“Index” in “Working People in Alberta”
INDEX
bold page numbers indicate photos
A
Aboriginals. See First Nations; Natives
accidents: and city employees, 150
in construction, 141
in meatpacking, 164
and Workers Compensation Board, 158, 180
workplace fatalities, 287–88. See also health and safety on the job
Action Canada Network, 183, 197
adolescent workers, 235
advocacy groups, 215–16
African-Canadians: immigration of, 270, 271, 280–281
labour options for, 272–73, 274, 280–81, 282
and Lakeside Packers, 235–37, 283–84
as railway porters, 266, 277–78
agricultural economy, 33, 71–73, 115, 117, 302n85. See also farming/farmers
Ahtahkakoop, Chief, 33
Aircraft Repair, 251
airline industry, 190
Alberta, Government of: anti-union attitudes of, 109, 125, 179–80, 195, 221–22, 223–24, 250
and civil servants, 86–87, 144–45
cuts to public spending, 176–77, 240
and diversification, 7, 143–44, 151, 174, 238
fight against public sector workers, 144–45, 225
finances of, 187–88, 199, 293, 294
and human rights legislation, 170, 279
labour legislation of, 86, 115, 129, 130–31, 158, 162, 194–95, 278
Labour members of, 93
and prosecuting employers, 235, 287–88
and rat-killing crusade, 108, 109
and social programs, 127–28
support for employers, 117, 181
and temporary foreign workers, 234–35, 285. See also Klein government; Lougheed government; Manning government
Alberta Advantage, the, 215
Alberta Alliance, 311n91
Alberta and Great Waterways Railway, 83
Alberta Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, 278
Alberta Association of Registered Nurses (AARN), 146, 147
Alberta Board of Industrial Relations, 123, 130, 133, 152, 157–58
Alberta District Nursing Service, 245
Alberta Energy Company, 151
Alberta Environmental Network (AEN), 197–98
Alberta Farmers’ Union (AFU), 117
Alberta Federation of Labour (AFL): and Alberta Labour Act, 130, 158
and Alberta Labour History Institute, 4
and building trades, 186
fights anti-union legislation, 182–84, 194–95, 222, 224
fights for fair union legislation, 115, 278
fights Klein cuts, 215, 217, 220
financial problems of, 225
founded, 69
future of, 295
and industrial unionism, 89
merges with IFLA, 133–34
and public sector workers, 144, 148
and safety legislation, 162, 288
social activism of, 143, 170, 197–98, 202, 230, 233
and Social Credit, 128, 134–35, 139, 152–53, 168, 291
strike support from, 199, 218, 228
support for farm workers, 234
and tar sands, 238
ties to NDP, 166, 200, 225, 239, 240
2008 election strategy, 239–40
and unemployment centres, 185
views on non-European immigration, 276–77
and wage controls, 168–70, 179
and workers of colour caucuses, 284
Alberta Federation of Labour Women’s Committee, 258, 264
Alberta Government Telephones (AGT), 151
Alberta Health Care Association, 261
Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund, 294
Alberta Hotel Association (AHA), 132–33
Alberta Human Rights Association (AHRA), 280
Alberta Human Rights Branch, 279
Alberta Labour Act, 130–31, 152–53, 158
Alberta Labour History Institute (ALHI), 4
Alberta Labour Relations Board, 194
Alberta Liquor Control Board, 188, 192, 214
Alberta Municipal Nursing Service, 245
Alberta Status of Women Action Committee (ASWAC), 197
Alberta Teachers Association (ATA), 148, 178, 211, 212, 227, 288
Alberta Union of Provincial Employees (AUPE): and Charter challenge, 196
collective action in 1990s, 226–27
fight with CUPE, 225
formed, 144
and government cuts, 188, 211, 212
and laundry workers strike, 217–18
membership of, 288
strikes of, 145–46, 178, 190, 192
Alberta Workers’ Rights Action Committee, 199
Albertans for Change, 239
All-Canadian Congress of Labour, 92
Allen, Helen, 247
Altasteel strike, 228
Amalgamated Transit Union, 157
ambulance workers, 222
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 48, 63, 68, 105
Anderson, Edwin C., 273
Arthurs, Jimmy, 217
Assiniboine, 32
AUPE. See Alberta Union of Provincial Employees (AUPE)
Avramenko, Joyce, 119
B
Bakers and Confectioners Union, 131–32
Bakery Workers’ Union, 184
Ballerman, Elisabeth, 221
Bannerman, Donald, 82
Baranyk, Ann, 162
Basken, Reg, 153, 156, 193, 198
Bastien, Betty, 24
