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Imagining Head-Smashed-In: Index

Imagining Head-Smashed-In
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Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Foreword
  3. Preface
  4. Acknowledgements
  5. Chapter 1: The Buffalo Jump
    1. Communal Buffalo Hunting
    2. Not Just Any Cliff
    3. The Site
    4. The Cliff
    5. How Long Have Buffalo Jumped?
    6. Blood on the Rocks: The Story of Head Smashed-In
  6. Chapter 2: The Buffalo
    1. Is it Bison or Buffalo?
    2. In Numbers, Numberless
    3. Tricks of the Trade
    4. The Fats of Life
  7. Chapter 3: A Year in the Life
    1. Calves
    2. Mothers
    3. Fathers
    4. The Big Picture
    5. Science and the Historic Record
    6. The Seasonal Round
    7. The Season of Buffalo Jumping
  8. Chapter 4: The Killing Fields
    1. Finding Bison
    2. Drive Lanes
    3. Points in Time
    4. Ancient Knowledge
    5. Back to the Drive Lanes
    6. Deadmen
    7. In Small Things Forgotten
  9. Chapter 5: Rounding Up
    1. The Spirit Sings
    2. The Nose of the Buffalo
    3. Fire this Time
    4. Luring the Buffalo
    5. Buffalo Runners
    6. Lost Calves
    7. Billy’s Stories
    8. The End of the Drive
    9. Of Illusions, Pickup Trucks, and Curves in the Road
  10. Chapter 6: The Great Kill
    1. Leap of Faith
    2. Overkill
    3. Drop of Death
    4. Bones on Fire
    5. Let the Butchering Begin
    6. Bison Hide as Insulator
    7. Back to the Assembly Line
  11. Chapter 7: Cooking Up The Spoils
    1. The Processing Site
    2. Day Fades to Night
    3. Dried Goods
    4. Grease is the Word
    5. High Plains Cooking
    6. Hazel Gets Slimed
    7. Buffalo Chips
    8. Hot Rocks
    9. Time for a Roast
    10. Where Are the Skulls?
    11. Packing Up, Among the Bears
  12. Chapter 8: Going Home
    1. Buffalo Hides
    2. Pemmican
    3. Snow Falling on Cottonwoods
  13. Chapter 9: The End of the Buffalo Hunt
    1. The Skin of the Animal
    2. The Last of the Buffalo Jumps
    3. Rivers of Bones
    4. Final Abandonment of Head-Smashed-In
  14. Chapter 10: The Past Becomes The Present
    1. Beginnings
    2. A Beer-Soaked Bar Napkin
    3. Cranes on the Cliff
    4. A Rubber Cliff
    5. And a Rubber Dig
    6. The Blackfoot Get Involved
    7. Meeting with the Piikani
    8. Joe Crowshoe
    9. A Painted Skull
    10. Where Are the Blood?
    11. Hollywood North
    12. Opening and Aftermath
    13. Of Time and Tradition
  15. Epilogue: Just A Simple Stone
    1. Last Summer
    2. A Thousand Years Ago
    3. Three Months Later
    4. Three Days Later
  16. Sources to Notes
  17. References Cited
  18. Index

Index

A

  • Arrow, (see Bow and arrow)
  • Arrowhead, 82–4
  • Assiniboine, 166, 169–70, 214– 5, 227
  • Audubon, John, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 51, 58, 88, 112, 129, 157, 158, 163, 172, 198, 218, 233, 252

