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Teaching Crowds: Index

Teaching Crowds
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INDEX

Academia.edu, 13, 30, 139, 158, 215

access control, 76, 118, 280–281

access hierarchies, 251–2

accreditation, 19, 89, 150, 153, 306, 308, 317, 322–3

active learning, 18

Activity Theory, 50–52, 62, 171

Actor Network Theory (ANT), 52, 59, 62, 95, 171

adaptive hypermedia, 224

adjacent possible, 3, 24, 286, 300

Adobe Connect, 12, 31, 123, 249–50

algorithms, 89, 184, 205, 214–16, 226–9, 232, 234–5

allopatry, 157

Amazon, 8–9, 13–15, 30–31, 84, 88–9, 141, 186, 211–15, 221–2, 226–7, 234

ambiguity, 183, 191, 193, 278–9

contextual, 278–9

anonymity, 18, 145, 169, 174, 183, 190, 194, 197, 287

ANT. See Actor Network Theory

Arthur, Brian W., 11, 23, 61, 95, 243, 276

asynchronous communication, 121, 125

Athabasca Landing, 196, 237, 248, 250–251, 255–8, 260–263, 265–73, 279, 281, 285, 293, 295, 315, 320

Athabasca University (AU), 177–8, 247–50, 257, 261, 263–4, 270, 277, 279, 290, 314

attrition, 125–6, 319

augmented reality, 186, 325

authentic contexts, 43–4

badge, 144, 306–8, 320, 322–4

Blackboard, 14, 79, 89, 119–20, 125, 240, 245, 276

blog, 14, 17, 27, 31, 49, 77–8, 89, 119, 133, 139, 142, 144–5, 180, 182, 196, 216, 240, 244–5, 252–3, 255, 258, 260, 263, 267–8, 272, 276–7, 280, 297, 309–10, 319–20, 324

Blogger, 14, 24, 309

boundary, 8, 57, 73, 80, 88, 138, 166–7, 269, 282–3, 312–13

disciplinary, 312, 316, 323–4

tools, 282–4

categorization, 144, 168, 184, 195, 223, 260

cellphone, 3, 68, 143, 171, 186, 219, 285, 290–291, 296, 325

chat, 11–12, 14–15, 31, 64, 122–4, 147, 250, 269, 280, 285

Christensen, Clayton, 71, 150, 275–6, 303

closed groups, 68, 79, 115, 126, 128, 149, 223, 231, 262, 266, 298

cMOOC, 317–20. See also massive open online course

cognitive presence, 46–7, 85, 93, 110–112

cognitivism, 39

collaborative: filter, 14, 62, 207, 213, 221, 229, 233, 267

learning, 18, 44–5

collective: applications, 146, 207, 214, 228–31, 235, 317

intelligence, 72, 83, 201–2, 206, 213, 229–30, 315

learning, 17, 209

processes, 220, 222, 231, 308

tools, 194, 201, 215, 220, 267, 306

college, 4, 75, 104, 120, 276, 322–3

communication: dyadic, 74–5

individual-to-individual, 79

networked, 134, 142

open, 111–12

community@brighton, 240, 242, 244, 247, 250–251, 257, 270

community of inquiry (COI), 47, 109–12

community of practice (COP), 56, 80, 149

competence, 48, 57, 126, 152–3, 169, 305–7, 325

complex adaptive system (CAS), 52, 54, 274, 276, 321

Complexity Theory, 52, 54–5, 62, 183

connectivism, 47–8, 52, 56, 58–62, 136, 138, 141, 177

constructivism, 39, 42–4, 48, 50, 59, 301

content management, 14, 252

context switching, 253, 279

cooperative: freedom, 66–7, 69, 98, 138, 172, 209, 263, 266

learning, 45–6, 108, 172, 263

copyright, 292

cost, 7, 10, 17–18, 20, 64, 94, 101, 114, 119, 122–3, 129, 131, 158, 161, 221, 223, 234, 248, 281, 290, 292, 311