Battle of Cut Knife Creek, 32
Beauchamp, Vicky, 164
Beaver Creek, 45–46
Bedford, Judy, 249
Bell and Proctor, Mesdames, 273
Bellamy, Dick, 278
Bellamy, Mrs. B.W., 254
Bennett, W.V., 267
Berezowski, Bill, 265
Berg, Carl, 88, 107, 124, 130, 132, 137
Betkowski, Nancy, 208
Beverage Dispensers’ Union, 154
Bezanson, Norman, 130–31
Binoni, Aldo, 106
Birtles, Mary Ellen, 244–45
bison: and Aboriginal technology, 11–12, 13, 15
effect of horse on
hunt of, 22
and Metis, 27
Black, Conrad, 229
Black Americans, 271
The Black Candle (Murphy), 274
Blackfeet, 16
Blackfoot, 9, 14–15, 16, 22, 23, 24
Blair, Bob, 222
Blanchette, Arthur, 278
Blum, Sid, 278
Bolanes, Leo, 191–92
Booi, Larry, 227
Borovoy, Alan, 280
boycotts, 124
Bradwin, Edmund W., 41, 42, 46
breweries, 160, 180, 191, 228, 238, 311n84
Brewery Workers Union, 160
bricklayers, 61, 64, 66, 80, 182
Brink, Jack, 11
British American (BA), 123
British-Canadians, 43, 44, 58, 61, 301n11
Broad, T.W. ‘Bill,’ 144
Brockelbank, R.A., 70
Broeksma, Faye, 257
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 60
Brown, Mrs. Osborne, 244
Buck, Tim, 105
Building Products, 132
Building Trades Council, 222, 288
The Bunkhouse Man (Bradwin), 42
business community: and non-union work, 181
and registration of workers, 85–86
and Social Credit, 103, 123, 128–29, 139
tie to government, 170–71, 176–77
Business Council on National Issues, 177
Byl, Yessy, 234–35
C
Calgary: beginnings of, 39
and Canadian-Chinese, 274
and Depression of 1913-14, 70, 81
general strike in, 90
immigration to, 282
meat-packing industry in, 107
and teachers’ strike, 148
unionization in, 86
and WWI, 80
Calgary General Hospital, 210
Calgary Inter-Faith Community Action Association, 185
Calgary Labour Council, 278
Calgary Trades and Labour Council, 67, 68, 93
California grape boycott, 197
Callihoo, Victoria Belcourt, 243
Cameron, Neil, 193
Campaign for the Welfare State, 294
Canada, Government of: buys out Hudson’s Bay Company, 28–29, 31
and economic depressions, 70, 71, 95
employment of women, 250
and free trade, 201–3
and G8 Summit, 233
and immigrant labour, 42, 44, 143
labour legislation of, 53, 115, 124, 195
and labour strikes, 52–53, 84, 89, 115, 117, 118, 149–50
and Mathers Commission, 87–88
Métis resistance to, 31–32
and National Energy Plan, 174–75, 176
and race-based immigration, 267–268, 270–71, 274–75, 276
reaction to deficits of, 206–7
relations with First Nations, 33–35
and social programs, 127, 128, 188, 259
and temporary foreign worker program, 234, 285
and unemployment centres, 185
wage and price controls of, 124, 179
and WWI conscription, 85–86
Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL), 125, 130, 133, 277
Canadian Federation of Labour (CFL), 186–87, 225
Canadian Federation of Women’s Labour Leagues, 255
Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), 133, 138, 153, 280, 284, 306n67
Canadian Labour Party (CLP), 94–95, 101, 102, 107
Canadian National Railway (CNR), 47, 61, 277
Canadian Natural Resources Limited (CNRL), 223–24
Canadian Northern Railway, 41
Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR): building of, 38, 41, 44–46, 299n5
call for nationalization of, 197
and coal mining, 47, 50, 52, 53, 105
and First Nations’ treaties, 35
and harvest excursions, 73
as major employer, 39, 60, 277
profits from HBC sale, 298n36
and UBRE strike in 1903, 63–64
and urban development, 59
Canadian Paperworkers Union, 143, 160, 165, 187
Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW), 149, 178–79, 180, 260–261
Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE): attitude towards women in, 264
fight with AUPE, 225
and Klein cuts, 212
Cardinal, Jim, 161
Cardinal, Mike, 217
Carswell, Jim, 82
casinos, 231
CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), 230
Celanese: closure of, 205, 206, 238
health and safety at, 163
organizing of, 123, 137–38, 304n90
Champlain, Samuel de, 21
Change the Law campaign, 194
Charles, Barb, 146
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 195–96, 224
Chávez, César, 197
child care, 263
children, 67, 68, 101, 124, 235
Chinese-Canadians: labour options of, 271–72, 274