B

  • Bear, (see Plains Grizzly Bear)
  • Belly River, 192, 198
  • Berries, (see Chokecherries; Saskatoon berries)
  • Big Smoke, Hazel, 195–198
  • Bioenergetics, 54–60
  • Bison, (see Buffalo)
  • Blackfoot, 10, 12, 24–6, 88, 95, 110, 115, 120, 136, 137, 138, 170, 221–2, 231, 233, 235, 243, 257, 266–7, 272–284, 289–90
  • Blood, (see Kainai)
  • Bone,
    • boiling, 194
    • burned, 164, 167
    • burning, 164–8
    • grease, 190–1
    • marrow, 188–90
    • spiritual importance of, 113
    • tools, 245
  • Bone Boiling Pits,
    • experiments with, 192–205
    • hide liners, 192–3, 200, 204
    • making of, 191–2
    • occurrence at Head-Smashed-In, 193, 197, 203, 229
    • Quartzite cobbles, 205
    • use of, 192, 194
  • Bonfire Shelter, 19, 22
  • Bow and arrow,
    • metal tips, 250, 254, 255
    • Native expertise with, 57, 247, 249
    • preference over gun, 246–9
    • historic references to, 18, 154, 247–9
    • stone tips, 82–3, 249–50
    • use in hunting, 18, 246–50
  • Brackenridge, Henry, 36, 43, 55, 56, 116, 148
  • Bradbury, John, 36, 69, 105, 114, 116, 157, 214, 227
  • Buffalo,
    • Aboriginal knowledge of, 12–3, 39, 41–2, 43, 53–4, 57, 59–60, 62, 79–80, 85–6, 89, 100, 115, 118, 121, 124, 128–31, 150–1, 177, 229
    • adaptability to cold, 48, 63–4, 172–3
    • agility of, 29, 32, 37, 151
    • avoidance of wolves, 116–7
    • bison vs. buffalo, 32–3
    • blood, 67, 113, 181, 189
    • bones,
      • frequency of types at kills, 211–3
      • grease, (see Bone, grease)
      • marrow, (see Bone, marrow)
      • shipments to the East, 240–1
    • brains, 163, 177, 213, 226–7
    • bulls, 49–51, 52–3, 61–4, 66–7, 89, 116–7, 153, 162, 217, 224, 231, 234, 238, 242
    • butchering, 168–71, 176–8
    • calves, 44–5, 47, 61, 67, 116, 129–30
    • chips, (see Buffalo dung)
    • cows,
      • barren, 47–8, 52, 58, 61, 67
      • calving, 44–5, 52, 64–5
      • nursing, 45–6, 47–8, 52, 61–2, 65
      • preference over bulls, 52–3, 57–9, 67
      • pregnancy, 44, 45–8, 53
    • cow–calf groups, 62–3, 67, 132
    • curiosity of, 121–3
    • evolutionary history of, 28–9
    • fat, (see Fat)
    • fetuses, 45–6, 48, 210–1
    • following trails, 38, 136
    • front heavy, 142–3, 149
    • hair, 42, 47–9, 63, 172–3, 175
    • herd behaviour, 140, 151
    • hides,
      • cooking and eating of, 227
      • demand for, 226, 228, 238–43
      • insulating qualities of, 171–4
      • processing of, (see Tanning hides)
      • seasonal differences in, 47–8, 67, 69, 224–5
      • thickness of, 63, 142, 161, 171
      • uses of, 27, 37, 67, 69, 89–90, 100, 128–9, 133, 136–7, 142, 181, 183, 188, 192, 197, 199, 210, 224–8, 230–2, 238–9, 279
    • historic distribution, 107, 229
    • historic numbers of, 33–6
    • hooves 155, 212, 245
    • hunting,
      • ceremonies involved, 95, 105–13, 156–7, 214, 287
      • communal methods, 8–9, 37–8, 60, 67, 69, 107, 128, 134, 138, 155, 169, 224, 246
      • dangers involved, 29–32, 82–3, 129, 132–4, 148–9, 158–9, 162
      • historic accounts of failed
      • hunts, 89, 115, 131–2, 158–9, 162
      • historic descriptions of, 8, 12–4, 16, 18, 37–8, 51, 88–9, 96–7, 99, 103, 114–5, 119, 122, 125, 128–34, 137–9, 145, 149, 154, 157, 162, 238, 247–8, 249, 255
      • solitary hunts, 8–9, 67, 69, 125, 128, 170
      • use of disguises, 37, 125–32
