Skip to main content

Health and Safety in Canadian Workplaces: Notes

Health and Safety in Canadian Workplaces
Notes

  • Show the following:

    Annotations
    Resources

  • Adjust appearance:

    Font
    Font style
    Color Scheme
    Light
    Dark
    Annotation contrast
    Low
    High
    Margins
  • Search within:
    • My Notes + Comments
    • Notifications
    • Privacy
  • Project HomeHealth and Safety in Canadian Workplaces (Second Edition)
  • Learn more about Manifold

Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Acknowledgements
  3. Preface
  4. One: Workplace Injury in Theory and Practice
  5. Two: Legislative Framework of Injury Prevention and Compensation
  6. Three: Hazard Recognition, Assessment, and Control
  7. Four: Physical Hazards
  8. Five: Chemical Hazards
  9. Six: Biological Hazards
  10. Seven: Psycho-social Hazards
  11. Eight: Health Effects of Employment
  12. Nine: Training and Injury Prevention Programs
  13. Ten: Incident Investigation
  14. Eleven: Disability Management and Return to Work
  15. Twelve: The Practice of Health and Safety
  16. Notes
  17. About the Authors

Notes

CHAPTER 1

  1. 1 Hoekstra, G., & Carman, T. (2012, April 25). Two dead, 22 injured after massive explosion destroys Prince George sawmill. Vancouver Sun. https://vancouversun.com/news/two-dead-22-injured-after-massive-explosion-destroys-prince-george-sawmill
  2. 2 You can read the full incident investigation report here: https://www.worksafebc.com/en/resources/health-safety/incident-investigation-report-summaries/explosion-and-fire-at-sawmill-in-prince-george?lang=en
  3. 3 Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada. (2025). National work injury, disease and fatality statistics, 2021–2023. https://awcbc.org/files/publications/2023-Nwisp-Publicaiton-public-version.pdf
  4. 4 Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada. (2025).
  5. 5 Foster, J., Barnetson, B., & Matsunaga-Turnbull, J. (2018). Don’t fear the reaper: Newspaper effects on worker perceptions of injury. Labour & Industry, 28(4), 244–260.
  6. 6 Barnetson, B., & Foster, J. (2015). If it bleeds, it leads: The construction of workplace injury in Canadian newspapers, 2009–2014. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 21(3), 258–265. doi: 10.1179/2049396715Y.0000000003 . This study extends the analysis of coverage in newspapers, Gawley, T., & Dixon, S. (2015). “One Side of the Story: Examining newspaper coverage of workplace injury and fatality in Ontario, 2007–2012.” Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment, and Rehabition, 53(1), 205–18.
  7. 7 Dembe, A. (1996). Occupation and disease: How social factors affect the conception of work-related disorders. Yale University Press.
  8. 8 McDiarmid, M., Oliver, M., Ruser, J., & Gucer, P. (2000). Male and female rate differences in carpal tunnel syndrome injuries: Personal characteristics of job tasks? Environmental Research, 83(1), 23–32.
  9. 9 Vosko, L. (2006). Precarious employment: Towards an improved understanding of labour market insecurity. In L. Vosko (Ed.), Precarious employment: Understanding labour market insecurity in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press, p. 4.
  10. 10 Lewchuk, W., Clarke, M., & de Wolfe, A. (2011). Working without commitments: The health effects of precarious employment. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  11. 11 Rennie, R. (2006). “All part of the game”: The recognition of and response to an industrial disaster at the Fluorspar mines, St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, 1933–1978. In E. Tucker (Ed.), Working disasters: The politics of recognition and response (pp. 77–102). Baywood.
  12. 12 Hilgartner, S. (1985). The political language of risk: Defining occupational health. In D. Nelkin (Ed.), The language of risk: Conflicting perspectives on occupational health (pp. 25–65). Sage.
  13. 13 Tucker, E. (1983–84). The determination of occupational health and safety standards in Ontario, 1860–1982. McGill Law Journal, 29, 260–311.
  14. 14 Ashford, N. (1976). Crisis in the workplace: Occupational disease and injury. MIT Press.
  15. 15 Kirsh, B., Slack, T., & King, C. (2012). The nature and impact of stigma towards injured workers. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 22(2), 143–154.
  16. 16 Graebner, W. (1984). Doing the world’s unhealthy work: The fiction of free choice. The Hastings Center Report, 14(4), 28–37.
  17. 17 Alberta Cancer Board and Alberta Cancer Foundation. (2005). Cancer and the workplace: An overview for workers and employers.
  18. 18 Draper, E. (2000). Competing conceptions of safety: High-risk workers or high-risk work? In S. Kroll-Smith, P. Brown, & V. Gunter (Eds.), Illness and the environment: A reader in contested medicine (pp. 217–234). New York University Press.
  19. 19 Tucker, E. (1990). Administering danger in the workplace: The law and politics of occupational health and safety regulation in Ontario, 1850–1914. University of Toronto Press.
  20. 20 Shannon, H., & Lowe, G. (2002). How many injured workers do not file claims for workers’ compensation benefits? American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42(6), 467–473.
  21. 21 Barnetson, B. (2012). The validity of Alberta safety statistics. Just Labour, 19, 1–21.
  22. 22 Petrie, P. (2014). Fair compensation review: A review of the impact of the Manitoba WCB assessment rate model on fair compensation for workers and fair assessments for employers. Winnipeg: Minister of Family Services and Labour, p. 35.
  23. 23 Workers Compensation Appeal Tribunal. (2019). WCAT Decision No. A1800190.
  24. 24 Nielsen, M. (2015, May 15). Lakeland mill explosion that killed workers ruled accidental. HuffPost Canada. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/05/15/inquest-into-fatal-mill-b_n_7288840.html

CHAPTER 2

  1. 1 CBC News. (2012, September 20). Worker claims she was asked to pay for gas and dash. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/worker-claims-she-was-asked-to-pay-for-gas-and-dash-1.1128621
  2. 2 CBC News. (2012, September 19). Ontario to probe gas-and-dash death: MPP to introduce ‘pay before you pump’ private member’s bill Thursday. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-to-probe-gas-and-dash-death-1.1157251
  3. 3 610 CKTB News. (2015, June 16). The gas and dash, pre-pay at the pump debate. http://www.610cktb.com/news/2015/06/16/the-gas-and-dashpre-pay-at-the-pump-debate
  4. 4 City News Staff. (2022, March 11). New push for provinces to bring in gas pre-pay rules over theft concerns. City News. https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2022/03/11/gas-theft-prepay-provinces/
  5. 5 For example, Section 3-8(a) of the Saskatchewan Employment Act (2013) states:

    “3–8 Every employer shall:

    (a) ensure, insofar as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all of the employer’s workers;”