and prostitution, 249
work on railways, 38, 44, 270, 271, 299n5
chocolate bar boycott, 124
Cholak, Sam, 239
Christian Labour Association of Canada, 223–24, 225, 288
Christianity, 35–36
Christie, Gord, 192, 208, 209, 229
Christophers, P.M., 93
CIL, 123
Civic Service Union (CSU52), 149, 150
Civil Service Association (CSA), 86–87, 140, 144
CJOC television, 157
class system, 14–15, 25, 72–73
Clay, P.T., 277
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF): equated with communism, 135
results in elections, 103, 107
supported by IFLA, 133
tie to UFA, 102. See also New Democratic Party
Coal Banks, AB, 39
coal mining: and CPR, 47, 50, 52, 53, 105
diversity of people in, 55–57
in economic hard times, 71, 91, 179
health and safety in, 57–58, 105, 119–20, 165, 180
post-World War II, 118–20
and Socialist Party connection, 54–55
strikes in, 50–54, 57, 83–84, 105–6, 114, 115, 120
unions in, 50–54, 60, 88, 91–92
women in, 250
during World War II, 114–115
Code, Bill, 199
Coleman, AB, 106
Committee of 1000, 90
Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union (CEP), 160, 224, 229, 231, 232, 233
communism/communists, 78, 125, 128, 135–39
Communist Party of Canada: arresting members of, 113
and electoral politics, 94, 95
and Great Depression, 6, 96, 105, 291
and Hunger March, 97
members rejected by unions, 114
and mine workers, 92
role in labour struggles, 4
and women workers, 255
company unions: government support for, 153
supported by industry, 44, 149, 156
Comrie, Dan, 192
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 107
Connelly, Kip, 192
conscription, 85–86
construction industry: accidents in, 141
and Dandelion movement, 183
and destruction of unions in, 181–82
and spin-off companies, 158
consumer boycotts, 231
Continuous Passages Act, 276
contracting out, 212, 214, 227
Corbin, AB, 106
Cormack, Audrey, 260
corrections workers, 145–46
Corse, Mary, 255
Council of Canadians, 196
Council of Christians and Jews, 279
CPR. See Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)
craft unions: compared to industrial, 61–64, 88–89, 105
and Social Credit, 103
and women’s auxiliaries, 255
Crawford, Neil, 259
Cree: education of, 36
and horses, 22
in NorthWest Resistance, 32
social organization of, 14, 15–16
traditional religion of, 10
and treaty negotiations, 34
Crowsnest Pass, 50–51
cruise missile campaign, 186, 198
Curtis, Edward S., 8
Czaja, Ed, 176
D
Dandelion movement, 183
Daniel, Bill, 176
Danysk, Cecilia, 72
Davison, Andy, 114
Dean, Carol Anne, 211
Decore, Laurence, 208
Delaney, Adam, 9
Dent, Ivor, 167
Depression, the Great: and Chinese labour, 274
and Hunger March, 97–100
and Social Credit, 103
Depression of 1913–1914, 70–72, 77, 81
Dewdney, Edgar, 34
Diamond Bus Lines, 157
Dickason, Olive, 196
Dickinson, Harley, 269
Dinning, Jim, 209
District 18 of United Mine Workers of America, 51, 53–56, 68–69, 75
domestic work, 246–47, 250, 280
Dominion Labour Party (DLP), 92–94
Douglas, C.H., 102
Drumheller, AB, 80, 83, 92, 119
E
economic booms, 70
economic crisis of 2008, 240
Edmonton: and Depression of 1913–14, 70, 81
early growth of, 61
general strike in, 90
GWG plant, 111–12
immigration to, 282
meat-packing industry in, 107
and recession of 1980s, 175
and teachers’ strike, 148
unionization in, 86
Edmonton, City of, 259
Edmonton District Labour Council, 201
Edmonton Food Bank, 185
Edmonton Trades and Labour Council, 68
Edmonton Voters Association (EVA), 201
education, 35–37, 190, 209–10, 269, 280
Ellis, Norma, 281
employee associations, 129, 132. See also company unions
employment: during 1913 Depression, 70–71, 81
in early 1920s, 91
legislation, 278
and recession of 1980s, 175, 184, 185, 188
and recession of 1990s, 206
during settler years, 39–40
in 2000s, 284
during World War I, 77–78
Energy and Chemical Workers Union (ECWU), 153, 173, 187, 192–93, 195, 198
Engley, Nellie, 114
environmental movement, 197–98, 238
ethnic groups, 55–56, 84–85. See also African–Canadians; Chinese–Canadians
Evans, Jack, 131
Evans, Slim, 92
Ewasiw, John, 191
F
Fagnon, Len, 218
family allowance, 128
Farm Workers Union of Alberta, 234
