INDEX

bold page numbers indicate photos

A

A-Channel, 231, 232

Aberhart, William, 102, 103

Aboriginals. See First Nations; Natives

accidents: and city employees, 150

in coal mining, 57–58, 165

in construction, 141

in meatpacking, 164

and Workers Compensation Board, 158, 180

workplace fatalities, 287–88. See also health and safety on the job

Action Canada Network, 183, 197

adolescent workers, 235

advocacy groups, 215–16

African-Canadians: immigration of, 270, 271, 280–281

labour options for, 272–73, 274, 280–81, 282

and Lakeside Packers, 235–37, 283–84

as railway porters, 266, 277–78

agricultural economy, 33, 71–73, 115, 117, 302n85. See also farming/farmers

Ahtahkakoop, Chief, 33

Aircraft Repair, 251

airline industry, 190

Alberta, Government of: anti-union attitudes of, 109, 125, 179–80, 195, 221–22, 223–24, 250

and Bill 44, 182–84

and civil servants, 86–87, 144–45

cuts to public spending, 176–77, 240

during Depression, 103, 105

and diversification, 7, 143–44, 151, 174, 238

fight against public sector workers, 144–45, 225

finances of, 187–88, 199, 293, 294

and human rights legislation, 170, 279

labour legislation of, 86, 115, 129, 130–31, 158, 162, 194–95, 278

Labour members of, 93

and maternity leave, 259, 260

and nurses, 146–47, 178, 245

and prosecuting employers, 235, 287–88

and rat-killing crusade, 108, 109

and social programs, 127–28

support for employers, 117, 181

and temporary foreign workers, 234–35, 285. See also Klein government; Lougheed government; Manning government

Alberta Advantage, the, 215

Alberta Alliance, 311n91

Alberta and Great Waterways Railway, 83

Alberta Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, 278

Alberta Association of Registered Nurses (AARN), 146, 147

Alberta Board of Industrial Relations, 123, 130, 133, 152, 157–58

Alberta District Nursing Service, 245

Alberta Energy Company, 151

Alberta Environmental Network (AEN), 197–98

Alberta Factory Act, 86, 253

Alberta Farmers’ Union (AFU), 117

Alberta Federation of Labour (AFL): and Alberta Labour Act, 130, 158

and Alberta Labour History Institute, 4

and building trades, 186

fights anti-union legislation, 182–84, 194–95, 222, 224

fights for fair union legislation, 115, 278

fights Klein cuts, 215, 217, 220

financial problems of, 225

founded, 69

future of, 295

and industrial unionism, 89

merges with IFLA, 133–34

and public sector workers, 144, 148

and safety legislation, 162, 288

social activism of, 143, 170, 197–98, 202, 230, 233

and Social Credit, 128, 134–35, 139, 152–53, 168, 291

strike support from, 199, 218, 228

support for farm workers, 234

and tar sands, 238

ties to NDP, 166, 200, 225, 239, 240

2008 election strategy, 239–40

and unemployment centres, 185

views on non-European immigration, 276–77

and wage controls, 168–70, 179

women involved with, 254, 264

and workers of colour caucuses, 284

Alberta Federation of Labour Women’s Committee, 258, 264

Alberta Government Telephones (AGT), 151

Alberta Health Care Association, 261

Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund, 294

Alberta Hotel Association (AHA), 132–33

Alberta Human Rights Association (AHRA), 280

Alberta Human Rights Branch, 279

Alberta Labour Act, 130–31, 152–53, 158

Alberta Labour History Institute (ALHI), 4

Alberta Labour News, 89, 95

Alberta Labour Relations Board, 194

Alberta Liquor Control Board, 188, 192, 214

Alberta Municipal Nursing Service, 245

Alberta Status of Women Action Committee (ASWAC), 197

Alberta Teachers Association (ATA), 148, 178, 211, 212, 227, 288

Alberta Union of Provincial Employees (AUPE): and Charter challenge, 196

collective action in 1990s, 226–27

fight with CUPE, 225

formed, 144

and government cuts, 188, 211, 212

and laundry workers strike, 217–18

membership of, 288

strikes of, 145–46, 178, 190, 192

Alberta Workers’ Rights Action Committee, 199

Albertans for Change, 239

All-Canadian Congress of Labour, 92

Allen, Helen, 247

Altasteel strike, 228

Amalgamated Transit Union, 157

ambulance workers, 222

American Federation of Labor (AFL), 48, 63, 68, 105

Anderson, Edwin C., 273

Arthurs, Jimmy, 217

Assiniboine, 32

AUPE. See Alberta Union of Provincial Employees (AUPE)