    • importance to Native groups, 27–8, 33, 71, 85, 95, 106, 124, 155, 224, 245
    • jumps, (see Buffalo jump)
    • leaders of herds, 140, 150–2, 158
    • lean, 40, 46–8, 53, 67
    • luring, (see luring buffalo)
    • meat,
      • distribution of, 170–1
      • drying, 185–7, 230
      • grilling, 206–8
      • longevity of dried meat, 188
      • pemmican, (see Pemmican)
      • pounding, 230, 234
      • roasting, 208–11
    • pound, (see Buffalo pound)
    • preference for fat animals, 40, 53, 57–9, 67–8, 170, 247
    • reaction to fire, 118, 119
    • reaction to wind, 114–5, 121
    • robes, (see Hide)
    • rut, 44, 47, 49, 51–2, 61–2, 66, 242
    • seasonal differences, 44–53, 57–9, 65–7
    • sense of smell, 114–7, 130, 137
    • sexual dimorphism, 52–3
    • skulls,
      • ceremonial use of, 107–8, 113, 136, 157, 159, 211, 214–5, 279–81
      • historic references to, 107, 157, 165, 211, 214–5
      • shortage at kill sites, 212–6
      • source of brains for tanning, 163, 213
      • spiritual importance of, 113, 136, 159, 211, 214–6
    • slaughter of,
      • bones on the prairies, 157, 251–2
      • demand for buffalo hides, 226, 228, 238–43
      • estimates of buffalo killed, 237, 238, 240
      • historic references to, 157, 237–8, 239–40, 244, 252
    • social groups, 62–3, 65–7
    • speed of, 29, 32, 143
    • spiritual significance of, 95, 113, 136, 159, 214–5
    • stampede, 83, 114, 139–41, 143, 147–51, 242
    • tails, 245
    • tongue,
      • desire for, 176–7, 240, 244
      • fat content of, 177
      • historic references to, 59, 110, 112, 157, 170, 177, 244
      • use in post-hunt ceremonies 112–3, 177
    • wounded, 32, 57, 82–3, 154, 156, 158, 161–3, 238
  • Buffalo Bird Woman, 42, 169, 189
  • Buffalo dung,
    • comparison with wood fuel, 200
    • experiments with, 199–200
    • historic references to, 36, 75, 121, 137, 198–200, 251
    • use as fuel, 193, 198–200
    • use in drive lane cairns, 75, 96–7, 99
    • use in trails for winter hunting, 136–7
  • Buffalo jump,
    • bonebeds, 81, 83–4, 164, 183
    • burned bone layers, 164–8
    • Calderwood site, 80, 164, 268–70
    • cliffs, 12–3
    • drive lanes, 75, 83, 96–7, 99–101
    • end of use, 246–50, 253–4
    • gathering basins, 73–4
    • historic references to, 12–3, 16, 18, 99, 132–3, 158
    • numbers of buffalo killed,
      • estimates, 3, 15, 163, 168, 245
      • historic references to, 16, 18, 96
    • processing area, 179–80
    • sharing of buffalo carcasses, 170–1
    • smell of fresh kills, 163, 165–6, 217
  • Buffalo pound,
    • central pole, 111
    • ceremonial offerings, 110–2, 214
    • historic numbers of bison killed, 86, 153, 166
    • historic references to, 14, 49, 75, 86, 88–9, 91, 96, 107–8, 111–2, 122, 128, 137, 139, 143, 145, 153–4, 157–8, 161, 166
    • illusion of solid walls, 89–90, 100
    • structure of pound, 86–90
  • Buffalo Runners,
    • dangers involved, 124, 129, 132–4
    • historic references to, 124–5, 128–33
    • imitating buffalo calves, 129–30
    • importance and skill of, 124–9, 131
    • use of disguises, (see Disguises)
  • Buffalo stone, (see Iniskim)
  • Butchering buffalo,
    • assembly line, 168–71, 175–78
    • historic references to, 67, 177, 180–1, 184
    • parts eaten raw, 169, 177
    • sequence of, 176–8
  • Byrne, William J., 260–1