Coursera, 27, 61, 317–18

courses: paced, 261

self-paced, 263–4

Creative Commons, 292

creativity, 23, 108, 115, 301, 308, 312–13

critical thinking, 110–111

cross-cutting cleavage, 170–171, 176, 272, 315

crowd behaviour, 84–5, 207

crowdfunding, 13, 31, 189

crowdsourcing, 13, 32, 186, 215

crowd wisdom, 87, 187, 208, 225, 297–8

cultural expectations, 294–5

culture, 4–5, 8, 26, 35, 38, 55, 60, 85, 95, 105, 126, 137, 161, 190, 201, 245, 273, 288, 293–5, 324

collectivist, 61, 294–5

individualist, 294–5

learned, 5

cuneiform, 4–5

Del.icio.us, 8, 12–13, 31, 181, 183–4, 191, 206, 212, 221, 223

deme, 86, 103

Dewey, John, 20, 40, 42–3, 109

disclosure, 67, 69–70, 99, 101–2, 111, 122, 138, 142, 159, 169, 172, 174, 190, 212, 250, 281, 284

discussion forum, 12, 97, 101–2, 145, 178, 226, 229, 261, 268, 280

disruptive innovation, 158, 160, 248, 275

distance learning, 36–7, 43, 62, 64, 98, 125, 131, 155, 249, 257

distributed cognition, 49, 56, 59, 61, 202

diversity, 44, 48, 59–62, 74, 88, 115, 137, 139, 144, 150, 155–8, 177, 180–81, 194, 202, 219, 223, 230, 232, 245, 251, 257, 260, 269–70, 281, 283, 289–90, 307, 312, 315, 322–4

Downes, Stephen, 56, 317

Dunbar’s Number, 86

duration, 323

dyad, 103, 143, 200

eBay, 13, 84, 231

echo chamber, 197, 201, 226, 297–8

education: campus-based, 18, 114

collaborative, 44

postsecondary, 148

professional, 148

traditional, 151, 291

Educational Social Software, 9, 24, 28, 30, 287

education contexts, 117

formal, 16, 75, 96, 112

higher, 110

e-learning, 36, 155–6, 177, 192

Elgg, 30, 32–3, 81, 143, 151, 158, 196, 215, 237, 239–48, 251–3, 255–6, 258–9, 261, 268–9, 279–80, 320

email, 4, 8, 11, 15, 58, 75, 77, 101, 103, 118–19, 124–5, 128, 145–7, 164, 196, 249, 263, 279–80, 283, 287, 290, 296–7

emergence, 6, 23, 40, 52, 54–5, 61, 76, 83, 115, 134, 153, 158, 201

e-portfolio, 119, 252, 320

evolution, 8, 24, 36, 41, 52, 61, 93, 113, 129, 164, 170, 183, 220, 231–2, 239, 312

Facebook, 4, 11–12, 14, 24–32, 61, 77–81, 89, 125, 128, 142–50, 157–8, 163, 184–5, 211, 213, 215, 221, 226–7, 231, 234, 241, 244–7, 258, 270, 279–80, 283–7, 290, 293, 306, 317: Connect, 163, 287

groups, 128, 149–50

Lists, 81, 158

filter bubble, 139–40, 197, 201, 226, 297–8

five-stage model, 105–6

Flickr, 13, 24, 84–5, 181, 183, 185, 208, 227–8, 230

Commons, 181

folksonomy, 173, 180–181, 183–4, 191, 223

formal learning, 18–19, 27–8, 64, 67, 69, 74, 90, 94, 98, 100, 113, 142, 149–50, 154–5, 177, 185, 260, 275, 297, 320, 322, 324

forum, 12, 19, 30, 57, 97, 102, 139, 175, 188, 207, 226, 229, 264, 280, 306, 319

Foursquare, 14, 31, 186

fuzzy tags, 192, 221

Google

Hangouts, 11–12

Latitude, 14, 186

Search, 9–10, 14, 25, 27–8, 30, 185, 206, 210, 214, 227, 259, 283, 322

Google+, 12, 24, 28, 81, 134, 144, 158, 213, 258, 279–80, 287

Graspr, 216

group: activities, 45, 94, 112, 126

applications, 127–8, 196–7, 229

behaviour, 23, 108, 137

development, 95, 105–6

formation, 104–5, 157

Groupon, 13, 186

groupthink, 114–17, 201, 232, 295, 297, 324

groupware, 14, 118, 165, 249

heutagogy, 48, 59

higher education, 16, 20, 97, 110–111, 119, 301, 303, 305

hive mind, 200

identity, 9, 20–21, 58, 78, 81, 83, 94, 108, 116, 144, 151–2, 159, 167–71, 182, 189, 196, 200, 240, 275, 282–4, 287, 293, 298, 306–7, 325

immersive environments, 14, 121–4, 283–4, 321

informal learning, 7, 10, 15, 17–19, 27, 53–4, 72, 99, 125, 150, 248, 267, 284, 307

information overload, 296

instant messaging, 11, 31, 143, 145–6, 296

Interaction Equivalency Theory, 64

Internet, 3, 6, 8, 10–11, 27, 60, 71, 77, 84, 87, 98, 100, 116–18, 132, 136, 147–8, 159, 165, 167, 185, 189–90, 197, 201, 240, 282, 284, 287, 289–92, 303, 306, 309