Avramenko, Joyce, 119

B

Bakers and Confectioners Union, 131–32

Bakery Workers’ Union, 184

Ballerman, Elisabeth, 221

Bannerman, Donald, 82

Baranyk, Ann, 162

Barnetson, Bob, 162, 234, 287

Basken, Reg, 153, 156, 193, 198

Bastien, Betty, 24

Battle of Cut Knife Creek, 32

Beauchamp, Vicky, 164

Beaver Creek, 45–46

Bedford, Judy, 249

Bell and Proctor, Mesdames, 273

Bellamy, Dick, 278

Bellamy, Mrs. B.W., 254

Bellevue disaster, 57, 59

Bennett, R.B., 96, 98

Bennett, W.V., 267

Berezowski, Bill, 265

Berg, Carl, 88, 107, 124, 130, 132, 137

Betkowski, Nancy, 208

Beverage Dispensers’ Union, 154

Bezanson, Norman, 130–31

Bill 11, 220–21

Bill 27, 224

Bill 37, 220

Bill 44, 179, 182–84

Binoni, Aldo, 106

Birtles, Mary Ellen, 244–45

bison: and Aboriginal technology, 11–12, 13, 15

commercial use of, 24, 29

effect of horse on

hunt of, 22

and Metis, 27

Black, Conrad, 229

Black Americans, 271

The Black Candle (Murphy), 274

Blackfeet, 16

Blackfoot, 9, 14–15, 16, 22, 23, 24

Blair, Bob, 222

Blairmore, AB, 104, 105, 106

Blanchette, Arthur, 278

Blum, Sid, 278

Bodie, Frank, 168, 280

Bolanes, Leo, 191–92

Booi, Larry, 227

Borden, Robert, 85, 86

Borovoy, Alan, 280

Botsford, Clare, 99, 251

boycotts, 124

Bradwin, Edmund W., 41, 42, 46

breweries, 160, 180, 191, 228, 238, 311n84

Brewery Workers Union, 160

bricklayers, 61, 64, 66, 80, 182

Brink, Jack, 11

British American (BA), 123

British-Canadians, 43, 44, 58, 61, 301n11

Broad, T.W. ‘Bill,’ 144

Brockelbank, R.A., 70

Broeksma, Faye, 257

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 60

Brown, Mrs. Osborne, 244

Brownlee, John, 97, 98, 101

Buck, Tim, 105

buffalo jump sites, 11, 13

buffalo pounds, 13, 15

Building Products, 132

Building Trades Council, 222, 288

Bulloch, Brad, 181, 182

The Bunkhouse Man (Bradwin), 42

business community: and non-union work, 181

and registration of workers, 85–86

and Social Credit, 103, 123, 128–29, 139

tie to government, 170–71, 176–77

Business Council on National Issues, 177

Byl, Yessy, 234–35

C

Calgary: beginnings of, 39

and Canadian-Chinese, 274

and Depression of 1913-14, 70, 81

early boom of, 59, 61

general strike in, 90

immigration to, 282

life in, 64, 66

meat-packing industry in, 107

and teachers’ strike, 148

unionization in, 86

and WWI, 80

Calgary General Hospital, 210

Calgary Inter-Faith Community Action Association, 185

Calgary Labour Council, 278

Calgary Trades and Labour Council, 67, 68, 93

California grape boycott, 197

Callihoo, Victoria Belcourt, 243

Cameron, Neil, 193

Campaign for the Welfare State, 294

Canada, Government of: buys out Hudson’s Bay Company, 28–29, 31

and economic depressions, 70, 71, 95

employment of women, 250

and free trade, 201–3

and G8 Summit, 233

and immigrant labour, 42, 44, 143

labour legislation of, 53, 115, 124, 195

and labour strikes, 52–53, 84, 89, 115, 117, 118, 149–50

and Mathers Commission, 87–88

Métis resistance to, 31–32

and National Energy Plan, 174–75, 176

and race-based immigration, 267–268, 270–71, 274–75, 276

reaction to deficits of, 206–7

relations with First Nations, 33–35

and social programs, 127, 128, 188, 259

and temporary foreign worker program, 234, 285

and unemployment centres, 185

wage and price controls of, 124, 179

and WWI conscription, 85–86

Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL), 125, 130, 133, 277

Canadian Federation of Labour (CFL), 186–87, 225

Canadian Federation of Women’s Labour Leagues, 255

Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), 133, 138, 153, 280, 284, 306n67

Canadian Labour Party (CLP), 94–95, 101, 102, 107

Canadian National Railway (CNR), 47, 61, 277

Canadian Natural Resources Limited (CNRL), 223–24

Canadian Northern Railway, 41

Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR): building of, 38, 41, 44–46, 299n5

call for nationalization of, 197

and coal mining, 47, 50, 52, 53, 105

and First Nations’ treaties, 35

and harvest excursions, 73

as major employer, 39, 60, 277

profits from HBC sale, 298n36

and UBRE strike in 1903, 63–64

and urban development, 59

Canadian Paperworkers Union, 143, 160, 165, 187

Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW), 149, 178–79, 180, 260–261

Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE): attitude towards women in, 264

fight with AUPE, 225

history of, 148–49, 150

and Klein cuts, 212

strikes by, 217–18, 226, 231

Caragata, Warren, 4, 157, 171

Cardinal, Jim, 161

Cardinal, Mike, 217

Carswell, Jim, 82

casinos, 231

CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), 230

Celanese: closure of, 205, 206, 238

health and safety at, 163

organizing of, 123, 137–38, 304n90

Champlain, Samuel de, 21

Change the Law campaign, 194

Charles, Barb, 146

Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 195–96, 224

Chávez, César, 197

child care, 263

children, 67, 68, 101, 124, 235

Chinese-Canadians: labour options of, 271–72, 274

and prostitution, 249

racism against, 270, 274–75

work on railways, 38, 44, 270, 271, 299n5

chocolate bar boycott, 124

Cholak, Sam, 239

Chrétien government, 207, 233

Christian Labour Association of Canada, 223–24, 225, 288

Christianity, 35–36

Christie, Gord, 192, 208, 209, 229

Christophers, P.M., 93

CIL, 123

Civic Service Union (CSU52), 149, 150

Civil Service Association (CSA), 86–87, 140, 144

CJOC television, 157

class system, 14–15, 25, 72–73

Clay, P.T., 277

clerical work, 247, 251

Climie, Bill, 206, 239

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF): equated with communism, 135