C

  • Cairns,
    • construction and size of, 76, 92–4, 96–101
    • Deadmen, 97–9, 137, 255
    • excavations of, 93–4
    • historic references to, 96–7, 99, 137
    • part of drive lanes, 76, 97–101
    • people stationed behind, 99, 132, 137–9
    • purpose of, 79–80, 98, 100, 137
  • Calderwood site, 80, 164, 268–70
  • Catlin, George, 8, 27, 38, 54, 55, 69, 107, 117, 125–7, 147, 159, 162, 166, 183, 184, 218, 228, 234, 237, 247
  • Ceremonies,
    • associated with hunting, 107–12
    • associated with butchering, 112–3
  • Cheyenne, 38, 88, 113, 227, 245, 247
  • Chokecherries, 231–2
  • Clark, William, 11, 16, 35, 37, 40, 45, 57, 118, 128, 133, 152, 169, 219
  • Cliff, 12–3
  • Cocking, Mathew, 75, 96
  • Communal hunting,
    • definition and types, 8–9, 128, 169
    • end of, 246–50, 253–5
    • social importance of, 9
  • Cooking buffalo meat,
    • boiling, 177, 200, 206
    • grilling, 206–8
    • roasting, 208–11
  • Cooking pits,
    • bone boiling pits, (see Bone Boiling Pits)
    • occurrence at Head-Smashed-In 193, 196–7, 203, 207, 209, 211
    • roasting pits, (see Roasting)
  • Coyotes, 37, 117, 125, 212, 217, 220
  • Crow, 107, 113, 138
  • Crowshoe, Joe, 275–81

D

  • Dawson, George, 25
  • De Smet, Father P.J., 56, 86
  • Deadmen, (see Cairns)
  • Dempsey, Hugh A., 274–5
  • Densmore, Francis, 124, 214
  • Diseases, 243
  • Disguises,
    • buffalo, 128-9
    • buffalo calf, 129–30, 132
    • use in ambush, 125
    • use in hunting, 37, 125–131
    • Wolf, 37, 125–7, 130
  • Distribution of buffalo carcasses, 170–1
  • Dodge, Colonel Richard, 169, 175, 179, 184, 188, 206, 237, 239–40, 253
  • Dogs, 38, 49, 59, 109, 166, 202, 221–2, 289–90
  • Drive Lanes,
    • final stretch of, 142–5
    • funnel shape, 96, 99, 101, 130–3, 138–9, 141
    • Head-Smashed-In, 76–81, 91–4, 138, 141–2, 145–6, 268
  • Drying buffalo meat,
    • historic references to, 69, 185, 187
    • process of, 185–7
    • use of smoky fires, 186–7
  • Dung, (see Buffalo dung)

E

  • Egalitarian society, 170
  • Elders (Native),
    • authority of, 134–5, 277
    • interviews with, 12, 97, 134–7, 272, 277
    • Kainai, 282–4
    • knowledge of, 37, 54, 62, 95, 259, 277–8
    • Piikani, 24, 135, 274–6, 279, 283–4
    • respect for, 177, 277
  • Elk Island National Park, 87–8, 172
  • European Explorers,
    • craving fat, 41
    • hunting buffalo, 40, 54, 57–9, 130–1, 157, 238
    • opinions about Natives, 55–7, 244
  • European Fur Traders, 11, 13, 25, 35, 51, 54–5, 95, 148, 248, 254
  • European Hide Hunters, 148–9, 151, 226, 240–3
  • Ewers, John, 14, 27, 89, 132, 138, 143