  6. 6 Government of Canada, Labour Program. (1993). Labour Standards Interpretations, Policies and Guidelines 808/819-IPG 057, p. 4.
  7. 7 Government of Alberta. (2005). Due diligence. Edmonton: Employment and Immigration.
  8. 8 Nichols, T., & Walters, D. (2009). Worker representation on health and safety in the UK – Problems with the preferred model and beyond. In D. Walters & T. Nichols (Eds.), International perspectives on representing workers’ interests in health and safety (pp. 19–30). Palgrave Macmillan.
  9. 9 Johnstone, R. (2006). Regulating occupational health and safety in a changing labour market. In C. Arup, P. Gahan, J. Howe, R. Johnstone, R. Mitchell, & A. O’Donnell (Eds.), Labour law and labour market regulations (pp. 617–634). Federation Press.
  10. 10 Hall, A., Forrest, A., Sears, A., & Carlan, N. (2006). Making a difference: Knowledge activism and worker representation in joint OHS committees. Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 61(3), 408–436.
  11. 11 Bittle, S. (2012). Still dying for a living: Corporate criminal liability after the Westray mine disaster. University of British Columbia Press.
  12. 12 Tombs, S., & Whyte, D. (2007). Safety Crimes. Routledge.
  13. 13 Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge University Press, p. 131.
  14. 14 MacEachen, E., Lippel, K., Saunders, R., Kosny, A., Mansfield, E., Carrasco, C., & Pugliese, D. (2012). Workers’ compensation experience-rating rules and the danger to workers’ safety in the temporary work agency sector. Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, 10(1), 77–95.
  15. 15 Barnetson, B. (2015). Worker safety in Alberta: Trading health for profit. In M. Shrivastava & L. Stefanick (Eds.), Alberta oil and the decline of democracy in Canada (pp. 225–248). Athabasca University Press.
  16. 16 Morassaei, S., Breslin, C., Ibrahim, S., Smith, P., Mustard, C., Amick, B., Shankardass, K., & Petch, J. (2013). Geographic variation in work injuries: A multilevel analysis of individual-level data and area-level factors within Canada. Annals of Epidemiology, 23, 260–266.
  17. 17 Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. (2025). Key small business statistics 2023. https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/sme-research-statistics/en/key-small-business-statistics/key-small-business-statistics-2024
  18. 18 Weil, D. (2011). Enforcing labour standards in fissured workplaces: The US experience. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 22(2), 33–54.
  19. 19 Hasle, P., & Limborg, H. (2006). A review of the literature on preventive occupational health and safety activities in small enterprises. Industrial Health, 44, 6–12.
  20. 20 Morantz, A. (2014). The Elusive Union Safety Effect: Toward a New Empirical Research Agenda. Labour and Employment Relations Association 61st Annual Proceedings, 130–146.
  21. 21 Yi, K. H., Cho, H. H., & Kim, J. (2011). An empirical analysis on labor unions and occupational safety and health committees’ activity, and their relation to the changes in occupational injury and illness rate. Safety and Health at Work, 2(4), 321–327; Robson, L., Landsman, V., Latour-Villamil, D., Lee, H., & Mustard, C. (2021). Updating a study of the union effect on safety in the ICI construction sector. Institute for Work and Health.
  22. 22 Mustard, C., & Yanar, B. (2023). Estimating the financial benefits of employers’ occupational health and safety expenditures. Safety Science, 159, Article 106008.
  23. 23 Hopkins, A. (1999). For whom does safety pay? The case of major accidents. Safety Science, 32, 143–153.
  24. 24 Lepkowski, W. (1994). The restructuring of Union Carbide. In S. Jasanoff (Ed.), Learning from disaster: Risk management after Bhopal (pp. 22–43). University of Pennsylvania Press.
  25. 25 Von Drehle, D. (2003). Triangle: The fire that changed America. Atlantic Monthly Press.
  26. 26 You can learn more about WHMIS at http://whmis.org/
  27. 27 Tsai, P., & Hatfield, T. (2011). Global benefits from the phaseout of leaded fuel. Journal of Environmental Health, 74(5), 8–14.
  28. 28 Rosner, D., & Markowitz, G. (1989). “A gift of God”?: The public health controversy over leaded gasoline during the 1920s. In D. Rosner & G. Markowitz (Eds.), Dying for work: Workers’ safety and health in twentieth-century America (pp. 121–130). Indiana University Press.
  29. 29 Alexander, P. (1998). Sex work and health: A question of safety in the workplace. Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association, 53(2), 77–82.
  30. 30 Ross, M. W., Crisp, B. R., Mansson, S., & Hawkes, S. (2012). Occupational health and safety among commercial sex workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 38(2), 105–119.
  31. 31 McKeen, A. (2018, November 9). How a Canadian law meant to protect sex workers is making it harder for them to stay safe. Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/vancouver/how-a-canadian-law-meant-to-protect-sex-workers-is-making-it-harder-for-them/article_e2894541-37a9-52c5-b5bf-8dc3c6a04545.html
  32. 32 Mac, J., & Smith, M. (2018). Revolting prostitutes. Verso.
  33. 33 Mac & Smith. (2018).
  34. 34 Messing, K., Neis, B., & Dumais, L. (Eds.). (1995). Invisible: Issues in women’s occupational health. Gynergy books.
  35. 35 Messing, K. (1998). One-eyed science: Occupational health and women workers. Temple University Press.
  36. 36 Risk, R. (1983). This nuisance of litigation: The origins of workers’ compensation in Ontario. In D. Flaherty (Ed.), Essays in the history of Canadian law (Vol. 2, pp. 418–491). University of Toronto Press.
  37. 37 The Meredith Report can be viewed at https://awcbc.org/files/about-awcbc/meredith_report.pdf
  38. 38 Gilbert, D., & Liversidge, A. (2001). Workers’ compensation in Ontario: A guide to the Workplace Safety and Insurance Act (3rd ed.). Canada Law Book.
  39. 39 Lippel, K. (2007). Workers describe the effect of the workers’ compensation process on their health: A Québec study. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 30, 427–443.
  40. 40 Ballantyne, P., Casey, R., O’Hagan, F., & Vienneau, P. (2016). Poverty status of worker compensation claimants with permanent impairments. Critical Public Health, 26(2), 173–190. doi: 10.1080/09581596.2015.1010485
  41. 41 Barnetson, B. (2010). The political economy of workplace injury in Canada. Athabasca University Press.
  42. 42 Tompa, E., Hogg-Johnson, S., Amick, B., Wang, Y., Shen, E., Mustard, C., Robson, L., & Saunders, R. (2013). Financial incentives for experience rating in workers’ compensation: New evidence from a program change in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(3), 292–304.
  43. 43 MacEachen, E., Ferrier, S., Kosny, A., & Chambers, L. (2007). A deliberation on ‘hurt versus harm’ in early-return-to-work policy. Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, 5(2), 41–62.
  44. 44 Tompa et al. (2013).

CHAPTER 3

  1. 1 R v BLS Asphalt Inc., 2021 SKPC 25.
  2. 2 Fenn, P., & Ashby, S. (2004). Workplace risk, establishment size and union. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 42(3), 461–480.
  3. 3 Champoux, D., & Brun, J-P. (2003). Occupational health and safety management in small size enterprises: An overview of the situation and avenues for intervention and research. Safety Science, 41(4), 301–318.
  4. 4 International Labour Organization. (2013). Training Package on Workplace Risk Assessment and Management for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises.
  5. 5 Eakin, J. (1992). Leaving it up to the workers: Sociological perspective on the management of health and safety in small workplaces. International Journal of Health Services, 22(4), 689–704.
  6. 6 Lansdown, T., Deighan, C., & Brotherton, C. (2003). Health and safety in the small to medium-sized enterprise: Psychosocial opportunities for intervention. HSE Books.
  7. 7 Unnikrishnan, S., Iqbal, R., Singh, A., & Nimkar, I. (2015). Safety management practices in small and medium enterprises in India. Safety and Health at Work, 6(1), 46–55.
  8. 8 International Labour Organization. (2013).
  9. 9 Boyd, C. (2004). Human resource management and occupational health and safety. Routledge.
  10. 10 Gadd, S., Keeley, D., & Balmforth, H. (2004). Pitfalls in risk assessment: Examples from the U.K. Safety Science, 42, 841–857.
  11. 11 Messing, K. (2014). Pain and prejudice: What science can learn about work from the people who do it. Between the Lines.
  12. 12 Adler, M. (2005). Against “individual risk”: A sympathetic critique of risk assessment. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 153(4), 1121–1250.
  13. 13 Alberta Occupational Health and Safety Code, 2009, s. 2-1.
  14. 14 Barnetson, B., Foster, J. & Matsunaga-Turnbull, J. (2018). Developing Performance Indicators for Alberta’s Internal Responsibility System.
  15. 15 Government of Canada, Labour Program. (1993). Labour Standards Interpretations, Policies and Guidelines 808/819-IPG 057, p. 4.
  16. 16 All jurisdictions define workplace in broad enough terms that all forms of telework apply. The Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act offers a good example: “(s. 1.1) ‘workplace’ means any land, premises, location or thing at, upon, in or near which a worker works.”
  17. 17 Crandell, W., & Gao, L. (2005). An update on telecommuting: Review and prospects for emerging issues. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 70(3), 30–37; Healy, M. (2000). Telecommuting: Occupational health considerations for employee health and safety. AAOHN Journal, 48(6), 305–315.
  18. 18 Workers Health and Safety Centre. (1998). Occupational Health and Safety: A Training Manual (3rd ed.).