Farmers’ and Workers’ Unity Leagues, 97, 105
farming/farmers: during 1913–14 Depression, 71–73
and 1946 strike, 117–18
division of labour in, 243–44
First Nations’ attempt at, 37
during Great Depression, 302n85
and harvest excursions, 73–74
and Hunger March, 97
immigrant workers in, 268
during war time, 82, 115–18, 276
Farrell, Joe, 164
Federation of Women’s Labour Leagues, 256
First Nations, 33–37, 118, 279, 284. See also Cree; Dene
Flanagan, Greg, 293
Flavelle, Joseph, 84
Fletchers Fine Foods, 192
Folsom points, 12
Fontana, Veronica, 106
food banks, 185
food security, 196–97
Fordism, 186
forestry workers, 165
Fort Edmonton, 23–24
Frager, Ruth A., 247
Franklin, Betty, 159–60
Fraser Institute, 177
Free Trade agreement, 201–3, 206
Friends of Alberta Nurses Society (FANS), 199
Friends of Medicare, 220–21, 240
fur trade, 21–28
G
G8 Summit in Kananaskis, 233
Gainers, 164, 172, 189, 191–92, 228
Gardiner, Robert, 93
garment industry, 158, 162. See also Great Western Garment (GWG)
Gawne, G. Brent, 175
gender relations, 14, 251, 263–65. See also women; pay equity; pay inequality
Gerhart, C.F., 135
Getty government, 179–80, 187–88, 192, 202, 208
Gilbertson, Emma, 246–47
Ginger Group, 101
globalization, 186, 206, 207, 230, 233
Gompers, Samuel, 88
Goods and Services Tax (CST), 202–3
Gorman, Willa, 163
Gorse, Ray, 214
Gouzenko, Igor, 135
Graham, Billy, 168
Great Canadian Oil Sands Employee Association, 156
Great Western Garment (GWG): closing of, 238
as employer of women, 66, 125, 246–47, 251
experience working at, 111–12, 252
Greenfield, Herbert, 93
Grey, Deborah, 200
Grey Nuns, 244
Grigel, Frank, 119
Grigel, Pauline, 119–20
Grimm, Ted, 200–201
Gurnett, Jim, 200
Guys, Don, 136
GWG. See Great Western Garment (GWG)
H
Hall, Emmett, 190
Hampson, Jack, 153
Harper, Stephen, 177
Harper government, 234
harvest excursions, 73–74
Harvey, Ross, 200
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, 11–12
head taxes, 270
health and safety on the job: court ruling on, 261
cuts to programs, 223
and Lakeside Packers, 283–84
and service industry, 251
unions’ fight for, 160, 180, 181
and Workers Compensation Board, 158, 160, 194
workplace accidents, 57–58, 107, 141, 150, 164, 165
workplace fatalities, 287–88
health care: attempts to privatize, 219–21, 240
founding of Medicare, 170
and government budget cuts, 188, 190, 209, 210–11
in 1950s, 128
Health Resources Centre, 220
Health Resources Group, 219–20
Health Sciences Association of Alberta, 220, 225
Henday, Anthony, 22
Henning, Catherine, 246
Hines, Johnny, 137
Hoggs Hollow, 162
Holbein, Peter, 180
homesteading, 71–72
Hooks, Gwen, 280
hospitality industry, 231, 235
Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union, 133, 191
hotel workers, 132–33, 154, 191
Hubler, Jack, 141
Hudson’s Bay Company: class structure of, 25
and intermarriage, 25–26
and Metis, 27–28
and minimum wage, 312n50
Hughes, Sam, 84
human rights, 143, 170, 261–63, 279–80
Husky Oil, 132
I
immigrants/immigration: and 1913–14 Depression, 71
AFL view of, 276–77
African-Canadian, 270, 271, 280–81
labour choices of, 247, 249, 272–74, 280–82, 283–84
as labourers, 41, 42–43, 87, 125, 282, 285–86
and loss of credentials, 281, 285
in 1990s, 207
in 1920s, 78
racial basis of, 267–68, 270–71, 274–75, 276, 280, 286
in 2000s, 234
Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire, 250, 271
Inca Empire, 11
Independent Contractors and Business Association, 181
Indian Act, 35
Individual Rights Protection Act, 179, 196
industrial capitalism, 269–70
Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act (1938), 103, 115, 129
Industrial Disputes Investigation Act (IDIA), 53, 84
Industrial Federation of Labour of Alberta (IFLA), 133–34, 138, 139
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): and 1913–14 Depression, 70–71, 81
and coal miners, 58
and farm labour, 74
worklife culture of, 46–47
infanticide, 14
Ingam, Harriet J., 255
International Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 277–78
International Chemical Workers (ICW), 137–38
International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), 125
International Typographers Union, 61, 254