formed, 78–79, 101

results in elections, 103, 107

supported by IFLA, 133

tie to UFA, 102. See also New Democratic Party

Coal Banks, AB, 39

coal mining: and CPR, 47, 50, 52, 53, 105

diversity of people in, 55–57

early years of, 39, 40, 47

in economic hard times, 71, 91, 179

health and safety in, 57–58, 105, 119–20, 165, 180

post-World War II, 118–20

and Socialist Party connection, 54–55

strikes in, 50–54, 57, 83–84, 105–6, 114, 115, 120

unions in, 50–54, 60, 88, 91–92

women in, 250

during World War I, 82, 83–84

during World War II, 114–115

Code, Bill, 199

Coleman, AB, 106

colonialism, 19–21, 25

Committee of 1000, 90

Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union (CEP), 160, 224, 229, 231, 232, 233

communism/communists, 78, 125, 128, 135–39

Communist Party of Canada: arresting members of, 113

and electoral politics, 94, 95

and Great Depression, 6, 96, 105, 291

and Hunger March, 97

members rejected by unions, 114

and mine workers, 92

role in labour struggles, 4

and women workers, 255

company unions: government support for, 153

legislation on, 30, 32, 152

supported by industry, 44, 149, 156

Comrie, Dan, 192

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 107

Connelly, Kip, 192

conscription, 85–86

construction industry: accidents in, 141

and Dandelion movement, 183

and destruction of unions in, 181–82

and spin-off companies, 158

and unions, 61, 159, 162, 186

consumer boycotts, 231

consumerism, 126–27, 142

Continuous Passages Act, 276

contracting out, 212, 214, 227

Corbin, AB, 106

Cormack, Audrey, 260

corrections workers, 145–46

Corse, Mary, 255

Council of Canadians, 196

Council of Christians and Jews, 279

courts, 224, 261

CPR. See Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)