CHAPTER 4

  1. 1 Mehta, D. (2015, January 27). Manager didn’t insist on lifelines, court hears; Scaffold collapse. National Post, p. A8.
  2. 2 Wetselaar, S. (2014, December 4). Company fined after Christmas Eve scaffolding tragedy that killed four. Toronto Star.
  3. 3 CBC News. (2015, June 26). Vadim Kazenelson found guilty in deadly Toronto scaffolding collapse. CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/vadim-kazenelson-found-guilty-in-deadly-toronto-scaffolding-collapse-1.3128868
  4. 4 Barnetson, B., & Foster, J. (2015). If it bleeds it leads.
  5. 5 AWCBC. (2025).
  6. 6 Hsiaoa, H., & Simeonova, P. (2001). Preventing falls from roofs: A critical review. Ergonomics, 44(5), 537–561; Kemmlert, K., & Lundholm, L. (2001). Slips, trips and falls in different work groups—with reference to age and from a preventive perspective. Applied Ergonomics, 32(2): 149–153; Lipscomb, H., Dale, A. M., Kaskutas, V., Sherman-Voellinger, R., & Evanoff, B. (2008). Challenges in residential fall prevention: Insight from apprentice carpenters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 51(1), 60–68.
  7. 7 Rivara, F., & Thompson, D. (2000). Prevention of falls in the construction industry: Evidence for program effectiveness. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18(4), 23–26.
  8. 8 Bentley, T. (2009). The role of latent and active failures in workplace slips, trips and falls: An information processing approach. Applied Ergonomics, 40, 177.
  9. 9 Bell, J., et al. (2008). Evaluation of a comprehensive slip, trip and fall prevention programme for hospital employees. Ergonomics, 51(12), 1906–1925.
  10. 10 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2003). Gender issues in safety and health at work: A review.
  11. 11 Key, M. M., Henschel, A., Butler, J., Ligo, R. N., Tabershaw, I., & Ede, L. (1977). Occupational Diseases: A guide to their recognition (Rev. ed.). U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare; Basner, M., Babisch, W., Davis, A., Brink, M., Clark, C., Janssen, S., & Stansfeld, S. (2014). Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. Lancet, 383(9925), 1325–1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61613-X
  12. 12 Safe Work Australia. (2011). Managing Noise and Preventing Hearing Loss at Work.
  13. 13 E.g., Groothoff, B. (2006). Proceedings of Acoustics 2005, Australian Acoustics Society: 335–340. http://www.acoustics.asn.au/conference_proceedings/AAS2005/index.htm
  14. 14 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2023, July 17). Noise: Occupational exposure limits in Canada. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/noise/exposure_can.html
  15. 15 Passchier-Vermeer, W., & Passchier, W. F. (2000). Noise exposure and public health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (Suppl. 1), 123–131.
  16. 16 Chen, C.-J., Dai, Y.-T., Sun, Y.-M., Lin, Y.-C., & Juang, Y.-J. (2007). Evaluation of auditory fatigue in combined noise, heat and workload exposure. Industrial Health, 45, 527–534. Chou, Y.-F., Lai, J.-S., & Kuo, H.-W. (2009). Effects of shift work on noise-induced hearing loss. Noise & Health, 11, 185–190.
  17. 17 Golmohammadi, R., & Ebrahim, D. (2019). The combined effects of occupational exposure to noise and other risk factors — A systematic review. Noise & Health, 21(101), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.4103/nah.NAH_4_18
  18. 18 Based on Alberta Occupational Health and Safety Code, Schedule 3, Table 1.
  19. 19 Groothoff, B. (2012). Physical Hazards: Noise and Vibration. In Health and Safety Professionals Alliance, The Core Body of Knowledge for Generalist OHS Professionals. Safety Institute of Australia, p. 12.
  20. 20 Golmohammadi & Ebrahim. (2019).
  21. 21 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2003).
  22. 22 Health and Safety Executive, Government of Great Britain. (2011). Thermal Comfort. http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/
  23. 23 Messing, K. (1998). One-eyed science: Occupational health and women workers. Temple University Press.
  24. 24 ACGIH. (2013). Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices.
  25. 25 Adam-Poupart, A., Nicolakakis, N., Anassour Laouan Sidi, E., Berry, P., Campagna, C., Chaumont, D., Hamel, D., Labrèche, F., Sassine, M.-P., Smargiassi, A., & Zayed, J. (2021). Climate change and heat vulnerabilities of Canadian workers: Focus on the central and western provinces of Canada. Institut national de santé publique du Québec; Acharya, P., Boggess, B., & Zhang, K. (2018). Assessing heat stress and health among construction workers in a changing climate: A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020247; Levi, M., Kjellstrom, T., & Baldasseroni, A. (2018). Impact of climate change on occupational health and productivity: A systematic literature review focusing on workplace heat. Medicina Del Lavoro, 109(3), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v109i3.6851
  26. 26 Adam-Poupart, A., Smargiassi, A., Busque, M.-A., Duguay, P., Fournier, M., Zayed, J., & Labrèche, F. (2015). Effect of summer outdoor temperatures on work-related injuries in Quebec (Canada). Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 72(5), 338–345.
  27. 27 Adam-Poupart et al. (2021); Fortune, M., Mustard, C., & Brown, P. (2014). The use of Bayesian inference to inform the surveillance of temperature-related occupational morbidity in Ontario, Canada, 2004–2010. Environmental Research, 132, 449–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.022
  28. 28 Xiang, J., Bi, P., Pisaniello, D., & Hansen, A. (2014). Health impacts of workplace heat exposure: An epidemiological review. Industrial Health, 52(2), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2012-0145; Varghese, B. M., Hansen, A., Bi, P., & Pisaniello, D. (2018). Are workers at risk of occupational injuries due to heat exposure? A comprehensive literature review. Safety Science, 110, 380–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.04.027
  29. 29 CBC News. (2022, October 12). Construction worker who died on the job “had full life ahead of him,” inquest hears. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/olivier-bruneau-coroner-death-inquest-begins-1.6612753
  30. 30 Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. (2023, March 30). Introduction to radiation: Radiation doses. Government of Canada. https://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/resources/radiation/radiation-doses/
  31. 31 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2024, April 23). Physical agents: Radiation — Quantities and units of ionizing radiation. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/ionizing.html
  32. 32 Quoted in Storey, R. (2005). Activism and the making of occupational health and safety law in Ontario, 1960s–1980. Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, 3(1), 48.
  33. 33 Quoted in Lopez-Pacheco, A. (2014). The strike that saved lives. CIM Magazine (June/July), 34.
  34. 34 Modenese, A., Korpinen, L., & Gobba, F. (2018). Solar radiation exposure and outdoor work: An underestimated occupational risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102063
  35. 35 Joshua, A. M. (2012). Melanoma prevention: Are we doing enough? A Canadian perspective. Current Oncology, 19(6), e462–e467. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.19.1222; Monteiro, A. F., Rato, M., & Martins, C. (2016). Drug-induced photosensitivity: Photoallergic and phototoxic reactions. Clinics in Dermatology, 34(5), 571–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.05.006
  36. 36 Canada Gazette. (2023, July 1). Regulations amending the radiation emitting device regulations (laser products). Canada Gazette, Part 1, 157(26). https://canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2023/2023-07-01/html/reg2-eng.html
  37. 37 Kusada, R., Ida, Y., & Matsumura, H. (2018). Iatrogenic burns caused by gastrointestinal gas explosion during use of a holmium YAG laser. Burns Open, 2(4), 181–184.
  38. 38 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2021, March 31). Physical agents: Lasers: Health care. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/lasers.html
  39. 39 Helliwell, P., & Taylor, W. (2004). Repetitive strain injury. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 80, 438–443.
  40. 40 Schlosser, E. (2001). The chain never stops. Mother Jones, 26(4). http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2001/07/dangerous-meatpacking-jobs-eric-schlosser
  41. 41 Piedrahita, H., Punnett, L., & Shahnavaz, H. (2004). Musculoskeletal symptoms in cold exposed and non-cold exposed workers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34(4), 271–278.
  42. 42 Schlosser, E. (2001). The chain never stops.
  43. 43 Cummins, H. J. (1992, January 26). Scanners add up injuries for grocery checkout clerks. Seattle Times. https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19920126/1472135/scanners-add-up-injuries-for-grocery-checkout-clerks