International Women’s Day, 262, 264
International Woodworkers of America (IWA), 193
internment camps, 84, 85, 112–13, 275–76
IWW. See Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
J
Japanese-Canadians, 112–13, 275–76
Jewish Labour League, 278
Jodoin, Claude, 137
Johnson, Allan, 192
Johnson, Halvar C., 148
Johnson, William, 93
Johnstone Walker store, 246
Join Together Alberta, 240, 295
Joint Health and Safety Committees (JHS), 162, 163, 180, 223
Jones, Cathy, 219
Jones, John O., 69
K
Karpowich, Linda, 215
Keeler, Bernie, 148
King, Mackenzie, 52–53, 64, 96, 268
King, Violet, 279
Kinney, J.A., 70
Kitaguchi, Mrs., 112–13
Klein government: budget cuts of, 208–11
and laundry workers’ strike, 218–19
negotiates with public sector workers, 227
and neo-liberalism, 7, 206, 208, 214–15, 241, 291–92
and opposition to cuts, 211–12
privatization by, 212–14, 217–18, 219–21, 310n26
and shaping public debate, 214–15
Knights of Labour, 60
Knott, Dan, 98
Kozlowska, Tamara, 185
Kozma, Elizabeth, 125
Kryzanowski, K. Mac, 148
L
labour, division of: among pre-contact Aboriginals, 13–15, 18
in settler farming, 37, 243–44
and wage differences, 247
labour conditions, 44–46, 153, 283–84
labour councils, 67, 68–69, 70
labour movement: beginnings of, 40
fight against racism, 279–80
future of, 292–95
in 1920s, 78–79
and social activism, 196–98
and social programs, 127
women and, 250, 253–58, 263–65, 291. See also Alberta Federation of Labour; unions
Labour Progressive Party (LPP), 136
labour protests, 24–25, 28, 45–46, 50–53
Labour Relations Board, 199, 222, 224
Lacombe, Clarence, 197
Lakeside Packers, 205, 206, 235–37, 283–84
Lambertson, Ross, 276
Land, Wally, 165
Langford, Tom, 263
Lapierre, Noel, 165
Latham, George, 94
laundry workers, 204, 217–19, 272, 283
Lenihan, Patrick, 113, 114, 136, 137, 139, 148
Lethbridge, 39, 40, 50–53, 81–82, 90
Levine, Gil, 148
Liberal party (Alberta), 54, 55, 207, 208, 300n38
Liss-Pozarzycki, John, 85
Lloyd, John, 250
Lougheed government: cuts to public spending, 176–77
and growth of government, 143–44
labour legislation of, 158, 162
and National Energy Program, 174–76
and privatization, 151
Lukaszuk, Thomas, 285
Lynnwood home care workers, 226
M
Macdonald, Donald, 134
Macdonald government (Federal), 35
MacEwan, Grant, 279
MacKay, Bauni, 212
MacLennan, Dan, 227
Malthouse, John, 212
Manakey, Violet, 106
Manning, Preston, 200
Manning government: and business community, 103
and communism, 135
and NDP, 167
and unions, 115, 125, 134–35, 138
manufacturing, 82, 91, 238–39, 246–47. See also Celanese; Great Western Garment (GWG)
Maple Leaf Foods, 228. See also Gainers
Marconi, Clara, 118
Martin, Ray, 200
Mason, Brian, 201
Master and Servant Act, 45
Mathers Commission, 87–88, 255
Mathieu, Sarah Jane, 273
McCallum-Miller, Cindy, 233, 256–57
McClintock, Walter, 16
McCloy, Tom, 122
McCurdy, George, 280
McDonald, John A., 54
McGillivray, Bill, 181
McGowan, Gil, 285
McGregor, Frank, 150
McIntyre, Justice, 196
McMurray Independent Oil Workers (MIOW), 156, 192–93
McNaughton, Violet, 127
McTague, C.P., 125
meat-packing industry: decline of, 238
and Gainers, 164, 172, 189, 191–92, 228
health and safety issues, 107, 164, 180, 283–84
and Lakeside Packing, 205, 206, 235–37, 283–84
negotiations of, 159
strikes in, 124–25, 191–92, 199, 205, 206, 228
Medicare, 170. See also health care
Medicine Hat, 244
merfing, 222
merit shops, 199
Métis: and buffalo hunt, 243
complaints to Human Rights Branch, 279
and farming after WWII, 118
and fur trade, 26–27
and Hudson’s Bay Company, 27–28
resistance to federal government, 31–32
in tar sands, 161
migrant workers, 85, 234–35, 268, 285–86, 290, 292
mill workers, 159–60
Miller, Pat, 261
Mine Mill, 133
Mine Workers’ Union of Canada (MWUC), 92, 105
minimum wage, 223, 253–54, 255, 312n50
Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear), Chief, 34
Mistawasis, Chief, 33
Mitchell, Eugene, 168
Mitchell, Gordie, 139
mixed-bloods: English-speaking, 28, 31
Mohalski, Mike, 106
Mohr, Emma, 246
Molson’s Brewery, 160, 228, 238, 311n84
Moore, Marvin, 188
Mowat, Farley, 110–11
Mulroney, Brian, 192
Mulroney government, 176, 187, 201–3, 206–7
