 35–37
    • unrealized potential of, 182–83
    • workload challenges of, 155, 243–46, 250. See also digital technologies; faculty; flexible learning; funding; quality assurance; students; support services; teachers
  • e-University (UK), 181
  • Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), 86–87
  • EdNA (Education Network Australia), 183
  • educational models, 291–92
  • Edwards, Richard, 280–81
  • Eisenstadt, Marc, 306
  • entry requirements, 81
  • ethical practice: and curricula decisions, 264–67
    • decision-making frameworks for, 260–63
    • general considerations of, 257–64, 267–68
  • Evans, Terry, 102, 241
  • faculty: infavour of change, 220
    • managing flexibility for, 334–36
    • in opposition to change, 129–30, 133, 162, 163–64, 221, 279
    • restraints on flexibility, 277–78
    • role insetting up virtual university, 112–15, 121–22
    • support services for, 74, 100, 134, 135–36, 154
    • time spent developing e-learning, 243–46. See also administration/administrators; teachers; support services
  • flexible learning: criteria for evaluating, 224
    • different conceptions of, 327–30
    • evolution of, 176–82
    • questions to ask about, 339–41
    • recent definitions of, 7–8, 42–43, 80, 201–4, 212, 330–32
    • and social change, 313–24. See also digital technologies; e-learning
  • Force Field Analysis, 211
  • forums, 143–44
  • Fox, Seamus, 159–60
  • Fraser, Peter, 94
  • funding: inAsia, 82
    • in New Zealand, 94, 95, 96
    • of online system, 131, 204, 206
    • of Oscail, 109, 150–51
    • in South Africa, 56, 71, 73
    • using politics to acquire, 213, 214–15
    • and UT Telecampus, 112
    • of virtual universities, 181. See also costs
  • Garrison, D. Randy, 102
  • Gatta, Mary L., 31, 36
  • Gibson, Chère Campbell, 6, 225
  • Gibson, Terry, 225–26
  • Gilbert, Alan, 180, 181
  • globalism, 281
  • Gonzalez, Mario, 113
  • Gorard, Stephen, 277
  • grassroots involvement, 70–71, 220, 332
  • Gunn, Cathy, 77, 224–25
  • Hall, Cedric, 95
  • Hardy, Darcy W., 126
  • Harris, David, 284
  • Higgins, Andrew, 137
  • Higher Education Academy, 3
  • Higher Education Funding Council, 2
  • Hill, Janette, 278
  • Hofstede, Geert H., 83
  • Hofstede, Gert Jan, 83
  • Hopper, Earl, 302
  • Horton, Douglas, 67, 68
  • Hülsmann, Thomas, 247
  • Indira Gandhi Open University, 81
  • information literacy, 165, 193
  • institutions: inAsia, 81–82
    • barriers to implementing flexibility in 5, 70–74, 332–34
    • collaboration between, 115–18
    • costs of, 34
    • decisive factors inflexibility of, 98–102, 215–19
    • false promises of, 336–37
    • history of, inNew Zealand, 94–95
    • implementing e-learning strategy, 168–71
    • program-based focus of, 99–100
    • research at, 95–96
    • responsibilities of, 20–21
    • student policies of, 96–97
    • and use of Web 2.0, 26–27
    • valuing teaching, 32, 95–96. See also Cranfield University; Dublin City University; Open University (UK); UT TeleCampus; virtual universities
  • intellectual property control, 153
  • Japan, 82–83, 86, 214
  • Jordan, Andy, 71
  • Jung, Insung, 91, 214
  • Kanuka, Heather, 102
  • Kanwar, Ashwar, 251
  • Kearns, Lorna, 270
  • Khafagi, Bassem, 87
  • Khan, Badrul, 8
  • Kirkpatrick, Denise, 28, 279
  • Kirkwood, Adrian, 297
  • knowledge, effects of flexibility on, 317–19
  • Kolowich, Steve, 181
  • Korea, 82, 86, 214
  • Korean National Open University, 85
  • Kramarae, Cheris, 101
  • labour market, 62
  • Lane, Andy, 147
  • Latchem, Colin, 32, 90–91, 214
  • Lauder, Hugh, 281–82
  • Leach, Linda, 96
  • learner control/autonomy, 33–34
  • learner styles, 36–37, 85, 86, 101, 275–76
  • learning objects, 87–88, 248, 293
  • Lefoe, Geraldine, 71