CHAPTER 5

  1. 1 Sousa, A. (2024, March 6). First Nation sues Alberta Energy Regulator over tailings leaks from oilsands mine. CBC News Edmonton. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/first-nation-sues-alberta-energy-regulator-over-tailings-leaks-from-oilsands-mine-1.7135069
  2. 2 Malbeuf, J. (2021, March 10). Doctor who raised concerns about cancer rates downstream from oilsands wins whistleblower award. CBC News Edmonton. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-whistleblower-fort-chipewyan-john-o-connor-1.5943389
  3. 3 De Bord, D. G., Shoemaker, D., B’Hymer, C., & Snawder, J. (2022, September). NIOSH manual of analytical methods, 5th edition: Application of biological monitoring methods for chemical exposures in occupational health, BI-1–BI-48. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/pdf/chapter-bi.pdf
  4. 4 Morra-Carlisle, M. (2012, August 23). Service industry hazards getting under workers’ skin. Canadian Occupational Safety. http://www.cos-mag.com/Hygiene/Hygiene-Stories/service-industry-hazards-getting-under-workers-skin.html
  5. 5 Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Skin exposures and effects. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/
  6. 6 Government of Alberta. (2011). Best Practices Guidelines for Occupational Health and Safety in the Healthcare Industry.
  7. 7 Gillett, N. P., Weaver, A. J., Zwiers, F. W., & Flannigan, M. D. (2004). Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(18). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020876; Kirchmeier-Young, M. C., Zwiers, F. W., Gillett, N. P., & Cannon, A. J. (2017). Attributing extreme fire risk in western Canada to human emissions. Climatic Change, 144(2), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2030-0
  8. 8 Hanes, C. C., Wang, X., Jain, P., Parisien, M.-A., Little, J. M., & Flannigan, M. D. (2019). Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 49(3), 256–269. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0293
  9. 9 Health Canada. 2022. Health in a changing climate 2022. https://changingclimate.ca/health-in-a-changing-climate/newsroom/; Albert-Green, A., Dean, C. B., Martell, D. L., & Woolford, D. G. (2013). A methodology for investigating trends in changes in the timing of the fire season with applications to lightning-caused forest fires in Alberta and Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 43(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2011-0432; Hanes, C. C., Wang, X., Jain, P., Parisien, M.-A., Little, J. M., & Flannigan, M. D. (2019). Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 49(3), 256–269. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0293
  10. 10 Flannigan, M. D., Wotton, B. M., Marshall, G. A., de Groot, W. J., Johnston, J., Jurko, N., & Cantin, A. S. (2016). Fuel moisture sensitivity to temperature and precipitation: Climate change implications. Climatic Change, 134(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1521-0
  11. 11 Prairie Climate Centre. (2019). The Climate Atlas of Canada (version 2, July 10, 2019). https://climateatlas.ca/
  12. 12 Adetona, A. M. (2016). Wildland firefighter work task-related smoke exposures at prescribed burns and their effect on pro inflammatory biomarkers and urinary mutagenicity [doctoral dissertation]. University of Georgia; Black, C., Tesfaigzi, Y., Bassein, J. A., & Miller, L. A. (2017). Wildfire smoke exposure and human health: Significant gaps in research for a growing public health issue. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 55, 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.022
  13. 13 Psarros, C., Theleritis, C., Kokras, N., Lyrakos, D., Koborozos, A., Kakabakou, O., Tzanoulinos, G., Katsiki, P., & Bergiannaki, J. D. (2018). Personality characteristics and individual factors associated with PTSD in firefighters one month after extended wildfires. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1368703
  14. 14 Barn, P., Keefe, A. R., Slot, N., Jardine, K. J., Ziembicki, S., Telfer, J., Palmer, A. L., & Peters, C. E. (2021). Canada should move toward adopting harmonized evidence-based OELs to consistently and adequately protect workers. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 65(4), 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa110
  15. 15 Castleman, B., & Ziem, G. (1988). Corporate influence on threshold limit values. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 13(188), 531–559.
  16. 16 Torres, K. (2008, June 1). Judge rules in favor of ACGIH in TLV lawsuit. EHS Today. https://www.ehstoday.com/archive/article/21907402/judge-rules-in-favor-of-acgih-in-tlv-lawsuit
  17. 17 Berends, A., & Doornaert, B. (2019). Corporate occupational exposure limits: An example of a strategy. Environmental Quality Management, 28(4), 27–31. https://0-doi-org.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/10.1002/tqem.21634
  18. 18 Barn et al. (2021).
  19. 19 Barn et al. (2021).
  20. 20 Dorman, P. (2006). Is expert paternalism the answer to worker irrationality? In V. Mogensen (Ed.), Worker safety under siege: Labor, capital and the politics of workplace safety in a deregulated world (pp. 34–57). M.E. Sharpe.
  21. 21 Ziem, G., & Castleman, B. (2000). Threshold limit values: Historical perspectives and current practice. In S. Kroll-Smith, P. Brown & V. Gunter (Eds.), Illness and the Environment (pp. 120–134). New York University Press.
  22. 22 Michaels, D. (2008). Doubt is their product: How industry’s assault on science threatens your health. Oxford University Press.
  23. 23 Roach, S., & Rappaport, S. (1990). But they are not thresholds: A critical analysis of the documentation of threshold limit values. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 17, 728–753.
  24. 24 Foster, J. (2011). Talking ourselves to death? Prospects for social dialogue in North America—Lessons from Alberta. Labor Studies Journal, 36(2), 288–306.
  25. 25 Golmohammadi, R., & Ebrahim, D. 2019. The combined effects of occupational exposure to noise and other risk factors — A systematic review.” Noise & Health, 21(101), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.4103/nah.NAH_4_18
  26. 26 Chen, G. D., McWilliams, M. L., & Fechter, L. D. (1999). Intermittent noise-induced hearing loss and the influence of carbon monoxide. Hearing Research, 138, 181–191.
  27. 27 Pourzarea, G., Attarchi, M., Valirad, F., & Mohammadi, S. (2016). The effect of simultaneous exposure to organic solvents and noise on high frequency hearing loss in tire manufacturing company workers. Occupational Medicine Quarterly, 8, 72–80; Rapisarda, V., Ledda, C., Ferrante, M., Fiore, M., Cocuzza, S., Bracci, M., & Fenga, C. (2015). Blood pressure and occupational exposure to noise and lead (Pb). Toxicology and Industrial Health, 32, 1729–1736.
  28. 28 Messing, K. (1998). One-eyed Science: Occupational health and women workers. Temple University Press.
  29. 29 Nicol, A-M, Hurrell, C., Wahyuni, D., McDowall, W., & Chu, W. (2008). Accuracy, comprehensibility, and use of material safety data sheets. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 51(11), 861–876.

CHAPTER 6

  1. 1 Foster, J. (2012). Making temporary permanent: The silent transformation of the Temporary Foreign Workers Program. Just Labour, 19, 22–46.
  2. 2 Foster, J., Cake, S., & Barnetson, B. (2022). Profits first, safety second: Canada’s occupational health and safety system at 50. Labour/Le travail, 90, 179–202.
  3. 3 Foster, J., Cake, S., & Barnetson, B. (2022)
  4. 4 Corbella, L. (2020, May 5). Cargill worker who died was jolly, sweet and unprotected. Calgary Herald. https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/corbella-cargill-worker-who-died-was-jolly-sweet-and-unprotected
  5. 5 World Health Organization. (2017). Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 92(34), 477–500.
  6. 6 El-Sayed, A., & Kamel, M. (2020). Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 22336–22352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08896-w
  7. 7 Bouchard, C., Dibernardo, A., Koffi, J., Wood, H., Leighton, P. A., & Lindsay, L. R. (2019). Increased risk of tick-borne diseases with climate and environmental changes. Canadian Communicable Disease Report, 45(4), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i04a02
  8. 8 El-Sayed & Kamel. (2020).
  9. 9 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2023). Climate change: Workplace impacts. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety.
  10. 10 Keenleyside, W. (2019). Microbiology: Canadian edition. Open Library. https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/microbio/
  11. 11 Molenti, M. (2021, May 13). The 60-year-old scientific screw-up that helped COVID kill. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/the-teeny-tiny-scientific-screwup-that-helped-covid-kill/
  12. 12 WorkSafe BC. (2024). COVID-19 claims data. WorkSafe BC. https://www.worksafebc.com/en/covid-19/claims/covid-19-claims-by-industry-sector
  13. 13 Takala, J., Descatha, A., Oppliger, A., Hamzaoui, H., Bråkenhielm, C., & Neupane, S. (2023). Global estimates on biological risks at work. Safety and Health at Work, 14(4), 390–397.
  14. 14 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Biological risk assessment: General considerations for laboratories. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/safe-labs/php/biological-risk-assessment/process.html
  15. 15 Roche, D. (2021, December 29). Delta CEO letter to CDC resurfaces after cutting of isolation time raises questions. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/delta-ceo-letter-cdc-resurfaces-cutting-isolation-time-raises-questions-covid-19-1663887
  16. 16 Hakki, S.,Zhou, J., Jonnerby, J., Singanayagam, A., Barnett, J. L., Madon, K. J., Koycheva, A., Kelly, C., Houston, H., Nevin, S., Fenn, J., Kundu, R., Crone, M. A., Pillay, T. D., Ahmad, S., Derqui-Fernandez, N., Conibear, E., Freemont, P. S., Taylor, G. P. . . . Lalvani, A. (2022). Onset and window of SAR-CoV-2 infections and temporal correlation with symptom onset: A prospective, longitudinal, community cohort study. The Lancet, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00226-0
  17. 17 Sun, L. (2024, February 13). CDC plans to drop five-day Covid isolation guidelines. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2024/02/13/covid-isolation-guidelines-cdc-change/
  18. 18 Davis, D. (2007). The secret history of the war on cancer. Basic Books, p. 380.
  19. 19 Davis, D. (2007), p. 372.
  20. 20 Davis, D. (2007), p. 378.
  21. 21 Bohme, S., Zorabedian, J., & Egilman, D. (2005). Maximizing profit and endangering health: Corporate strategies to avoid litigation and regulation. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 11(6), 338–348.
  22. 22 Lokke, S. (2006). The precautionary principle and chemicals regulation: Past achievements and future possibilities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 13(5), 3.
  23. 23 MacIsaac, S., & Morissette, R. (2023). Employee paid sick leave coverage in Canada, 1995 to 2023. Statistics Canada. https://doi.org/10.25318/36280001202301000001-eng
  24. 24 CDC. (2024). Explaining how vaccines work. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/explaining-how-vaccines-work.html
  25. 25 CTV. (2014, December 1). Doctors split on mandatory flu vaccines for health- care workers. http://www.californiahealthline.org/capitol-desk/2015/8/committee-oks-vaccine-requirement-for-day-care-workers-floor-vote-next
  26. 26 Simons, P. (2014, January 2). Time for Alberta’s health care workers to roll up their sleeves and get the flu shot. Edmonton Journal. https://edmontonjournal.com/news/edmonton/alberta/paula-simons-time-for-albertas-health-care-workers-to-roll-up-their-sleeves-and-get-the-flu-shot-we-need-to-fight-both-influenza-and-ignorance
  27. 27 Eggertson, L. (2010). Lancet retracted 12-year-old article linking autism to MMR vaccines. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(4), E199–E200.
  28. 28 Burki, T. (2020). The online anti-vaccine movement in the age of Covid. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(10), E504–E505.