F

  • Fall,
    • best season for hunting buffalo, 67–9, 179–80, 224
    • condition of buffalo, 45, 47, 49, 51–2, 66–9, 224
    • dispersal of buffalo groups, 62–4
  • Farnham, Thomas, 39, 55, 58, 189, 214
  • Fat,
    • buffalo, 45–53, 69, 113, 187–8, 230–1
    • hard, 230–1
    • historic references to, 39–41, 42, 69, 227, 230–1
    • importance in Native diet, 39–40, 53, 188, 234
    • intramuscular, 187
    • role in reproduction, 49–50, 53
    • soft, 230–1
  • Fidler, Peter, 25–6, 35, 44, 59, 86, 117, 163, 166, 254–5
  • Fire,
    • contained fires, 121
    • intentional burning, 117–9, 164–8, 220
    • prairie, (see Prairie Fires)
    • use in driving buffalo, 119–21
  • Fletcher, Alice, 106, 108–10, 235
  • Frison, George, 74, 123–4
  • Fur Trade, (see also European Fur Traders), 233, 234

G

  • Gathering Basin, 73–5
  • Graham, Donald, 41
  • Grass, 44, 47–8, 61, 64–5, 118
  • Grease, (see Bone, grease)
  • Grease Rendering,
    • bone boiling, 190–2, 194, 229
    • experiments with, 192–205
    • process of, 190, 192–4
    • smashing bone, 194, 197
  • Great Plains,
    • diversity in topography, 60–1
    • historic views of, 1, 10–1
    • precontact occupation of, 20–3, 27
  • Gregg, Josiah, 40, 57, 67, 114, 128, 148, 177, 179, 198, 200, 229, 247, 248
  • Grinnell, George Bird, 12, 38, 88, 99, 110, 113, 122, 134, 137, 170, 227, 231, 233, 245, 247
  • Grizzly Bear, (see Plains Grizzly Bear)
  • Gros Ventre, 113, 133, 138, 155, 222, 253
  • Gull Lake Bison Kill site, 167
  • Guns, 95, 153, 162, 234, 243, 246–9, 254

H

  • Harmon, Daniel W., 10, 69, 73, 96, 99, 118, 153, 164, 171, 177, 181, 191, 227, 229, 233, 249, 255
  • Harris, Edward, 57, 143, 157, 168, 198, 238, 244
  • Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump,
    • bonebed, 74, 164
    • cliff, 16–8, 24, 144
    • drive lane complex, 76–81, 91–4, 103, 138, 141–2, 145–6, 268
    • excavations of, 18–20, 24, 93–4, 164, 191, 193, 197, 201, 207, 209, 261
    • final abandonment of, 253–8
    • gathering basin, 72–4, 79, 94, 103, 122, 142, 145, 268
    • Interpretive Centre,
      • building of, 260–5
      • casting the cliff, 267–9
      • casting the dig, 269–71
      • consultation with Native groups, 272–84
      • displays, 228, 266–7, 271, 278–82, 289
      • producing the movie, 284–7
    • location of, 14–5, 17
    • origin of name, 24–6
    • processing area, 24, 179–81
    • spring channel, 22–3, 182, 213, 231, 256
    • time of use, 19–23
  • Heated Rocks, 200–5
  • Hearne, Samuel, 45, 171, 177
  • Henday, Anthony, 59
  • Hennepin, Father L., 65, 177, 221, 245, 249
  • Henry, Alexander, (the younger) 13, 18, 35, 49, 57, 58, 59, 91, 115, 120, 121, 132, 139, 157, 159, 169, 170, 255
  • Henry, Alexander, (the elder), 13, 128–9, 170
  • Hide, (Buffalo), (see also Buffalo, hides)
    • hunters, 148–9, 151, 226, 240–3
    • Native uses of, 27, 37, 67, 69, 89–90, 100, 128–9, 133, 136–7, 142, 181, 183, 188, 192, 197, 199, 210, 224–8, 230–2, 279
    • processing of, 213, 225–7, 231–2
    • shipments to East factories, 238–42
    • smoking of, 186, 227
    • use in machine belts, 238–9
  • Hind, Henry Youle, 2, 55, 85, 86, 89, 97, 137, 149, 153, 166, 244
  • Horse,
    • effects on Plains life, 8, 95, 232, 234, 241, 243, 246, 253
    • travois, 10
    • use in hunting, 8, 31–2, 55, 67, 95, 162, 243, 246–7, 249–50, 254–5
    • use in transporting meat, 113, 246
  • Hunting,
    • antelope, (see Pronghorn)
    • buffalo, (see Buffalo, hunting)