craft unions: compared to industrial, 61–64, 88–89, 105

description of, 61–63, 75

and Social Credit, 103

strikes involving, 63–64, 105

and women’s auxiliaries, 255

Crawford, Neil, 259

Cree: education of, 36

and horses, 22

in NorthWest Resistance, 32

social organization of, 14, 15–16

traditional religion of, 10

and treaty negotiations, 34

Crowsnest Pass, 50–51

cruise missile campaign, 186, 198

Curtis, Edward S., 8

Czaja, Ed, 176

D

Dandelion movement, 183

Daniel, Bill, 176

Danysk, Cecilia, 72

Davison, Andy, 114

daycare, 141–42, 258, 263

Dean, Carol Anne, 211

Decore, Laurence, 208

Delaney, Adam, 9

Dene, 14, 16

Dent, Ivor, 167

Depression, the Great: and Chinese labour, 274

conditions of, 95–96, 101

and Hunger March, 97–100

and Social Credit, 103

strikes in, 96, 105–7

Depression of 1913–1914, 70–72, 77, 81

Dewdney, Edgar, 34

Diamond Bus Lines, 157

Dickason, Olive, 196

Dickinson, Harley, 269

Dinning, Jim, 209

disease, 20–21, 24, 45

District 18 of United Mine Workers of America, 51, 53–56, 68–69, 75

domestic work, 246–47, 250, 280

Dominion Labour Party (DLP), 92–94

Dotto, Assunta, 111–12, 247

Douglas, C.H., 102

Drumheller, AB, 80, 83, 92, 119

Duckworth, Archie, 236, 237

E

economic booms, 70

economic crisis of 2008, 240

Edmonton: and Depression of 1913–14, 70, 81

early growth of, 61

general strike in, 90

GWG plant, 111–12

and Hunger March, 76, 97–100

immigration to, 282

life in, 64, 66

meat-packing industry in, 107

and recession of 1980s, 175

and teachers’ strike, 148

unionization in, 86

and WWI, 80, 81, 85

Edmonton, City of, 259

Edmonton District Labour Council, 201

Edmonton Food Bank, 185

Edmonton Trades and Labour Council, 68

Edmonton Voters Association (EVA), 201

education, 35–37, 190, 209–10, 269, 280

Ellis, Norma, 281

employee associations, 129, 132. See also company unions

employment: during 1913 Depression, 70–71, 81

in early 1920s, 91

legislation, 278

on railways, 39, 40, 81, 268

and recession of 1980s, 175, 184, 185, 188

and recession of 1990s, 206

during settler years, 39–40

in 2000s, 284

of women, 66–67, 91, 250–52

during World War I, 77–78

Energy and Chemical Workers Union (ECWU), 153, 173, 187, 192–93, 195, 198

Engley, Nellie, 114

environmental movement, 197–98, 238

Ethier, Marg, 147, 178

ethnic groups, 55–56, 84–85. See also African–Canadians; Chinese–Canadians

Europeans, 10, 17, 19–21

Evans, Jack, 131

Evans, Slim, 92

Ewasiw, John, 191

F

Factory Act (1917), 86, 253

Fagnon, Len, 218

family allowance, 128

famine, 34, 35

Farm Workers Union of Alberta, 234

Farmers’ and Workers’ Unity Leagues, 97, 105

Farmilo, Alf, 89, 254

farming/farmers: during 1913–14 Depression, 71–73

and 1946 strike, 117–18

division of labour in, 243–44

First Nations’ attempt at, 37

during Great Depression, 302n85

and harvest excursions, 73–74

and Hunger March, 97

immigrant workers in, 268

as paid labour, 40, 72–74, 75

in 1920s, 78, 91

and unions, 5, 197, 233–34

during war time, 82, 115–18, 276

Farrell, Joe, 164

Federation of Women’s Labour Leagues, 256

First Nations, 33–37, 118, 279, 284. See also Cree; Dene

Flanagan, Greg, 293

Flavelle, Joseph, 84

Fletchers Fine Foods, 192

Flookes, Bill, 160, 180, 182

Folsom points, 12

Fontana, Veronica, 106

food banks, 185

food security, 196–97

Fordism, 186

forestry workers, 165

Fort Edmonton, 23–24

Frager, Ruth A., 247

Franklin, Betty, 159–60

Franklin, Gerald, 159, 160

Fraser Institute, 177

Free Trade agreement, 201–3, 206

Friends of Alberta Nurses Society (FANS), 199

Friends of Medicare, 220–21, 240

fur trade, 21–28

G

G8 Summit in Kananaskis, 233

Gainers, 164, 172, 189, 191–92, 228

Galt, Alexander, 39, 50

Gardiner, Robert, 93

garment industry, 158, 162. See also Great Western Garment (GWG)

Gawne, G. Brent, 175

gay workers, 232–33, 284

gender relations, 14, 251, 263–65. See also women; pay equity; pay inequality

Gerhart, C.F., 135

Getty government, 179–80, 187–88, 192, 202, 208

Gilbertson, Emma, 246–47

Ginger Group, 101

globalization, 186, 206, 207, 230, 233

Gompers, Samuel, 88

Goods and Services Tax (CST), 202–3

Gorman, Willa, 163

Gorse, Ray, 214

Gouzenko, Igor, 135

Graham, Billy, 168

Grand Trunk Pacific, 41, 61

Grandy, Ashley, 206, 236

Great Canadian Oil Sands Employee Association, 156

Great Western Garment (GWG): closing of, 238

as employer of women, 66, 125, 246–47, 251

experience working at, 111–12, 252

union in, 114, 162, 253

Greenfield, Herbert, 93

Grey, Deborah, 200

Grey Nuns, 244

Grigel, Frank, 119

Grigel, Pauline, 119–20

Grimm, Ted, 200–201

Gurnett, Jim, 200

Guys, Don, 136

GWG. See Great Western Garment (GWG)

H

Hall, Emmett, 190

Hampson, Jack, 153

Harper, Stephen, 177

Harper government, 234

harvest excursions, 73–74

Harvey, Ross, 200

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, 11–12

head taxes, 270

health and safety on the job: court ruling on, 261

cuts to programs, 223

and Lakeside Packers, 283–84

legislation, 162–65, 195

and service industry, 251

unions’ fight for, 160, 180, 181

and Workers Compensation Board, 158, 160, 194

workplace accidents, 57–58, 107, 141, 150, 164, 165

workplace fatalities, 287–88

health care: attempts to privatize, 219–21, 240

and Bill 27, 224

changes to, 194–95, 240

founding of Medicare, 170

and government budget cuts, 188, 190, 209, 210–11

in 1950s, 128

Health Resources Centre, 220

Health Resources Group, 219–20

Health Sciences Association of Alberta, 220, 225

Henday, Anthony, 22

Henning, Catherine, 246

Hillcrest disaster, 57, 58

Hines, Johnny, 137

Hoggs Hollow, 162

Holbein, Peter, 180

homesteading, 71–72

Hook, Norah, 111, 112, 251

Hooks, Gwen, 280

hospitality industry, 231, 235

Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union, 133, 191

hotel workers, 132–33, 154, 191

Hubler, Jack, 141

Hudson’s Bay Company: class structure of, 25

established, 19, 20

and fur trade, 21–23, 24

and intermarriage, 25–26

and Metis, 27–28

and minimum wage, 312n50

sells out, 28–29, 31

and work stoppages, 24–25, 28

Hughes, Sam, 84

human rights, 143, 170, 261–63, 279–80

Hunger March, 76, 97–100, 102

Husky Oil, 132

I

immigrants/immigration: and 1913–14 Depression, 71

AFL view of, 276–77

African-Canadian, 270, 271, 280–81

labour choices of, 247, 249, 272–74, 280–82, 283–84

as labourers, 41, 42–43, 87, 125, 282, 285–86

and loss of credentials, 281, 285

in 1990s, 207

in 1970s, 143, 282

in 1920s, 78

racial basis of, 267–68, 270–71, 274–75, 276, 280, 286

in 2000s, 234

and unions, 46, 131

and WWI, 81, 84–85, 87

Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire, 250, 271

Inca Empire, 11

Independent Contractors and Business Association, 181

Indian Act, 35

Individual Rights Protection Act, 179, 196

industrial capitalism, 269–70

Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act (1938), 103, 115, 129

Industrial Disputes Investigation Act (IDIA), 53, 84

Industrial Federation of Labour of Alberta (IFLA), 133–34, 138, 139

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): and 1913–14 Depression, 70–71, 81