Internet access, 3, 98

Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 11

Johnson, Steven, 5, 49, 71, 300, 312, 325

Kauffman, Stuart, 24, 52–4, 183

Kelly, Kevin, 24, 37, 300

Khan Academy, 174, 185, 193, 276, 308, 318, 322

kMOOC (Khan-style MOOC), 318

Knowledge Sea, 206, 215

Landing, The. See Athabasca Landing

learner control, 65–6, 122, 129, 228

Learning Management System (LMS), 4, 14, 26, 32, 79, 89, 101, 117–20, 128, 238, 240, 255, 263, 276, 278, 280, 291, 303, 320

learning technology, 27–8, 36, 75, 81, 156, 233

legal issues, 292

lifelong learning, 7, 9, 26, 60, 129, 147–8, 154, 234, 286, 307, 325

LinkedIn, 4, 13, 24, 30, 32, 77, 79, 87, 89, 139, 146, 158, 162–3, 215, 222, 244, 258, 270, 280, 306, 308, 322

LMS. See learning management system

Macrodeme, 86, 104

Mahara, 252

mashup, 15, 143

massive open online course (MOOC), 4, 27, 61, 149, 221, 300–301, 317–19

Matthew effect, 157, 225–6, 228, 230, 232, 246, 257, 270, 297

McLuhan, Marshall, 201

me2u, 247–8, 250, 252, 257

medium, 5, 7, 67–70, 79, 90, 99, 101, 111, 138, 141, 144, 172, 174, 211, 289, 291

meme, 134, 157, 176

metadata, 77–8, 180, 196, 213, 220, 310, 320

microblog, 12, 242, 244, 280

mobile learning, 291

MOOC. See massive open online course

Moodle, 14, 30, 79, 89, 119–20, 125, 249, 252, 258, 261–4, 266, 273, 276, 280

Moore, Michael G., 62–5, 102, 151

motivation, 16, 30–31, 36, 44, 63, 88, 90, 107–8, 115, 121–2, 125–6, 149, 169–70, 177, 188, 190, 193, 216, 223, 251, 267, 293, 305, 310, 323

MUD-Object-Oriented (MOO), 123

Multi-User Dungeon (MUD), 123

MySpace, 12, 24, 77, 87, 125, 241, 244, 247, 280

Netflix, 8, 14, 211, 213–14, 227

networked: environments, 147, 151, 289, 292

learning, 9, 51, 55–6, 70, 77, 136, 138–42, 150, 152, 167, 192, 289, 300

technologies, 27, 71, 76, 132, 165

OER. See Open Educational Resource

online learning, 17–18, 35, 46, 55, 93, 112, 118, 121, 185, 192, 235, 241, 270, 296, 316

Open Badge Project, 307

Open Educational Resource (OER), 49, 158

Open University of the Netherlands (OUNL), 154–5

ownership, 16, 21–2, 32, 119, 127, 153, 158, 223, 244, 250–252, 257, 270, 272, 293

pace, 10, 38, 64, 67, 69–70, 83, 97, 99, 104, 122, 129, 134, 138, 142, 172–3, 211, 248, 250, 280, 310

parcellation, 230–232, 312

path dependency, 322

Paulsen, Morten, 67–9

pedagogy, 34, 36–9, 42, 68, 70–71, 90, 100, 103, 140–142, 177, 211, 232, 238, 266–7, 273, 276–7, 295

perapatry, 157

peripatry, 157

personal learning environment (PLE), 33

PicBreeder, 220

Pinboards, 259

Pinterest, 4, 13, 24, 31, 79, 89, 165, 182, 184, 195, 259

PLE. See personal learning environment

portfolio, 152–3, 242, 247, 266, 320

print, 6–7, 21, 37, 188, 249

privacy, 32, 67, 88, 120, 145, 157, 159, 238–40, 252, 271, 275, 281–7, 298, 325

profile, 26, 30, 79, 144–5, 168, 187, 196, 215, 222, 243, 253–4, 256, 264–5, 284, 287, 296

Q&A site, 89, 175, 187, 276

Quora, 13, 31, 186–7, 215

Red Queen regime, 54–5

re-usable learning object (RLO), 318

reputation-based tools, 215–6

Graspr, 216

LinkedIn, 215

Slashdot, 216

Spongefish, 216

Rich Site Syndication (RSS), 119, 143, 146, 178, 195–6, 293, 320

Royal Roads University, 126

RSS. See Rich Site Syndication

Salmon, Gillian, 49–50, 106–7

school, 4, 7, 20, 26, 49, 75, 103–4, 115, 117, 120, 123–4, 131, 158, 171, 244, 276, 278, 285, 303, 305, 312, 321, 323–4