I

  • Ice Age, 28–9, 91, 202
  • Iniskim, 110, 287

J

  • James, Edwin, 10, 12, 36, 40, 41, 56, 58, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 121, 163, 177, 182, 187, 188, 189, 210, 215, 217, 218, 219, 224, 226, 227, 229, 241, 244

K

  • Kainai, 112, 282–4
  • Kane, Paul, 59, 111, 117, 121, 123, 130, 154, 161, 183, 216, 219

L

  • La Flesche, Francis, 106, 108–10, 235
  • Larpenteur, Charles, 58
  • LeBlond, Robert, 263–5, 268
  • Lewis, Meriwether, 11, 16, 35, 37, 40, 45, 57, 118, 128, 133, 152, 169, 219
  • Lott, Dale, 151
  • Lowie, Robert, 107, 108, 170
  • Luring buffalo,
    • contained fires, 121, 134
    • dangers involved, 124, 129, 132–4
    • jumping and twisting, 122–3
    • methods, 121–34
    • Runners, (see Buffalo Runners)
    • use of disguises, (see Disguises)
    • waving buffalo robes, 99, 132–3, 137, 139, 145

M

  • McDonnell, Roger, 277, 278
  • McDougall, John, 40, 184, 185, 187
  • Mandan, 33, 106–7, 159
  • Mandelbaum, David, 9, 103, 107, 112, 113, 145, 165, 188, 200, 210
  • Marrow, (see Bone, marrow)
  • Maximilian, Prince of Wied, 37, 45, 96, 113, 165, 200, 211, 214, 215, 251
  • Medicine Men/Women, 107–13, 134, 214, 278
  • Metis, 56
  • Missionaries, 55–6, 95, 158
  • Missouri River, 12, 16, 36, 37, 143, 227, 233, 238
  • Morgan, Lewis Henry, 10, 58, 238, 242, 248

N

  • Napi, 221–2
  • Native Children, 89, 99, 132, 138–9, 153, 184, 222
  • Native Women, 89, 99, 132, 138–9, 184, 221, 222, 228, 232–3
  • Niitsitapi, 221–2, 274, 275

O

  • Offerings, (see Ceremonies)
  • Oldman River, 17, 26, 65, 77, 142, 181, 202–3, 205, 208, 221–4
  • Omaha, 33, 106, 108–10, 113, 235
  • Osage, 155, 244
  • Overkill, 155–60, 244–6

P

  • Palliser, John, 40, 57, 58, 59, 63, 88, 96, 111, 116, 117, 148, 153, 158, 177, 181, 198, 217
  • Pannekoek, Frits, 261
  • Parfleche, 188, 232
  • Peigan, (see Piikani)
  • Pemmican, 184, 229–34
  • Piikani,
    • consultations with, 272–82
    • interviews with, 134–7, 272, 276–8
  • Pike, Major Z.M., 35, 247
  • Pipes, 103, 109–12, 136, 214, 234, 279
  • Pis’kun, (See Buffalo pound)
  • Plains Cree, 9, 89, 103, 107–8, 110, 112–3, 138, 145, 158, 165–6, 170, 200, 210, 214, 227
  • Plains Grizzly Bear,
    • attacks by, 217–9
    • claws, 216, 219–20
    • historic references to, 116, 172, 216–9
    • spiritual significance of, 219
    • threat to buffalo, 116, 217
    • threat to people, 116, 218–9
  • Points,
    • change from stone to metal, 249–50
    • metal, 250, 254
    • stone, 20–2, 28, 82–4, 161, 176, 249–50, 254
    • styles of, 20–2, 82–3
  • Porcupine Hills,
    • location of, 14–5, 17, 72
    • topography of, 15–6, 65
    • vegetation of, 15, 66, 71–2
  • Pottery (Native), 191, 248
  • Pound, (see Buffalo pound)
  • Prairie Fires, (see also Fire), 117–20, 164–5
  • Pronghorn Antelope, 37, 116, 121–2, 125