and coal miners, 58

and farm labour, 74

mandate of, 48–49, 75, 290

worklife culture of, 46–47

infanticide, 14

inflation, 82–83, 124

Ingam, Harriet J., 255

inspectors, 86, 162

International Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 277–78

International Chemical Workers (ICW), 137–38

International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), 125

International Typographers Union, 61, 254

International Women’s Day, 262, 264

International Woodworkers of America (IWA), 193

internment camps, 84, 85, 112–13, 275–76

Irvine, William, 84, 101

IWW. See Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

J

Jamha, Roy, 144, 153

Jany, Peter, 236, 237

Japanese-Canadians, 112–13, 275–76

Jewish Labour League, 278

Jodoin, Claude, 137

Johnson, Allan, 192

Johnson, Halvar C., 148

Johnson, William, 93

Johnstone Walker store, 246

Join Together Alberta, 240, 295

Joint Health and Safety Committees (JHS), 162, 163, 180, 223

Jones, Cathy, 219

Jones, John O., 69

K

Kananaskis, AB, 113, 233

Karpowich, Linda, 215

Keeler, Bernie, 148

Keeley, Susan, 141–42, 258

Keynes, J. Maynard, 158, 206

King, Mackenzie, 52–53, 64, 96, 268

King, Violet, 279

Kinney, J.A., 70

Kitaguchi, Mrs., 112–13

Kitaguchi, Tets, 112–13, 131

Klein government: budget cuts of, 208–11

end of, 221, 239

and laundry workers’ strike, 218–19

negotiates with public sector workers, 227

and neo-liberalism, 7, 206, 208, 214–15, 241, 291–92

and opposition to cuts, 211–12

privatization by, 212–14, 217–18, 219–21, 310n26

and shaping public debate, 214–15

Knight, Joe, 80, 88

Knights of Labour, 60

Knott, Dan, 98

Kostiuk, Harry, 4, 200

Kozlowska, Tamara, 185

Kozma, Elizabeth, 125

Krizan, Helen, 120, 121

Kryzanowski, K. Mac, 148

L

labour, division of: among pre-contact Aboriginals, 13–15, 18

in fur trade, 27, 28

in settler farming, 37, 243–44

and wage differences, 247

Labour Code, 222–23, 223–24

labour conditions, 44–46, 153, 283–84

labour councils, 67, 68–69, 70

labour movement: beginnings of, 40

fight against racism, 279–80

future of, 292–95

politics of, 6, 102

reaction to WWI, 80, 82

in 1920s, 78–79

and social activism, 196–98

and social programs, 127

women and, 250, 253–58, 263–65, 291. See also Alberta Federation of Labour; unions

Labour Progressive Party (LPP), 136

labour protests, 24–25, 28, 45–46, 50–53

Labour Relations Board, 199, 222, 224

Lacombe, Clarence, 197

Lakeside Packers, 205, 206, 235–37, 283–84

Lambertson, Ross, 276

Land, Wally, 165

Langford, Tom, 263

Lapierre, Noel, 165

Latham, George, 94

laundry workers, 204, 217–19, 272, 283

Leduc oil strike, 6, 122

Lenihan, Patrick, 113, 114, 136, 137, 139, 148

Lethbridge, 39, 40, 50–53, 81–82, 90

Levine, Gil, 148

Liberal party (Alberta), 54, 55, 207, 208, 300n38

Liss-Pozarzycki, John, 85

Lloyd, John, 250

Local 52, 149

Lougheed government: cuts to public spending, 176–77

and growth of government, 143–44

labour legislation of, 158, 162

and National Energy Program, 174–76

and privatization, 151

Lukaszuk, Thomas, 285

Lynnwood home care workers, 226

M

Macdonald, Donald, 134

Macdonald government (Federal), 35

MacEwan, Grant, 279

MacKay, Bauni, 212

MacLennan, Dan, 227

Makowecki, Walter, 117, 136

Malthouse, John, 212

Manakey, Violet, 106

Manning, Preston, 200

Manning government: and business community, 103

and communism, 135

legislation by, 278, 279

and NDP, 167

and unions, 115, 125, 134–35, 138

manufacturing, 82, 91, 238–39, 246–47. See also Celanese; Great Western Garment (GWG)