Second Life, 14

self-organization, 54, 59, 214, 277

sense-making, 31, 177, 179, 181, 320–321

Shirky, Clay, 96

Siemens, George, 48, 58–60, 155, 158, 269, 317

Skinner, B.F., 38

Skype, 11–12, 15, 31, 121, 249–50

Slashdot, 30–31, 84, 89, 176, 183, 213, 216, 218–19, 221, 226, 231, 310–311, 322

social capital, 19–20, 28, 30, 83, 88, 90, 117, 134, 137, 140, 149, 162, 169–70, 174, 182, 186, 188, 190, 216, 222, 239–40, 293, 307, 324

social constructivism, 42, 48, 50

social form, 72, 75–9, 82, 84, 93, 102, 131, 141, 164–7, 169, 172, 175, 177, 189, 197, 209, 246, 255, 259, 280, 315, 319: group, 75–7, 79, 84, 93, 102, 141, 169, 171, 177, 189, 209, 246, 255, 259, 315, 319

network, 76–7, 84, 141, 164–5, 169, 258

set, 72, 77, 79, 82–3, 166–7, 169, 171–2, 175, 177, 189–90, 197, 209, 246, 255, 259, 315

social learning, theories of, 35, 37, 39–41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67, 69

social network, 25, 72, 132, 141–3, 215, 241, 244–5, 258, 278

social presence, 31, 46–7, 110–112, 121, 124, 146, 264

social software, 3, 5, 7–11, 13, 15–34, 57, 72, 78–9, 84, 91, 159, 167, 199, 233–5, 237–9, 252, 273, 275, 277, 279–81, 283–5, 287, 289, 291, 293–5, 297, 299, 310, 316

definitions of, 9, 15

design of, 235, 285

Spongefish, 216

Stalinist regime, 54–5

stigmergy, 206–7, 209, 220

swarm, 214, 222

synchronous activities, 76, 121–3

synchronous communication, 121

tag, 23, 178, 181–4, 191–2, 208, 221, 223, 225, 230, 232, 244, 257

tag cloud, 181–2, 191, 208, 221, 223, 230, 232, 257

taxonomy, 179–80

teacher control, 65–6

TeacherTube, 13, 185

teaching presence, 46–7, 65, 102, 109–10, 112, 114, 124, 142, 174, 234

TeachthePeople.com, 188

technology, 5–6, 23–5, 27–8, 36, 45, 49, 52, 68–71, 75, 81, 83, 87, 97, 99–100, 123, 136, 138, 141–2, 150, 156, 168, 172–3, 200, 202, 204, 211, 233, 238, 249, 252, 261, 277, 283, 291, 304, 326

theory of cooperative freedom, 67

three-generation model, 37

transactional control, 65–6, 102, 175

transactional distance, 62–6, 70, 73, 102, 142–3, 151, 174–5, 212–13, 224, 249, 311

tribe, 80–82, 96, 104, 170–171, 294

trust, 58, 78, 82, 87, 89, 108, 112, 114, 121, 132, 134, 152, 189, 210, 216, 227, 238, 242–3, 245, 287–9, 297, 307

Tumblr, 12, 24, 165

Twitter, 4, 12, 24–31, 58, 79, 89, 139, 142, 144, 149, 156–8, 165–8, 175, 181, 183, 190–191, 208, 242, 244, 253, 280, 287, 291, 293, 320

hashtags, 149, 157, 181

university, 7, 20, 26, 52, 56, 75, 80, 84, 86, 104, 108–9, 119, 126, 150, 154, 158, 177–8, 255, 257, 259, 269–70, 272–3, 276–9, 300–306, 308, 313–15, 321–3

University of Brighton, 240–47, 251

video conferencing, 11, 22, 123, 145, 290

Vygotsky, Lev, 43, 50

Webmeeting, 12, 250

Wenger, Etienne, 15, 41, 56–8, 76, 149, 153, 312

wiki(s), 30, 89, 119, 152, 167, 185, 190, 193, 195–6, 220, 223, 228, 230, 239, 245, 252, 255, 258, 260, 263, 267–8, 276–7, 280, 293, 307

Wikipedia, 4, 9, 25, 28, 83, 167, 170, 175, 178–9, 185, 188, 190, 193, 195, 220, 276, 316, 322

wisdom of crowds, 87, 89, 187, 190

World Wide Web (WWW), 124, 177, 182

xMOOC, 317, 319. See also massive open online course

YouTube, 4, 13, 15, 24–5, 28, 78, 84, 141, 184–5, 213, 230

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