municipal employees, 148–50
Murphy, Emily, 274
N
Nanton, A.M., 51
National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC), 197
National Citizens Coalition, 177
National Council of Women in Canada, 250
National Energy Program (NEP), 174–76
National Union of Public Employees (NUPE), 148
National Union of Public Sector Employees (NUPSE), 148
Natives: European domination of, 19–21
as farmers, 276
intermarriage with Europeans, 25–26
role in industrial capitalism, 269–70
settle on reserves, 22
social organization of, 13–17
technological advances of, 10–13, 15
traditional religious view of, 9–10, 13. See also First Nations
Natural Resources Mobilization Act, 111
navvies, 41, 42, 44–47, 67, 70. See also railways
neo-liberalism: effect of, 7, 173–74
and Klein government, 7, 206, 208, 214–15, 241, 291–92
in Norway, 294
and think tanks, 177
New Democratic Party (NDP): AFL’s tie to, 166, 200, 225, 239, 240
record in electoral politics, 167–68, 200, 207, 208, 291. See also Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
Newton, Mary, 244
Ngo, Kim, 238
Nielsen, Rolf, 217
non-unionized labour: in construction trade, 181
in mining, 53
protest against, 64
rights of, 171
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 206
North West Company, 23, 24, 25
North-West Mounted Police: and coal strikes, 50, 52
North-West Resistance, 31–32
North Western Coal and Navigation Company, 39, 50
Norway, 293–95
nursing: collective action in 1990s, 226–27
experience of, in early years, 120–22
government attacks on, 179, 210, 211
and maternity leave fight, 261
start of profession, 244–45
strike in 1980, 142, 146–47, 177–78
nursing home workers, 155, 157, 217–18, 226
O
O’Brien, Charles M., 54–55
Occupational Health and Safety Act (1973), 162, 208, 223
O’Halloran, Doug, 222, 228, 231, 236
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers (OCAW), 163, 187
oil industry: and change in Alberta, 6
early years, 122–23
fight against unions, 153–54, 156, 159
and National Energy Program, 174–76
political influence of, 188, 238, 240
working with unions, 132, 159, 195. See also tar sands
oil sands. See tar sands
Oil Workers International Union (OWIU), 122, 123, 132, 138
Old Dutch strike, 228
One Big Union (OBU), 77, 88–89, 91–92, 290–91
Orkneymen of Hudson’s Bay Company, 24, 25
Ozipko, Anne, 114, 126, 162, 252
P
Pacific Western Airlines, 151, 190
Pals, Ken, 194
Parkland Institute, 216
Parkland Nursing Home strike, 155, 157
Parkyn, Robert, 94
Parrot, Jean-Claude, 233
Partnerships Program, 223
paternity leave, 259–61
Paterson, Sam, 106
Patrias, Carmela, 247
pay inequality, 197, 247, 248, 250, 252, 257
Payment, Laurier, 157
Peck, Trevor, 12
Peer, George, 106
People’s Food Commission, 197
Petro Canada, 174–75
Phillips, Jack, 136–37
plumbers/pipefitters, 61, 62, 158
Pocklington, Peter, 180, 182, 188, 191–92, 201
Pond, Peter, 23
post-industrialism, 207
postal workers: effects of unionization on, 257
fight for maternity leave, 260–61
and G8 Summit, 233
and privatization, 201
strikes of, 149, 178–79, 180, 199, 260–61
Potter, David W., 145–46
Poulin, Yvon, 287
Principal Group, 199
privatization: by Getty government, 188
by Klein government, 212–14, 217–18, 219–21, 310n26
in 1980s, 201
threat of, in 1970s, 151
Pro-Canada Network, 202
Proctor, Hazel, 278
Progressive Conservative Party, 143. See also Getty government; Klein government; Lougheed government; Stelmach government
Progressive Party of Canada, 100–101
Project 2012, 4
projectile points, 12
protest values, 142–43
Public Affairs Bureau, 214
Public Interest Alberta, 295
public-private partnerships (P3s), 214
public sector workers: collective action in 1990s, 226–27
and economic crisis of 2008, 240
fights between unions, 225
and Getty government, 188, 190
and Klein government, 209–12, 216–17
and privatization, 201
rate of unionization, 256, 288–89
start of unionization, 143–50. See also Alberta Union of Provincial Employees; Canadian Union of Postal Workers; Canadian Union of Public Employees
Public Service Alliance of Canada, 148, 265
Public Service Employee Relations Act (1977), 144–45