CHAPTER 7

  1. 1 Boucher v. Wal-Mart Canada Corp., 2014 ONCA 419 (Ontario Court of Appeal 419, May 5, 2014), para 24.
  2. 2 Boucher v. Wal-Mart Canada Corp. (2014)
  3. 3 Boucher v. Wal-Mart Canada Corp. (2014)
  4. 4 Work-related stress most often caused by heavy workloads and work-life balance. (2023, June 19). The Daily, component of Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 11-001-X. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/daily-quotidien/230619/dq230619c-eng.pdf?st=5M1kdt2k
  5. 5 Macklem, K. (2005). The toxic workplace. Maclean’s, 118(5), 34.
  6. 6 Karasek, R. (1979). Job Demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308.
  7. 7 Karasek, R., & Theorell, T. (1992). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. Basic Books.
  8. 8 Rivera-Torres, P., Araque-Padilla, R., & Montero-Simó, M. (2013). Job stress across gender: The importance of emotional and intellectual demands and social support in women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(1), 375–389.
  9. 9 Shultz, K., Wang, M., Crimmins, E., & Fisher, G. (2010). Age differences in the demand–control model of work stress: An examination of data from 15 European countries. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29(1), 21–47.
  10. 10 van der Doef, M., & Maes, S. (1999). The job demand-control (-support) model and psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research. Work & Stress, 13(2), 87–114.
  11. 11 Hausser, A., Mojzisch, M. N., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten years on: A review of recent research on the job demand-control (-support) model and psychological well-being. Work & Stress, 24(1), 1–35.
  12. 12 Colligan, T., & Higgins, E. (2006). Workplace stress. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 21(2), 89–97, p. 92.
  13. 13 Mojtehedzadeh, S. (2018, December 4). Workers’ compensation board denies over 90 per cent of chronic mental stress claims, audit shows. Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/workers-compensation-board-denies-over-90-per-cent-of-chronic-mental-stress-claims-audit-shows/article_eb6dfdb2-d539-5fd8-a1ee-3a65a70a6d6a.html
  14. 14 WorkSafeBC. (2014). Fatigue can also make workers more susceptible to stress and illness. WorkSafe Bulletin WS2014-14: 1.
  15. 15 Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada. (2025). National work injury, disease and fatality statistics, 2021–2023. https://awcbc.org/files/publications/2023-Nwisp-Publicaiton-public-version.pdf
  16. 16 Statistics Canada. (2008). National Yearbook 2008. Government of Canada.
  17. 17 Klingbeil, C., Wittmeier, B., Dawson, T., & Pruden, J. (2014, March 1). ‘It was a really scary moment’; Knife attacks at Loblaw centre leave two dead, four injured. Edmonton Journal, p. A3.
  18. 18 Denenberg, R., & Schneider-Denenberg, T. (2012). Workplace violence and the media: The myth of the disgruntled employee. Work, 42(1), 5–7.
  19. 19 Grant’s law changes come into effect today. (2012, April 15). CityNews Everywhere [Vancouver]. https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2012/04/15/grants-law-changes-come-into-effect-today/; Meissner, D. (2011, December 8). B.C. changes “gas and dash” regulations after employer concerns. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/187422/b-c-changes-gas-and-dash-regulations-after-employer-concerns/
  20. 20 Barnetson, B. (2016, November 1). OHS consultation on gas stations and convenience stores. Labour & Employment in Alberta. https://albertalabour.blogspot.com/2016/11/ohs-consultation-on-gas-stations-and.html
  21. 21 Cummings, M. (2018, June 1). Prepaying for gas now mandatory in Alberta. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/prepaying-for-gas-now-mandatory-across-alberta-edmonton-1.4688577
  22. 22 Sinnema, J. (2015, November 3). Family violence ‘a workplace hazard’; Death review committee calls for better protection for employees. Edmonton Journal, p. A4.
  23. 23 Alberta Family Violence Death Review Committee (2015). Case Review Public Report, November 2, p. 3.
  24. 24 Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452–471.
  25. 25 Rospenda, K., Richman, J., Ehmke, J., & Zlatoper, K. (2005). Is workplace harassment hazardous to your health? Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(1), 95–110.
  26. 26 Raver, J., & Nishii, L. (2010). Once, twice, or three times as harmful? Ethnic harassment, gender harassment, and generalized workplace harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 236–254.
  27. 27 Anthias, F., & Yuval-Davis, N. (1992). Racialized boundaries: Race, nation, gender, colour and class and the anti-racist struggle. Routledge.
  28. 28 Namie, G. (2003). Workplace bullying: Escalated incivility. Ivey School of Business.
  29. 29 Beale, D. (2011). Workplace bullying and the employment relationship. Work, Employment & Society, 25(1), 5–18; Hodgins, M., MacCurtain, S., & Mannix-McNamara, P. (2020). Power and inaction: Why organizations fail to address workplace bullying. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 13(3), 265–290. https://0-doi-org.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/10.1108/IJWHM-10-2019-0125
  30. 30 Hirschman, A. (1970). Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Harvard University Press.
  31. 31 Leck, D., & Saunders, D. (1992). Hirschman’s loyalty: Attitude or behavior? Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 5(3), 219–230; Rusbult, C., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous, A. G. (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 599–627.
  32. 32 Law, R., Dollard, M., Tuckey, M., & Dormann, C. (2011). Psychosocial safety climate as a lead indicator of workplace bullying and harassment, job resources, psychological health and employee engagement. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(5), 1782–1793; Amoadu, M., Ansah, E. W., & Sarfo, J. O. (2023). Influence of psychosocial safety climate on occupational health and safety: A scoping review. BMC Public Health, 23, Article 1344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16246-x
  33. 33 Alberta. (2016, October). Investigation report: Worker fatally injured during a robbery at the workplace, December 18, 2015. Report No. F-OHS-098782-389D3. https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/9fcb4f1c-88a3-419d-80be-fdd47fb07baa/resource/1510ef60-c843-4203-bd8e-07cdb6aa167e/download/15-12-18-sukhrajenterprisesltd.reportpublic.pdf
  34. 34 CBC News. (2015, December 18). South Edmonton armed robberies leave 2 Mac’s workers dead. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/convenience-store-robbery-deaths-edmonton-1.3371247
  35. 35 Ellwand, O. (2016, June 19). Widow of man killed in Edmonton Mac’s store robberies launches awareness project on Father’s Day weekend. Edmonton Journal. https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/widow-of-man-killed-in-edmonton-macs-store-robberies-launches-awareness-project-on-fathers-day-weekend
  36. 36 Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524; Oakman, J., Kinsman, N., Stuckey, R., Graham, M., & Weale, V. (2020). A rapid review of mental and physical health effects of working at home: How do we optimise health? BMC Public Health, 20, Article 1825. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09875-z
  37. 37 Gajendran & Harrison. (2007); Oakman et al. (2020).
  38. 38 Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E. (2006). Health consequences of work-family conflict: The dark side of the work-family interface. Psychology Faculty Publications 583; Marti, A. R., Degerud, E., & Sterud, T. (2022). Onset of work-life conflict increases risk of subsequent psychological distress in the Norwegian working population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), Article 13292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013292; Chandler, K. D. (2021). Work-family conflict is a public health concern. Public Health in Practice, 2, 100158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100158; Leineweber, C., Baltzer, M., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., & Westerlund, H. (2013). Work-family conflict and health in Swedish working women and men: A 2-year prospective analysis (the SLOSH study). European Journal of Public Health, 23, 710–716.
  39. 39 Foster, J., Samani, M. N., Campbell, S., & Walsworth, S. (2022). Newbies vs. old-timers: University workers’ differential experiences of working from home during Covid-19. Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labour, 33, 11–21.
  40. 40 Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Dino, R. N. (2008). The impact of professional isolation on teleworker job performance and turnover intentions: Does time spent teleworking, interacting face-to-face, or having access to communication-enhancing technology matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1412–1421. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012722
  41. 41 Cramton, C. D. (2001). The mutual knowledge problem and its consequences for dispersed collaboration. Organization Science, 12(3), 346–371.