Maple Leaf Foods, 228. See also Gainers

Marconi, Clara, 118

Marshall, Andy, 229, 231

Martin, Ray, 200

Mason, Brian, 201

Master and Servant Act, 45

maternity rights, 179, 258–61

Mathers Commission, 87–88, 255

Mathieu, Sarah Jane, 273

McCallum-Miller, Cindy, 233, 256–57

McClintock, Walter, 16

McCloy, Tom, 122

McCurdy, George, 280

McDonald, John A., 54

McGillivray, Bill, 181

McGowan, Gil, 285

McGregor, Frank, 150

McIntyre, Justice, 196

McMurray Independent Oil Workers (MIOW), 156, 192–93

McNab, Donald, 54, 69

McNaughton, Violet, 127

McTague, C.P., 125

McWilliam, Jean, 255, 256

meat-packing industry: decline of, 238

and Gainers, 164, 172, 189, 191–92, 228

health and safety issues, 107, 164, 180, 283–84

and Lakeside Packing, 205, 206, 235–37, 283–84

negotiations of, 159

strikes in, 124–25, 191–92, 199, 205, 206, 228

unionization of, 105, 107

Medalta Potteries, 126, 130

media workers, 229, 231

Medicare, 170. See also health care

Medicine Hat, 244

merfing, 222

Merit Contractors, 199, 222

merit shops, 199

Métis: and buffalo hunt, 243

complaints to Human Rights Branch, 279

and farming after WWII, 118

and fur trade, 26–27

and Hudson’s Bay Company, 27–28

resistance to federal government, 31–32

in tar sands, 161

migrant workers, 85, 234–35, 268, 285–86, 290, 292

mill workers, 159–60

Miller, Pat, 261

Mine Mill, 133

Mine Workers’ Union of Canada (MWUC), 92, 105

minimum wage, 223, 253–54, 255, 312n50

Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear), Chief, 34

Mistawasis, Chief, 33

Mitchell, Eugene, 168

Mitchell, Gordie, 139

Mitchell, John, 51, 52

mixed-bloods: English-speaking, 28, 31

Mohalski, Mike, 106

Mohr, Emma, 246

Molson’s Brewery, 160, 228, 238, 311n84

Moore, Marvin, 188

Mowat, Farley, 110–11

Mulroney, Brian, 192

Mulroney government, 176, 187, 201–3, 206–7

municipal employees, 148–50

Murphy, Emily, 274

Murphy, Harvey, 105, 106

N

Nanton, A.M., 51

National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC), 197

National Citizens Coalition, 177

National Council of Women in Canada, 250

National Energy Program (NEP), 174–76

National Union of Public Employees (NUPE), 148

National Union of Public Sector Employees (NUPSE), 148

Natives: European domination of, 19–21

as farmers, 276

and fur trade, 21–22, 23, 24

intermarriage with Europeans, 25–26

role in industrial capitalism, 269–70

settle on reserves, 22

social organization of, 13–17

technological advances of, 10–13, 15

traditional religious view of, 9–10, 13. See also First Nations

Natural Resources Mobilization Act, 111

navvies, 41, 42, 44–47, 67, 70. See also railways

neo-liberalism: effect of, 7, 173–74

and Klein government, 7, 206, 208, 214–15, 241, 291–92

in Norway, 294

and think tanks, 177

New Democratic Party (NDP): AFL’s tie to, 166, 200, 225, 239, 240

origins of, 165–66, 306n67

record in electoral politics, 167–68, 200, 207, 208, 291. See also Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

Newton, Mary, 244

Ngo, Kim, 238

Nielsen, Rolf, 217

non-unionized labour: in construction trade, 181

in mining, 53

protest against, 64

rights of, 171

women as, 66–67, 256

and work conditions, 141, 163

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 206

North West Company, 23, 24, 25

North-West Mounted Police: and coal strikes, 50, 52

and CPR, 44, 45, 46, 60

creation of, 34, 35

North-West Resistance, 31–32

North Western Coal and Navigation Company, 39, 50

Norway, 293–95

Notley, Grant, 167, 168, 200

nursing: collective action in 1990s, 226–27

experience of, in early years, 120–22

government attacks on, 179, 210, 211

and maternity leave fight, 261

start of profession, 244–45

strike in 1980, 142, 146–47, 177–78

nursing home workers, 155, 157, 217–18, 226

O

O’Brien, Charles M., 54–55

Occupational Health and Safety Act (1973), 162, 208, 223

O’Halloran, Doug, 222, 228, 231, 236

Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers (OCAW), 163, 187

oil industry: and change in Alberta, 6

early years, 122–23

fight against unions, 153–54, 156, 159

minority workers in, 281, 284

and National Energy Program, 174–76

political influence of, 188, 238, 240

strikes in, 161, 192–93

working with unions, 132, 159, 195. See also tar sands

oil sands. See tar sands

Oil Workers International Union (OWIU), 122, 123, 132, 138

Old Dutch strike, 228

On-to-Ottawa trek, 96, 97

One Big Union (OBU), 77, 88–89, 91–92, 290–91

Orkneymen of Hudson’s Bay Company, 24, 25

Ozipko, Anne, 114, 126, 162, 252

P

Pacific Western Airlines, 151, 190

Pals, Ken, 194

Parcels, Susan, 261, 263

Parkland Institute, 216

Parkland Nursing Home strike, 155, 157

Parkyn, Robert, 94

Parrot, Jean-Claude, 233

Partnerships Program, 223

paternity leave, 259–61

Paterson, Sam, 106

Patrias, Carmela, 247

pay equity, 197, 257–258, 265

pay inequality, 197, 247, 248, 250, 252, 257

Payment, Laurier, 157

Peck, Trevor, 12

Peer, George, 106

pensions, 127, 150, 162

People’s Food Commission, 197

Petro Canada, 174–75

Phillips, Jack, 136–37

plumbers/pipefitters, 61, 62, 158

Pocklington, Peter, 180, 182, 188, 191–92, 201

Poles, 43, 85

Pond, Peter, 23

post-industrialism, 207

postal workers: effects of unionization on, 257

fight for maternity leave, 260–61

and G8 Summit, 233

and privatization, 201

strikes of, 149, 178–79, 180, 199, 260–61

Potter, David W., 145–46

Poulin, Yvon, 287

Principal Group, 199

privatization: by Getty government, 188

in health care, 220–21, 240

by Klein government, 212–14, 217–18, 219–21, 310n26

in 1980s, 201

threat of, in 1970s, 151

Pro-Canada Network, 202

Proctor, Hazel, 278

Progressive Conservative Party, 143. See also Getty government; Klein government; Lougheed government; Stelmach government