  • legacy thinking, 273, 291–92, 318
  • Liang, Rose, 50
  • librarians, 187–96
  • lifelong learning, 7, 167, 281–82, 320–22
  • logistical flexibility, 30–35
  • MacKeogh, Kay, 159
  • Margaryan, Anoush, 30
  • mash-ups, 23, 24, 252
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 139
  • McCarthy, Sally A., 246, 253
  • Milliron, Mark D., 32
  • Mitchell, Jean, 65–66
  • m-learning (mobile learning), 87, 179
  • Moonen, Jef, 8
  • Moore, Michael G., 6–7
  • Morgan, Chris, 36
  • Morris-Matthews, Kay, 95
  • Nation, Daryl, 102
  • Needham, Gill, 197
  • New Zealand, 70–74, 93–98
  • Nicoll, Katherine, 326
  • Nolan, Gerry O., 180
  • Northover, Mark, 137–38
  • Nunan, Ted, 5, 7–8, 258
  • Oblinger, Diana G., 35, 37
  • online learning, 237. See also digital technologies; e–learning; flexible learning
  • online systems, 127–29
  • open courseware, 87–88, 247–48, 306
  • open distance learning (ODL), 56–57
  • open educational resources (OERs): design decisions for, 140–42
    • lack of demand for, 182–83
    • outcomes and lessons learned from, 142–46
    • possibilities of, 139–40
  • Open University (UK): and conversational learning, 279
    • employment policies, 246
    • future of, 308–10
    • mission statement, 17, 285
    • secrets of success, 188, 303–5, 308
    • use of open educational resources, 139–46
    • and Web 2.0, 305–7
  • Open University of Israel (OUI), 81–82
    • Osborn, Marilyn, 302
    • Oscail: background of, 150–51
      • consultations regarding e-learning, 152–54
      • and Dublin City University, 149–50, 151–52
      • future of, 158
      • recommendations for implementing e-learning, 154–56
  • Parrish, Dominique, 71
  • Pask, Gordon, 279
  • Perkins, David, 98
  • Phillips, Caleb, 301
  • podcasting, 133–34, 179, 252
  • politics: and acquiring funding, 213, 214–15
    • and Asian education, 82–83
    • and Australian education, 233–35
    • and ethical considerations, 258
    • and future education, 281–82
    • and implementing online education, 129–30, 204–7
    • institutional politics and flexibility, 332–34
    • and Irish education, 156–57
    • and New Zealand education, 94–95
    • and South African education, 56, 57, 59–60
    • and use of flexibility discourse, 320–21
  • Popkewitz, Tom, 319
  • portability, 34–35
  • Powell, Bob, 71
  • The Power of Nice—How to Conquer the Business World with Kindness (Thaler and Koval), 114–15
  • Powers, Susan M., 31–32
  • professional development programs, 32
  • quality assurance: and digital technology, 24, 25–26
    • of e-learning, 20–21, 153, 251–52, 306–7
    • for entire student experience, 166
    • and establishing virtual universities, 113–14
    • at Open University (UK), 304, 308
    • overcoming conflicting ideas of, 166–68
    • questions to ask about, 340–41
    • and reducing costs, 250–51
    • in South Africa, 59–60, 62
    • and student collaboration, 251–52
    • through managerialism, 278
  • recognition of prior learning (RPL), 61
  • research: value of, 95–96, 193–94, 222
  • re-versioning resources, 293
  • Rogers, Everett, 130
  • Rossiter, Darien, 173
  • Rumble, Greville, 255, 307
  • Ryan, Yoni, 186
  • Salmon, Christine, 31–32
  • Samors, Robert J., 246, 253
  • Sanchez, Tony, 115, 118–19
  • Scantlebury, Non, 196–97
  • School of the Air, 175, 232
  • Second Life, 24
  • Selwyn, Neil, 277
  • Simpson, Mary, 104
  • Smigiel, Heather, 71
  • Smith, Peter, 4, 241
  • social benefits, 33
  • social networking, 22–23, 133–34, 155, 195–96, 251–52
  • South Africa, 55, 56–64
  • Sparkes, John J., 244
  • Spender, Dale, 180, 181
  • standards. See quality assurance
  • structure/agency: conflicts between, 41–42
    • as dialectic, 45–46
    • in social sciences, 43–44