CHAPTER 8

  1. 1 Quoted in Warren, M. (2015, June 26). Precarious work takes a toll, area workers say at provincial forum. Guelph Mercury, p. A3.
  2. 2 Quoted in Bauman, J. (2015, July 23). A $15-an-hour minimum wage needed to fight poverty. Waterloo Region Record, p. A11.
  3. 3 Neilson, W. (2015, July 3). Pitching the $15 Minimum Wage. Woolwich Observer, n.p. http://observerxtra.com/2015/07/03/pitching-the-15-minimum-wage/
  4. 4 Vosko, L. (2006). Precarious employment: Understanding labour market insecurity in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  5. 5 Vosko, L. (2000). Temporary work: The gendered rise of a precarious employment relationship. University of Toronto Press.
  6. 6 Statistics Canada (2021). Aspects of quality of employment in Canada, February and March 2020. Government of Canada.
  7. 7 Saunders, R. (2010). Shift work and health. Institute for Work and Health.
  8. 8 Haus, E., & Smolensky, M. (2006). Biological clocks and shift work: Circadian dysregulation and potential long term effects. Cancer Causes and Control, 17, 489–500.
  9. 9 Institute for Work and Health. (2010).
  10. 10 Straif, K., Baan, R., Grosse, Y., Secretan, B., El Ghissassi, F., Bouvard, V., Altieri, A., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., & Cogliano, V. (2007). Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting. The Lancet Oncology, 8(12), 1065–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70373-X.
  11. 11 Knauth, P., & Hornberger, S. (2003). Preventive and compensatory measures for shift workers. Occupational Medicine, 53(2), 109–116.
  12. 12 Caruso, C., Hitchcock, E., Dick, R., Russo, J., & Schmit, J. (2004). Overtime and Extended Work Shifts: Recent Findings on Illnesses, Injuries, and Health Behaviors. NIOSH.
  13. 13 Lerman, S., et al. (2012). Fatigue risk management in the workplace. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(2), 231–258.
  14. 14 Milner, A., Smith, P., & LaMontagne, A. (2015). Working hours and mental health in Australia: Evidence from an Australian population-based cohort, 2001–2012. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 72(8), 573–579. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102791
  15. 15 Lerman et al. (2012).
  16. 16 Hochschild, A. (1983). The Managed Heart. University of California Press.
  17. 17 Wharton, A. (1993). The affective consequences of service work: Managing emotions on the job. Work and Occupations, 20(2), 205–232.
  18. 18 Pugliesi, K. (1999). The consequences of emotional labor: Effects on work stress, job satisfaction, and well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 23(2), 125–154.
  19. 19 Deery, S., Iverson, R., & Walsh, J. (2002). Work relationships in telephone call centres: Understanding emotional exhaustion and employee withdrawal. Journal of Management Studies, 39(4), 471–496.
  20. 20 Smith, P. (2012). The emotional labour of nursing revisited: Can nurses still care? Palgrave-MacMillan.
  21. 21 Foster, J. (2023). Gigs, hustles and temps. Lorimer.
  22. 22 Vosko (2006).
  23. 23 Underhill, E., & Quinlan, M. (2011). How precarious employment affects health and safety at work: The case of temporary agency workers. Relations Industrielle/Industrial Relations, 66(3), 397–421.
  24. 24 Kreshpaj, B., Bodin, T., Wegman, T., Matilla-Santander, N., Burstrom, B., Kjellberg, K., & Davis, L. (2022). Under-reporting of non-fatal occupational injuries among precarious and non-precarious workers in Sweden. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 79(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2021-107856
  25. 25 Quinlan, M., Mayhew, C., & Bohle, P. (2001). The global expansion of precarious employment, work disorganization and consequences for occupational health: A review of recent literature. International Journal of Health Services, 31(2), 335–414.
  26. 26 Lewchuk, W., Clarke, M., & de Wolff, A. (2008). Working without commitments: Precarious employment and health. Work, Employment & Society, 22, 387–406.
  27. 27 Franklin, P. (2021). Quality jobs as well as quality jabs: Protecting health by tackling precarious work. ETUI Policy Brief. ETUI.
  28. 28 Procyk, S., Lewchuk, W., & Shields, J. (2017). Precarious employment: Causes, consequences and remedies. Fernwood.
  29. 29 Quinlan, M., & Bohle, P. (2004). Contingent work and occupational safety. In J. Barling & M. Frone (Eds.), The psychology of workplace safety (pp. 81–106). American Psychological Association.
  30. 30 Lewchuk et al. (2011).
  31. 31 Lewchuk et al. (2011), p. 10.
  32. 32 Lewchuk et al. (2011), p. 137.
  33. 33 Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. (2024). Key small business statistics 2023. https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/sme-research-statistics/en/key-small-business-statistics/key-small-business-statistics-2023#s1.1
  34. 34 Hasle, P., & Limborg, H. (2006). A review of the literature on preventative occupational health and safety activities in small enterprises. Industrial Health, 44, 6–12.
  35. 35 Sørensen, O., Hasle, P., & Bach, E. (2007). Working in small enterprises—Is there a special risk? Safety Science, 45, 1044–1059.
  36. 36 Legg, S., Laird, I., Olsen, K., & Hasle, P. (2014). Creating healthy work in small enterprises—from understanding to action: Summary of current knowledge. Small Enterprise Research, 21, 139–147.
  37. 37 Hasle & Limborg. (2006).
  38. 38 Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada. (2023). National work injury, disease and fatality statistics 2020–2022. Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada.
  39. 39 Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada. (2023). National work injury, disease and fatality statistics 2020–2022. Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada.
  40. 40 Leeth, J., & Ruser, J. (2003). Compensating wage differentials for fatal and nonfatal injury risk by gender and race. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 27(3), 257–277.
  41. 41 Mousaid, S., De Moortel, D., Malmusi, D., & Vanroelen, C. (2016). New perspectives on occupational health and safety in immigrant populations: Studying the intersection between immigrant background and gender. Ethnicity & Health, 21(3), 251–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2015.1061103
  42. 42 Flynn, M., Eggerth, D., & Jacobson, J. (2015). Undocumented status as a social determinant of occupational safety and health: The workers’ perspective. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 58(11), 1127–1137. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22531
  43. 43 Leeth, J., & Ruser, J., (2006). Safety segregation: The importance of gender, race, and ethnicity on workplace risk. Journal of Economic Inequality, 4, 123–152.
  44. 44 Stergiou-Kita, M., et al. (2015). Danger zone: Men, masculinity and occupational health and safety in high risk occupations. Safety Science, 80, 213–220.
  45. 45 Rohlman, D. (2024, January 3). Workers in their teens and early 20s are more likely to get hurt than older employees. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/workers-in-their-teens-and-early-20s-are-more-likely-to-get-hurt-than-older-employees-213535
  46. 46 WorkSafe BC. (2024). Young & new workers. WorkSafe BC. https://www.worksafebc.com/en/health-safety/education-training-certification/young-new-worker
  47. 47 SafeWork Manitoba. (2024). Have the talk about workplace safety: Hospitality and service safety and youth. https://www.safemanitoba.com/Page%20Related%20Documents/resources/TC_HospitalitySafetyYouth_17SWMB.pdf
  48. 48 WorkSafe BC. 2019. Keeping your kid safe at work: A guide for parents. WorkSafe BC. https://www.worksafebc.com/resources/health-safety/books-guides/keeping-your-kids-safe-at-work-guide-for-parents?lang=en&direct
  49. 49 Alberta. (2022, November 24). Tips for parents of young workers: Your child at work. Alberta Government. https://open.alberta.ca/publications/tips-for-parents-of-young-workers-child-work
  50. 50 WorkSafe Saskatchewan. (2013). Young worker rights and responsibilities: Tips for parents. WorkSafe Saskatchewan. https://www.worksafesask.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Parent-Tips-Fact-Sheet-Illustrated.pdf
  51. 51 Barnetson, B. (2010). The effectiveness of complaint-driven regulation of child labour in Alberta. Just Labour, 16, 9–24.