Pyke, Fred, 148–49
R
race/racism: as basis for immigration, 267–68, 270–71, 274–75, 276, 280, 286
faced by immigrants, 42–43, 270, 274–75, 292
labour movement’s fight against, 279–80
over immigrants’ credentials, 281, 285
over Native-European marriages, 26
and segregation, 274
and work options for immigrants, 272–74, 280–81, 283–84
radicalization, 88–89
railways: Chinese-Canadians and, 38, 44, 270, 271, 299n5
and control of coal mining, 47, 50
and employment, 39, 40, 81, 268
life of construction workers, 41, 44–47, 74–75
and urban development, 59
during World War I, 83. See also Canadian Pacific Railway
Rand formula, 310n44
Randolph, A. Philip, 277
Rash, Terry, 233
rats, 108
Ray, Arthur, 22
RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police): harassment of unions, 74, 136
and Hunger March, 98, 99, 100, 302n87
and strike-breaking, 106, 173, 193. See also North-West Mounted Police
Reagan, Ronald, 174, 190, 198, 201
recession: economic, 91, 159, 173–74, 175–76, 206, 207
Red Deer, 59, 80, 192, 197, 261, 269
Red River resistance, 31–32
Redcliff, AB, 91
registration of workers, 85–86
Reid, Ian, 194
Reid, R.G., 101
Reimer, Jan, 201
Reimer, Neil: on AFL, 134–35
and bakers’ union, 131–32
as head of ECWU, 187
and oil industry, 123
religion, 9–10, 13, 21, 35–36, 56
replacement workers, 226. See also scabs/scabbing
residential school system, 35–37
Restaurant Workers’ Union, 254
Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, 191
Retail Clerks Union, 68
Reynolds, Grace, 244
Riel, Louis, 31–32
Rimstead, Keith, 185
Roberts, Art, 139
Roberts, Wayne, 187
Robinson, J.L., 135
Robinson, Svend, 195
Rogers, Frank, 64
Romanuk, Mary, 125
Ross, Dave, 133
Ross, Jean, 264
The Roughneck, 122–23
Royal Canadian Mounted Police. See RCMP
Royal North West Mounted Police (RNWMP), 85, 90
S
safety. See health and safety on the job
salting, 222
Save Tomorrow, Oppose Pollution (STOP), 197
Sayer, Guillaume, 27
scabs/scabbing: and Alberta Labour Act, 152
employers’ use of, 63, 133, 157
IWW and, 48
in meat-packing strikes, 189, 191–92
as replacement workers, 226
scientific management, 62–63, 247
Scott, Thomas, 31
Sekina, John, 106
service industry: and Chinese Canadians, 274, 275
hiring adolescents in, 235
hotel workers, 132–33, 154, 191
and minimum wage, 253–54
prevalence of, 239
strikes by, 143, 191, 231, 254
Seven Oaks, 27
sexism, 263–64
sexual orientation, 232–33, 284
Shaw, Wally, 162
Sherrard, J.H., 86
Shute, A.J., 98
Silcox, Albert, 111
Sims, Andrew, 192
Sinclair, Justice, 199
Sioux, 14–15
slavery, 20
Sligo, Sam, 114
Smart, James, 80
Smith, Bill, 238
Smith, Danielle, 240
Smith, Heather, 209
Smitten, Walter, 87
social activism, 196–98
Social Credit: and AFL, 128, 134–35, 139, 152–53, 168, 291
and Alberta Labour Act, 152–53
and business, 103, 123, 128–29, 139
and social programs, 127–28
and unions, 103, 115, 125, 128–29, 144
social programs, 127–28, 170, 208–11
socialism, 58
Socialist Party of Canada (SPC), 54–55, 56, 88
Solidarity Alberta, 197
Sossin, Lorne, 224
Southam, 157
Sparklingeyes, Myron, 284
Stafford, AB, 57
Steele, Sam, 45
Strategic Defense Initiative, 198
Stubbs, Clem, 69
Sweetgrass, Chief, 33
Syncrude, 159
T
Taft, Kevin, 214–15
Tamton, Mike, 180
tar sands: African-Canadians in, 281
Alberta reliance on, 207
investment in, 176
taxidrivers, 190
Taylor, Frederick W., 62
Taylor, Glen, 180
teachers: African-Canadians as, 280, 281
as women’s work, 247–49, 251. See also Alberta Teachers Association
technology, 62
temporary foreign workers (TFWs), 234–35, 285–86, 290, 292
Teslenko, Clancy, 263–64
Thiel Detective Agency, 52
think tanks, 216
Third Way, 221
Thompson, David, 15–16
Toles, Willie, 271
Tomlinson, Doug, 133, 137, 154
Trades and Labour Congress (TLC): and communism, 136–37
and electoral politics, 94
and industrial unionism, 88
and meat-packing industry, 107
view of racialized immigration, 277
and women in workforce, 250, 255
Treasury Board, 260
Tregillus, W.J., 69
Trilateral Commission, 201
Trudeau government, 174–75, 176, 206
Turcott, Garth, 167
Tyburg, Eric, 106
U
Ukrainian-Canadians, 81
UN Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 258