  • structured flexible learning (SFL), 41, 45–46, 47–48
  • student-centred learning, 30, 164, 184, 221, 286–90
  • students: and architecture of normalization, 317, 318
    • as barrier to flexibility, 220–21
    • collaboration between, 23, 250–52, 306
    • and identity implications, 276–77, 280–81
    • implications of e-learning on, 285
    • inability to handle flexibility, 337–38
    • institutional policies on, 96–97
    • and labour costs, 247–48
    • managing flexibility for, 334–36
    • and quality assurance, 166, 251–52
    • reaction to Blackboard AUTonline, 134–35
    • support services for, 164–65, 249–50
    • use of open education resources, 140, 141, 142–45
    • used as marketing tool, 223
    • view of e-learning, 30–37. See also adult learners; learner styles
    • support services: for administration, 163
      • for faculty, 74, 100, 134, 135–36, 154
      • managing flexibility for, 335–36
      • for open educational resources, 141–42
      • setting up for online system, 130, 131
      • for students, 164–65
      • for technology, 22, 132–33, 134, 135. See also tutors/tutorials
    • Swann, Will, 305
    • Swift, Jonathan, 299–300
  • Te Tari Matauranga Maori, 97
  • teachers: attitudes to e-learning, 47, 152–54, 155–56, 182–83
    • and ethical decisions on curricula, 264–67
    • hiring on contract, 182, 246–47
    • implications of e-learning on, 130–31, 222, 249, 250, 290, 318
    • and libraries, 188–89
    • managing flexibility for, 334–36
    • and open educational resources, 140, 141
    • role ine-learning strategy, 72–73, 170
    • role insetting up virtual university, 113–15
    • in South Africa, 57–58
    • students’ contact with, 251
    • support for, 74, 100, 135–36, 154
    • and use of technology, 133, 134–35, 164, 279, 290
    • valuing, 95–96. See also faculty; tutors/tutorials
  • team teaching, 222
  • technology. See digital technologies
  • teleconferencing, 200
  • telephone teaching, 249
  • testing, 288–89. See also assessment
  • Thomas, iz 96
  • Thompson, Melody, 270
  • Thompson Learning, 180
  • Tight, Malcolm, 93
  • Toates, Frederick, 307
  • Transparent Approach to Costing (TRAC), 252
  • tutors/tutorials, 63, 73, 85, 165, 249, 280, 304
  • Universitas 21Global, 180–81
  • University of Illinois Global Campus, 181
  • University of South Africa (UNISA), 56–57, 62–63
  • UT TeleCampus: closing of, 124–25
    • collaboration insetting up, 115–18
    • described, 111
    • lessons learned insetting up, 121–23
    • overcoming faculty objections to, 113–15
    • stakeholders in 118–20
  • Uvalic-Trumbic, Stamenka, 251
  • video conferencing, 42, 84, 143, 178–79
  • virtual learning environment (VLE), 141
    • virtual universities: challenges with faculty over, 112–14
    • developing UT TeleCampus, 111–12
    • failure of, 180–181
    • importance of collaboration in 115–18
    • influence of stakeholders in 118–20
    • lessons learned insetting up, 121–23
  • Vista University, 57–58
  • visual communication, 35
  • vocational education, 232, 235–37
  • Wang, Yu-mei, 50
  • Web 2.0: influence of, 19, 21–27
    • at Open University (UK), 305–7
    • and quality assurance, 251–52
    • resistance to, 134, 164
    • students’ view of, 35. See also digital technologies
  • Wedemeyer, Charles (Chuck), 6, 299
  • Weston, Anthony, 268
  • wikis, 21, 133–34, 164, 248, 251–52, 306
  • Willems, Julie, 39–40
  • Williams, Sara, 277
  • Wilson, Arthur L., 209
  • Woodley, Alan, 312
  • work experience, 81
  • workload challenges: and assessment, 37
    • in developing e-learning, 243–46
    • and e-learning, 155, 250
    • for students, 32
  • wraparound courses, 247
  • Zepke, Nick, 96

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