CHAPTER 9

  1. 1 WorkSafeBC. (2010). Incident Investigation Report No. 2008095610260. http://www.worksafebc.com/news_room/news_releases/assets/nr_11_25_11/IIR2008095610260.pdf
  2. 2 WorkSafeBC (2010).
  3. 3 Hoekstra, G., & McKnight, Z. (2012, August 8). 4 years after B.C. tragedy, mushroom farms still lack safety plans. Vancouver Sun. http://www.vancouversun.com/health/years+after+tragedy+mushroom+farms+still+lack+safety+plans/7055462/story.html?__lsa=0169-72e8
  4. 4 The Bloody Lucky campaign remains available online at www.bloodylucky.ca. An alternative link is http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k5CFoOGzE8
  5. 5 Barnetson, B., & Foster, J. (2012). Bloody Lucky: The careless worker myth in Alberta, Canada. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 18(2), 135–146.
  6. 6 You can see this video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Haa4QImf40&list=PLBE242CF787F0BF0A&index=1
  7. 7 Chin, P., DeLuca, C., Poth, C., Chadwick, I., Hutchinson, N., & Munby, H. (2010). Enabling youth to advocate for workplace safety. Safety Science, 48(5), 570–579.
  8. 8 Laberge, M., MacEachen, E., & Calvet, B. (2014). Why are occupational health and safety training approaches not effective? Understanding young worker learning processes using an ergonomic lens. Safety Science, 68, 250–257.
  9. 9 Case summarized from Wilson v. Medicine Hat (City of), 2000 ABCA 247, and from files compiled by one of the co-authors.
  10. 10 Institute for Work & Health. (2010). Effectiveness of OHS education and training. https://www.iwh.on.ca/plain-language-summaries/effectiveness-of-ohs-education-and-training
  11. 11 Smith, P., & Mustard, C. (2007). How many employees receive safety training during their first year of a new job? Injury Prevention, 13(1), 37–41.
  12. 12 Hagel, L., Pickett, W., Pahwa, P., Day, L., Brison, R., Marlenga, B., Crowe, T., Snodgrass, P., Ulmer, K., & Dosman, J. (2008), Prevention of agricultural injuries: An evaluation of an education-based intervention. Injury Prevention, 14(5), 290–295.
  13. 13 Saks, A., & Haccoun, R. (2013). Managing performance through training and development (6th ed.). Nelson.
  14. 14 Saks and Haccoun (2013).
  15. 15 Laberge, MacEachen, & Calvet. (2014).
  16. 16 Geller S. (2001). Behavior-based safety in industry: Realizing the large-scale potential of psychology to promote human welfare. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 10(2), 87–105.
  17. 17 Frederick, J., & Lessin, N. (2000). Blame the worker: The rise of behavioral-based safety programs. Multinational Monitor, 21(11), 10–14.
  18. 18 A good introduction to emergency planning in Canada is available here: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/planning.html
  19. 19 Leach, J. (2004). Why people “freeze” in an emergency: Temporal and cognitive constraints on survival responses. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75(6), 539–542.

CHAPTER 10

  1. 1 Quoted in Adams, C., & Rowney, M. (2014). What was behind the deadly B.C. sawmills explosions? Global News. http://globalnews.ca/news/1604346/16x9-investigation-what-was-behind-the-deadly-b-c-sawmills-explosions/
  2. 2 Dyble, J. (2014). Babine Explosion Investigation: Fact Pattern and Recommendations. Government of British Columbia.
  3. 3 Hasle, P., Kines, P., & Andersen, L. (2009). Small enterprise owners’ accident causation attribution and prevention. Safety Science, 47(1), 9–19, p. 17.
  4. 4 Alberta Labour. (2007). Investigation report file no. F-536919. Alberta Labour.
  5. 5 Mertz, E., & Kornik, S. (2016). Companies’ lack of qualified engineers contributed to fatal Alberta 2007 collapse: OHS. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/2506810/companies-lack-of-qualified-engineers-contributed-to-fatal-alberta-2007-collapse-ohs/
  6. 6 Heinrich, H. (1936). Industrial accident prevention. McGraw-Hill.
  7. 7 Reason, J. (1990). Human error. Cambridge University Press.
  8. 8 Sklet, S. (2004). Comparison of some selected methods for accident investigation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 111, 29–37.
  9. 9 Lundberg, J., Rollenhagen, C., & Hollnagel, E. (2009). What-You-Look-For-Is-What-You-Find—The consequences of underlying accident models in eight accident investigation manuals. Safety Science, 47, 1297–1311.

CHAPTER 11

  1. 1 Brennan, R. (2015, January 31). Meet the man injured Ontario workers ‘love to hate.’ Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/01/31/meet-the-man-injured-ontario-workers-love-to-hate.html
  2. 2 Brennan, R. (2015, January 31).
  3. 3 Government of Canada. (2019). Fundamentals of disability management. https://www.canada.ca/en/government/publicservice/wellness-inclusion-diversity-public-service/health-wellness-public-servants/disability-management/fundamentals.html
  4. 4 Stone, S. (2008). Resisting an illness label: Disability, impairment and illness. In P. Moss & K. Teghtsoonian (Eds.), Contesting illness: Processes and practice (pp. 201–217). University of Toronto Press.
  5. 5 Tompa, E., de Oliveira, C., Dolinschi, R., & Irvin, E. (2008). A systematic review of disability management interventions with economic evaluations. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 18(1), 16–26.
  6. 6 Manitoba Human Rights Commission. (2010). Reasonable accommodation. https://www.manitobahumanrights.ca/education/pdf/guidelines/guideline_reasonableaccommodation.pdf
  7. 7 Beach, J., Ford, G., & Cherry, N. (2006). Final report: A literature review of the role of alcohol and drugs in contributing to work-related injury. University of Alberta, Department of Public Health Sciences.
  8. 8 Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2016). Drug and alcohol testing: Basic principles. http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-drug-and-alcohol-testing/drug-and-alcohol-testing-basic-principles
  9. 9 Dionne v. Commission scolaire des Patriotes, 2014 SCC 3. http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2014/2014scc33/2014scc33.html
  10. 10 Alberta Human Rights Commission. (2013). Interpretative bulletin: Duty to accommodate.
  11. 11 For more information about NIDMAR, see: https://www.nidmar.ca
  12. 12 For more information about Pacific Coast University, see: http://www.pcu-whs.ca
  13. 13 Brennan, R. (2015, January 31). Meet the man injured Ontario workers ‘love to hate.’
  14. 14 MacEachen, E., Ferrier, S., Kosny, A., & Chambers, L. (2007). A deliberation on ‘hurt versus harm’ in early-return-to-work policy. Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, 5(2), 41–62.
  15. 15 MacEachen, E., Ferrier, S., Kosny, A., & Chambers, L. (2007).
  16. 16 MacEachen, E., Ferrier, S., Kosny, A., & Chambers, L. (2007).
  17. 17 Van Eerd, D., Le Pouésard, M., Yanar, B., Irvin, E., Gignac, M. A. M., Jetha, A., Morose, T., & Tompa, E. (2024). Return-to-work experiences in Ontario policing: Injured but not broken. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 34(1), 265–277.
  18. 18 Nastasia, I., Coutu, M.-F., Rives, R., Dubé, J., Gaspard, S., & Quilicot, A. (2021). Role and responsibilities of supervisors in the sustainable return to work of workers following a work-related musculoskeletal disorder. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 31(1), 107–118.
  19. 19 Nastasia et al. (2021).
  20. 20 Hatton, R., Wallis, A., Chew, A., Stanley, M., & Smith, A. (2021). Return to work and cancer: Perspectives of occupational therapists. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 68(4), 298–307.
  21. 21 Van Eerd, D., Le Pouésard, M., Yanar, B., Irvin, E., Gignac, M. A. M., Jetha, A., Morose, T., & Tompa, E. (2024). Return-to-work experiences in Ontario policing: Injured but not broken. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 34(1), 265–277. https://0-doi-org.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/10.1007/s10926-023-10135-1
  22. 22 Schwarz, B., Banaschak, H., Heyme, R., von Kardorff, E., Reims, N., Streibelt, M., & Bethge, M. (2024). A mega-ethnography of qualitative meta-syntheses on return to work in people with chronic health conditions. Die Rehabilitation, 63(1), 39–50. https://0-doi-org.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/10.1055/a-2129-2731