Q

  • Quartzite, 202–5, 208

R

  • Reeves, Brian, 80, 164, 260–1, 268
  • Roasting,
    • buffalo meat, 208–11
    • historic references to, 179, 210
    • pits, 207–11
  • Ross, Alexander, 56, 253
  • Rundle, Robert, 36, 67, 86, 118, 131, 158, 227
  • Runners, (See Buffalo Runners)

S

  • Sandstone, 14, 16, 24, 201–4, 208–11, 230
  • Saskatoon berries, 165, 231–2
  • Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 71, 119, 180–1, 188, 198, 252
  • Scottsbluff Spear Point, 22–3
  • Seasonal round, (see also Spring; Summer; Fall; Winter), 60–4
  • Shaman, (see Medicine Men/Women)
  • Siksika, 282–3
  • Skulls, (see Buffalo, skulls)
  • Southesk, Earl of, 32, 36, 57, 111, 162, 225, 252
  • Spiritual Life,
    • associated with buffalo hunting, 103, 106–14, 214
    • Blackfoot, 95, 110, 279
    • Cree, 103, 107–8, 110–1, 112–3, 214
    • Crow, 107, 113
    • Mandan, 106, 159
    • Omaha, 106, 108–10, 113
  • Spear,
    • points, 20–3, 82, 182
    • thrusting weapon, 21
    • use in hunting, 28–9, 153
  • Spring,
    • calving, 44–5, 64, 65
    • condition of buffalo, 48, 51–2, 65–7
    • condition of hides, 69, 225
    • condition of prairie grasses, 44, 48, 64, 66
  • Stampede, 114, 139, 143, 148–51, 242
  • Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 233
  • Storage, 188, 230, 232–3
  • Strikes with a Gun, Billy, 135–7
  • Summer,
    • aggregation of buffalo herds, 61–2
    • condition of buffalo, 45–6, 47–9, 61
    • condition of hide, 47, 67, 69, 225
    • condition of prairie grass 44, 61

T

  • Tanning hides, 163, 186, 213, 225–8, 231–2
  • Tannins, 231–2
  • Teton Sioux, 124, 214
  • Thompson, David, 1, 11, 36, 49, 55–6, 57, 58, 59, 113, 117, 118, 219, 224, 230, 232, 233
  • Tipi, 69, 103, 112, 187, 200, 210, 223, 224–5, 228, 235–6, 243, 287
  • Tixier, Victor, 155, 162, 198–9, 207, 244, 248, 251
  • Trade with Europeans, 243
  • Trains, 238–42
  • Travois, 10, 221–2
  • Turnbull, T., 198, 251
  • Turtle hearts, 105

U

  • UNESCO, 6, 14, 25, 73, 76, 260–1, 263, 267, 273

V

  • Vore site, 180

W

  • Wanuskewin Heritage Park, 228
  • War shields, 105–6, 142, 224, 287
  • Wettlaufer, Boyd, 19–20, 22–3, 182
  • Wilson, Gilbert, 42, 169, 189
  • Wind,
    • importance in hunting, 38, 114–5, 121, 123, 166
    • importance to buffalo, 114–5
  • Winter, (see also Seasonal round),
    • camps, 69, 185, 200, 222–4
    • condition of buffalo, 48, 51–2, 66–7
    • condition of hide, 67, 224
    • dispersal of buffalo, 62–4
    • hunting, 37–8, 67, 136–7
    • sheltering spots for buffalo, 63–4
  • Wolves, 37, 40, 59, 73, 116–7, 125, 127, 130, 212, 217, 219, 238, 244
  • Women, (see Native Women)
  • Wood,
    • need for, 200, 223–4, 236
    • smoke, 186–7
    • use as fuel, 198–200
    • use in buffalo corrals, 86–7, 90
  • Woolsey, Thomas, 130, 157, 218

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