Progressive Party of Canada, 100–101

Project 2012, 4

projectile points, 12

prostitution, 67, 249–50

protest values, 142–43

Public Affairs Bureau, 214

Public Interest Alberta, 295

public-private partnerships (P3s), 214

public sector workers: collective action in 1990s, 226–27

and economic crisis of 2008, 240

fights between unions, 225

and Getty government, 188, 190

and Klein government, 209–12, 216–17

and privatization, 201

rate of unionization, 256, 288–89

start of unionization, 143–50. See also Alberta Union of Provincial Employees; Canadian Union of Postal Workers; Canadian Union of Public Employees

Public Service Alliance of Canada, 148, 265

Public Service Employee Relations Act (1977), 144–45

Pyke, Fred, 148–49

R

race/racism: as basis for immigration, 267–68, 270–71, 274–75, 276, 280, 286

faced by immigrants, 42–43, 270, 274–75, 292

labour movement’s fight against, 279–80

over immigrants’ credentials, 281, 285

over Native-European marriages, 26

and segregation, 274

stereotyping, 274, 283

and work options for immigrants, 272–74, 280–81, 283–84

radicalization, 88–89

railways: Chinese-Canadians and, 38, 44, 270, 271, 299n5

and control of coal mining, 47, 50

and employment, 39, 40, 81, 268

life of construction workers, 41, 44–47, 74–75

porters of, 266, 273, 277–78

and unions, 50–54, 63–64, 114

and urban development, 59

during World War I, 83. See also Canadian Pacific Railway

Rand formula, 310n44

Randolph, A. Philip, 277

Rash, Terry, 233

rats, 108

Ray, Arthur, 22

RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police): harassment of unions, 74, 136