CHAPTER 12

  1. 1 Alberta Labour Relations Board. (2023). Ansley v. Evraz Inc. File no. OHS-00072.
  2. 2 Richardson, B., & Newman, D. (1993). Our health is not for sale. National Film Board of Canada.
  3. 3 Storey, R. (2005). Activism and the making of occupational health and safety law in Ontario, 1960s–1980. Policy and Practice in Occupational Health and Safety, 1, 41–68.
  4. 4 Storey, R., & Lewchuk, W. (2000). From Dust to DUST to dust: Asbestos and the struggle for worker health and safety at Bendix Automotive. Labour/Le Travail, 45, 103–140.
  5. 5 Sass, R. (1986). The workers’ right to know, participate and refuse hazardous work: A manifesto right. Journal of Business Ethics, 5(2), 129–136; Sass, R. (1989). The implications of work organization for occupational health policy: The case of Canada. International Journal of Health Services, 19(1), 157–173.
  6. 6 Tucker, E. (1990). Administering danger in the workplace: The law and politics of occupational health and safety regulation in Ontario, 1850–1914. University of Toronto Press.
  7. 7 Ontario Workplace Safety & Insurance Board & Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters, Ontario Division (2001). Business Results Through Health and Safety. WSIB, p. vi.
  8. 8 Ontario Workplace Safety & Insurance Board & Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters, Ontario Division (2001), p. ix.
  9. 9 Shapiro, S. (2014). Dying at work: Political discourse and occupational safety and health. Wake Forest Law Review, 49, 831–847, pp. 832–833.
  10. 10 Yi, K. H., Cho, H. H. & Kim, J. (2011). An empirical analysis on labor unions and occupational safety and health committees’ activity, and their relation to the changes in occupational injury and illness rate. Safety and Health at Work, 2(4), 321–327.
  11. 11 Gillena, M., Baltz, D., Gassel, M., Kirsch, L., & Vaccaro, D. (2002). Perceived safety climate, job demands, and coworker support among union and nonunion injured construction workers. Journal of Safety Research, 33(1), 33–51.
  12. 12 Hilyer, B., Leviton, L., Overman, L., & Mukherjee, S. (2000). A union-initiated safety training program leads to improved workplace safety. Labour Studies Journal, 24(4), 53–66.
  13. 13 Yi, K. H., Cho, H. H., & Kim, J. (2011). An empirical analysis on labor unions and occupational safety and health committees’ activity, and their relation to the changes in occupational injury and illness rate. Safety and Health at Work, 2(4), 321–327.
  14. 14 Walter, V., & Haines, T. (1988). Workers’ perceptions, knowledge and responses regarding occupational health and safety: A report on a Canadian study. Social Science & Medicine, 27(11), 1189–1196.
  15. 15 Vinodkumar, M., & Bhasib, M. (2010). Safety management practices and safety behaviour: Assessing the mediating role of safety knowledge and motivation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 2082–2093.
  16. 16 Smith, P., & Mustard, C. (2007). How many employees receive safety training in their first year of a new job? Injury Prevention, 13, 37–41.
  17. 17 Sass, R. (1992). The limits of workplace health and safety reforms in liberal economics. New Solutions, 3(1), 31–40.
  18. 18 Lewchuk, W., Robb, L., & Walters, V. (1996). The effectiveness of Bill 70 and Joint Health and Safety Committees in reducing injuries in the workplace: The case of Ontario. Canadian Public Policy, 22(3), 225–243.
  19. 19 Milgate, M., Innes, E., & O’Loughlin, K. (2002). Examining the effectiveness of health and safety committees and representatives: A review. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 19(3), 281–290; Walters, D. (1996). Trade unions and the effectiveness of worker representation in health and safety in Britain. International Journal of Health Services, 26(4), 625–641.
  20. 20 Barnetson, B. (2010). The political economy of workplace injury in Canada. Athabasca University Press.
  21. 21 Morrison, E., & MacKinnon, N. (2008). Workplace wellness programs in Canada: An exploration of key issues. Healthcare Management Forum, 21(1), 26–32.
  22. 22 Baicker, K., Cutler, D., & Song, Z. (2010). Workplace wellness programs can generate savings. Health Affairs, 29(2), 304–311; Mattke, S., et al. (2013). Workplace Wellness Programs Study: Final Report. Rand Corporation.
  23. 23 Parks, K., & Steelman, L. (2008). Organizational wellness programs: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(1), 58–68.
  24. 24 McCarthy, G., Almeida, S., & Ahrens, J. (2011). Understanding employ well-being practices in Australian organizations. International Journal of Health, Wellness and Society, 1(1), 181–197.
  25. 25 Spence, G. (2015). Workplace wellbeing programs: If you build it they may NOT come. . . .because it’s not what they really need! International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(2), 109–124.
  26. 26 Barnetson, B., Foster, J., & Matsunaga-Turnbull, J. (2018). Developing performance indicators for Alberta’s internal responsibility system. Government of Alberta.
  27. 27 Gray, G. (2002). A socio-legal ethnography of the right to refuse dangerous work. Studies in Law, Politics and Society, 24, 133–169.
  28. 28 Foster, J., Barnetson, B., & Matsunaga-Turnbull, J. (2018). Fear factory: Retaliation and rights claiming in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Workplace Rights, 8(2), 1–12.
  29. 29 Government of Alberta. (2008). Report to the Minister of Justice and Attorney General: Public Fatality Inquiry. Justice and Attorney General.
  30. 30 Barnetson, B. (2010).
  31. 31 Barnetson, B. (2010).
  32. 32 Tucker, E. (2003). Diverging trends in worker health and safety protection and participation in Canada, 1985–2000. Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 58(3), 395–426.
  33. 33 Foster, J. (2011). Talking ourselves to death? The prospects for social dialogue in North America—Lessons from Alberta. Labor Studies Journal, 36(2), 288–306.
  34. 34 Neilsen, M. (2015, October 15). WorkSafeBC memo a reason for inquiry into sawmill blasts, union says. Prince George Citizen. http://www.princegeorgecitizen.com/news/local-news/worksafebc-memo-a-reason-for-inquiry-into-sawmill-blasts-union-says-1.2082588
  35. 35 Government of Alberta. (1997). Partnerships Strategic Plan. Alberta Labour, p. 1.
  36. 36 Government of Alberta. (1997), p. 7.
  37. 37 Government of Alberta. (1997), p. 9.
  38. 38 Shapiro, S. (2012). The complexity of regulatory capture: Diagnosis, causality and remediation. Roger Williams University Law Review, 17(1), 221–257.
  39. 39 Barnetson, B. (2015). Worker safety in Alberta: Trading health for profit. In M. Shrivastava & L. Stefanick (Eds.), Alberta oil and the decline of democracy in Canada (pp. 225–248). Athabasca University Press.
  40. 40 Storey, R., & Tucker, E. (2005). All that is solid melts into air: Worker participation in health and safety regulation in Ontario, 1970–2000. In V. Mogensen (Ed.), Worker safety under siege: Labor capital, and the politics of workplace safety in a deregulated world (pp. 157–186). M. E. Sharpe.
  41. 41 Hall, A., Forrest A., Sears, A., & Carlan, N. (2006). Making a difference: Knowledge activism and worker representation in joint OHS committees. Relations Industrielle/Industrial Relations, 61(3), 408–436.
  42. 42 Hall, A., Oudyk, J., King, A., Naqvi, S. & Lewchuk, W. (2015). Identifying knowledge activism in worker health and safety representation: A cluster analysis. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (Online First, July 23). doi: 10.1002/ajim.22520
  43. 43 Workers’ Health and Safety Centre. (1998). Occupational Health and Safety: A Training Manual (3rd ed.).
  44. 44 United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights; United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Annotate

Next Chapter
About the Authors
PreviousNext
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). It may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that the original author is credited.
Powered by Manifold Scholarship. Learn more at
Opens in new tab or windowmanifoldapp.org