Unemployment Insurance (UI), 127–28, 259
union label, 254
unions: Alberta government campaign against, 109, 222–23, 310n44
and Alberta Labour Act, 130–31
changing tactics of, 231–32
and Charter rights, 195–96
in construction industry, 61
craft v. industrial, 61–64, 88–89, 105
and economic crisis of 2008, 240
in garment industry, 125
minorities’ interest in, 283–84
in oil industry, 122–23
and professionals, 152
and public sector employees, 143–50
racist assumptions of, 274, 276–77
and realignment of AFL, 134–35
rights secured by, 115, 120, 130
state of, 86, 91, 207, 225, 253, 256, 288–89
and WWII, 113–14, 115, 128–29. See also Alberta Federation of Labour; labour movement
United Association of Plumbers and Pipefitters, 62
United Auto Workers/Canadian Air Line Employees Association (UAW/CALEA), 190
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, 61, 64, 65, 158, 181–82
United Brotherhood of Railway Employees (UBRE), 49, 51, 63–64
United Farm Women of Alberta, 245
United Farmers of Alberta (UFA): defeat of, 102
as government, 91, 101, 107, 253
ideological split in, 101–2
political partners of, 92–93, 94–95, 101
United Food and Commercial Workers, 191–92, 230, 231, 233, 236–37
United Garment Workers, 162, 253
United Mine Workers of Alberta, 274
United Mine Workers of America (UMWA): Alberta miners’ split from, 88, 91–92
during Depression, 105
United Nurses of Alberta (UNA): and Bill 27, 224
collective action in late 1990s, 226
growth of, 146–47
and maternity leave, 261
merges with Health Sciences, 225
and privatization of medicare, 220
strikes of, 177–78, 190, 199–200
United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA), 124–25
United States, 28–29
University of Alberta, 149, 196
V
Van Schaik, Andre, 150
Vietnamese-Canadians, 282
visible minorities, 283, 292, 315n53
Vriend, Delwin, 233
W
Waffle group, 168
wage controls, 146, 168–70, 179
wage labour: on farms, 71–74
during 1920s, 90–91
during WWII, 111–12
Walker, J. Bruce, 267
Ware, John, 272
warfarin, 109
Warren, Marilyn, 265
Watson, J.H., 63
Watt, Walter, 146
welfare, 210
Werlin, Dave: background, 186
and Free Trade agreement, 202
and Gainers’ strike, 191
as head of AFL, 200
hired by City of Calgary, 139
on labour legislation of 1987, 194
and Zeidler strike, 193
Western Canada Coal Operators Association (WCCOA) 53–54
Western Federation of Miners (WFM), 50–51, 55, 254
Western Labour Conference, 77
White, Alan, 279
White, Fred, 93
Wigger, Ole Nelson, 131
Wildrose Alliance Party, 240–41, 311n91
Wiley, Agnes, 127
Wiley, Lorne, 127
Wilgus, Mike, 184
Williams, Enoch, 295
Winnipeg General Strike, 89–90
Winspear, Francis, 279
Wolseley, Garnet, 31
women: and daycare, 141–42, 263
and domestic work, 246–47
effect of government cuts on, 292
employment record of, 66–67, 91, 250–52
as hotel workers, 154
in labour movement, 250, 253–58, 263–65, 291
and maternity leave, 258–61
and nursing, 120–22
and prostitution, 249–50
and sexism, 263–64
and social activism, 197, 261–63
and Unemployment Insurance, 127–28
in union leadership roles, 225, 264
in war time, 87, 111–12, 114, 242, 251
women’s auxiliaries, 254
Women’s Labour Leagues, 254–56
Wood, Henry Wise, 92
Woodsworth, J.S., 101
Woodsworth-Irvine Socialist Fellowship, 166
work-life culture, 46–47, 83, 126–27
worker-employer councils, 87
worker safety. See health and safety on the job
Workers Compensation Board, 158, 180, 194, 214, 219, 288
Workers of Colour and Aboriginal Workers Committee (WCAWC), 284
Workers Party of Canada (WPC), 94
workfare, 208
Workmen’s Compensation Board, 153. See also Workers Compensation Board
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS), 195, 308n103
World War I: and conscription, 85–86
and corruption, 84
declaration of, 80–81
effect on returning soldiers, 77, 87
reason for fighting, 75
soldiers’ experiences of, 82
World War II, 109–11, 112–14, 242, 251, 275–76
Wotherspoon, Terry, 269
Wright, Myrna, 226
Y
Yellow Cab, 190
Yorath, Christopher J., 274
Young, Art, 93
Z
Zeidler, Fred, 193
Zeidler plywood plants, 193, 199
Zukarko, Bill, 117
Zukarko, John, 117
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