and Hunger March, 98, 99, 100, 302n87

and strike-breaking, 106, 173, 193. See also North-West Mounted Police

Reagan, Ronald, 174, 190, 198, 201

recession: economic, 91, 159, 173–74, 175–76, 206, 207

Red Deer, 59, 80, 192, 197, 261, 269

Red River resistance, 31–32

Red River Settlement, 27, 30

Redcliff, AB, 91

Reform Party, 200, 208

registration of workers, 85–86

Reid, Ian, 194

Reid, R.G., 101

Reimer, Jan, 201

Reimer, Neil: on AFL, 134–35

and bakers’ union, 131–32

and Celanese, 137–38, 304n90

as head of ECWU, 187

and oil industry, 123

as politician, 166, 167

relief camps, 95–96, 103

religion, 9–10, 13, 21, 35–36, 56

replacement workers, 226. See also scabs/scabbing

residential school system, 35–37

Restaurant Workers’ Union, 254

Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, 191

Retail Clerks Union, 68

Reynolds, Grace, 244

Riel, Louis, 31–32

right-to-work laws, 195, 222

Rimstead, Keith, 185

Roberts, Art, 139

Roberts, Wayne, 187

Robinson, J.L., 135

Robinson, Svend, 195

Rogers, Frank, 64

Romanuk, Mary, 125

Roper, Elmer, 89, 93, 95

Ross, Alex, 89, 93, 94

Ross, Dave, 133

Ross, Jean, 264

The Roughneck, 122–23

Royal Canadian Mounted Police. See RCMP

Royal North West Mounted Police (RNWMP), 85, 90

Royer, Lucien, 197, 202

S

safety. See health and safety on the job

Safeway, 174, 228, 261

salting, 222

Sangster, Joan, 270, 276, 277

Save Tomorrow, Oppose Pollution (STOP), 197

Sayer, Guillaume, 27

scabs/scabbing: and Alberta Labour Act, 152

in coal mine strikes, 51, 52

employers’ use of, 63, 133, 157

IWW and, 48

legislation aiding, 103, 236

in meat-packing strikes, 189, 191–92

as replacement workers, 226

scientific management, 62–63, 247

Scott, Thomas, 31

Sekina, John, 106

service industry: and Chinese Canadians, 274, 275

hard times for, 157, 251

hiring adolescents in, 235

hotel workers, 132–33, 154, 191

and minimum wage, 253–54

prevalence of, 239

strikes by, 143, 191, 231, 254

settlers, 27, 31, 34, 37

Seven Oaks, 27

sexism, 263–64

sexual harassment, 261, 263

sexual orientation, 232–33, 284

Shafto, Jean, 120, 121, 122

Shaw, Wally, 162

Sherman, Frank, 51, 54

Sherrard, J.H., 86

Shute, A.J., 98

Silcox, Albert, 111

Sims, Andrew, 192

Sinclair, Justice, 199

Sioux, 14–15

Skura, Bill, 118, 120

slavery, 20

Sligo, Sam, 114

Smart, James, 80

Smith, Bill, 238

Smith, Danielle, 240

Smith, Guy, 200, 217

Smith, Heather, 209

Smitten, Walter, 87

social activism, 196–98

Social Credit: and AFL, 128, 134–35, 139, 152–53, 168, 291

and Alberta Labour Act, 152–53

and business, 103, 123, 128–29, 139

and elections, 143, 167

principles of, 102, 103, 135

and social programs, 127–28

and unions, 103, 115, 125, 128–29, 144

social programs, 127–28, 170, 208–11

socialism, 58

Socialist Party of Canada (SPC), 54–55, 56, 88

Solidarity Alberta, 197

Sossin, Lorne, 224

South Asians, 273, 314n21

Southam, 157

Sparklingeyes, Myron, 284

spin-off companies, 158, 181

Stafford, AB, 57

Steele, Sam, 45

Stelmach government, 221, 239

stonemasons, 61, 80

Strategic Defense Initiative, 198

Stubbs, Clem, 69

Sun Dance, 13, 16, 35

Suncor, 156, 161, 192–93

Sustrik, Jane, 177, 211

Swankey, Ben, 100, 135

Sweetgrass, Chief, 33

Swift’s, 124, 164, 180

Syncrude, 159

T

Taft, Kevin, 214–15

Tamton, Mike, 180

tar sands: African-Canadians in, 281

Alberta reliance on, 207

expansion of, 206, 238, 239

investment in, 176

unions in, 154, 156, 223–24

taxidrivers, 190

Taylor, Frederick W., 62

Taylor, Glen, 180

teachers: African-Canadians as, 280, 281

strikes by, 147–48, 178, 227

as women’s work, 247–49, 251. See also Alberta Teachers Association

technology, 62

temporary foreign workers (TFWs), 234–35, 285–86, 290, 292

Teslenko, Clancy, 263–64

Thiel Detective Agency, 52

think tanks, 216

Third Way, 221

Thompson, David, 15–16

Thorne, Ian, 173, 192

Toles, Willie, 271

Tomlinson, Doug, 133, 137, 154

Trades and Labour Congress (TLC): and communism, 136–37

and electoral politics, 94

and industrial unionism, 88

and meat-packing industry, 107

and strikes, 63–64, 124

view of racialized immigration, 277

and women in workforce, 250, 255

and WWI, 80, 86

Treasury Board, 260

treaties, land, 33–35, 37

Tregillus, W.J., 69

Trilateral Commission, 201

Trudeau government, 174–75, 176, 206

Turcott, Garth, 167

Tyburg, Eric, 106

Tyson Foods, 192, 236

U

Ukrainian-Canadians, 81

UN Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 258

Unemployment Insurance (UI), 127–28, 259

union label, 254

unions: Alberta government campaign against, 109, 222–23, 310n44

and Alberta Labour Act, 130–31

changing tactics of, 231–32

and Charter rights, 195–96

in construction industry, 61

craft v. industrial, 61–64, 88–89, 105

early years, 46, 59–60

and economic crisis of 2008, 240

and farm labour, 72, 74

in garment industry, 125

and IWW, 46–47, 48–49

minorities’ interest in, 283–84

nationalization of, 143, 187

in oil industry, 122–23

politics of, 103, 166, 186

and professionals, 152

and public sector employees, 143–50

racist assumptions of, 274, 276–77

and realignment of AFL, 134–35

rights secured by, 115, 120, 130

state of, 86, 91, 207, 225, 253, 256, 288–89

and WWI, 86, 88–89

and WWII, 113–14, 115, 128–29. See also Alberta Federation of Labour; labour movement

United Association of Plumbers and Pipefitters, 62

United Auto Workers/Canadian Air Line Employees Association (UAW/CALEA), 190

United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, 61, 64, 65, 158, 181–82

United Brotherhood of Railway Employees (UBRE), 49, 51, 63–64

United Farm Women of Alberta, 245

United Farmers of Alberta (UFA): defeat of, 102

as government, 91, 101, 107, 253

ideological split in, 101–2

political partners of, 92–93, 94–95, 101

tie to labour, 6, 69

United Food and Commercial Workers, 191–92, 230, 231, 233, 236–37

United Garment Workers, 162, 253

United Mine Workers of Alberta, 274

United Mine Workers of America (UMWA): Alberta miners’ split from, 88, 91–92

during Depression, 105

early years of, 51, 53, 55–56

and World War II, 115, 120

United Nurses of Alberta (UNA): and Bill 27, 224

collective action in late 1990s, 226

growth of, 146–47

and maternity leave, 261

merges with Health Sciences, 225

and privatization of medicare, 220

strikes of, 177–78, 190, 199–200

United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA), 124–25

United States, 28–29

University of Alberta, 149, 196

V

Van Schaik, Andre, 150

Ventura, John, 181, 191, 192

Vietnamese-Canadians, 282

visible minorities, 283, 292, 315n53

voyageurs, 23, 24

Vriend, Delwin, 233

W

Waffle group, 168

wage controls, 146, 168–70, 179

wage labour: on farms, 71–74

during 1920s, 90–91

for women, 246–47, 256–57