Index
agriculture, 48, 63, 72, 97, 160, 164, 267, 319, 346n10, 356n16, 359n23
and capitalist world-system, 169, 175, 178
development of, 108–11, 112, 113–15
industrialization of, 151–53, 173–74, 177, 206, 357n17
intensification of, 43–45, 117–18
and population, 42–43, 45–46, 115, 246, 345n4
and capitalism, 156, 191, 231–32
Marx’s theory of, 230–31
and rationalization, 232–33, 260–61
Durkheim’s theory of, 228
“astroturfing,” 144
defined, 354n11
and bureaucracy, 63, 134, 137–39, 141, 143, 147, 183, 216, 238
charismatic, 272
defined, 269
moral, 234
political, 22, 116, 117, 128, 161, 163, 218, 332, 351–52n9
rational-legal, 321
traditional, 336
autocatalytic relationship, 40, 52, 57, 94, 110, 115, 117, 131, 353n3
defined, 28, 269. See also feedback loop
Bakan, Joel: on corporate values, 153, 188–89, 235–36
on globalization, 256–57
rise of, 161, 162, 354–55n6. See also financial industry
Berry, Wendell: on loss of community, 228–29
on modern agriculture, 151–52
on rationalization, 221
Blute, Marion: on sociocultural evolution, 92–93
Boserup, Ester, 31
on population growth and agricultural production, 42–46, 109
bourgeoisie, 48, 161, 172, 175–76, 349n7, 356n14
defined, 270. See also middle class
Braudel, Fernand, 155
Braverman, Harry, 30, 31, 63, 65, 156, 188
on capitalism and increased productivity of labour, 152–53, 190
on detailed division of labour, 55, 64
and test of Marx’s predicted expansion of working class, 179–80, 181, 359–60nn25, 26
bureaucracy, 52, 63, 101, 103, 125–26, 160, 191, 219, 248, 255, 260
centralization of power in, 140–44
characteristics of “ideal type,” 126–28
corporate, 89, 101, 126, 129–36, 140–47, 154, 217, 236, 260
defined, 270
and democracy, 126, 133, 141, 215, 216–17
and detailed division of labour, 223–24, 234
irrationality of, 234–38
oligarchic nature of, 137–41
and technocratic thinking, 148–53, 233, 235
white-collar workers and, 63, 183
and the state, 28–29, 161–62, 194, 215–16. See also bureaucratization
“bureaucratic personality,” 136–38
bureaucratization, 56, 104, 129–36, 164, 246
dangers of, in Weber’s analysis, 80–83
defined, 270
and intensification, 261–62
and rationalization, 32–33, 37, 65, 89, 94, 233, 260–61
psychological effects of, 31, 101, 136–40, 224–25, 228–29, 241
and weakening of primary groups, 228, 229–30. See also bureaucracy; rationalization
campaign contributions. See political campaigns, in the US
Canada, 166, 252, 257, 258–59, 296, 310
economic growth in, 60
medicare in, 308
privatization in, 319
capitalism, 20, 64, 152–53, 213, 236, 254
and alienation, 230–32
and bureaucratization, 128, 129–33, 141, 154
cultural ideologies and the rise of, 164–65
“deepening” of, 168–72
and detailed division of labour, 54–56, 59
feudalism and the rise of, 157–59, 160–61, 163
hyperdevelopment of, 188–91
macrosociologists on, 30, 155–56
in Marxist theory, 20, 24, 26, 46–47, 77–79, 173–79, 184, 230, 233–34
and the printing press, 120–21
and the state, 161–63, 199, 215–16, 248
technological innovation and the rise of, 159–60, 163
in Weber, 9, 14, 20–22, 28, 50, 82–83, 190. See also capitalist world-system; commodification; corporations; financial industry; profit, pursuit of
capitalist world-system, 165–68, 191, 198
collapse of, 185–87
on pristine states, 195–97, 199
children, 16, 61, 270, 281, 289, 312, 341
and print culture, 123
and reproductive behaviour, 41, 243–45
and social Darwinism, 75
as workers, 252, 357n16. See also population; sexuality
Citizens United decision (2010), 189, 204–5, 258
defined, 272. See also corporations
class, 34, 102, 164, 183–84, 249
and bureaucracy, 63
and capitalist world-system, 30, 158, 167, 168, 190, 191, 215
in feudal society, 160–61, 171
in Marxist theory, 46, 78–79, 174, 175–76, 178–79, 181–82, 240, 288, 319, 336, 349n7
and the state, 195, 199, 213–14, 217, 218
and welfare, 172, 187. See also elite(s); oligarchy; middle class; working class
class system, 183, 215, 240, 272, 337
defined, 272–73
defined, 353n3. See also evolution
Cohen, Mark, 45
collective conscience, 240–42, 295, 363n2
defined, 273
evolution of, 226–27
weakening of, 227–29, 329. See also collective consciousness
collective consciousness, 349n13, 363n2
and mechanical solidarity, 85–86
weakening of, 87. See also collective conscience
and corporate capitalism, 156, 169, 171–72, 186, 187, 191
defined, 274
and infrastructural intensification, 64–65, 246
communication, 45, 94–95, 99, 102–3, 159, 194, 229, 256
and bureaucratization, 133–34, 138, 140, 181, 224
and capitalism, 20, 130, 165–66, 169, 344n3
defined, 274
and intensification of production, 52, 346n10
and intersocietal selection, 70
kinesic, 302
and population density, 52, 346n9
and print technology, 119–24
communism, xv, 209, 326, 359n23, 364n5
defined, 274–75
Comte, Auguste, 285
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), 151–52
defined, 275
of classes, 78
defined, 275
and social systems, 13, 15, 278
of values and modes of thought, 137, 148, 152
of will with collective conscience, 241. See also “homo duplex,” Durkheim’s theory of; war
consumerism, 61, 65, 89, 155, 186, 364n4
and decline in birth rate, 61, 246
defined, 276
and exploitation, 188–89, 202, 229, 237. See also commodification
convergence, 69, 88–89, 92, 103
core-and-periphery relationship, 167–68, 178, 184, 187, 212–13, 281
core countries, 30, 166, 168, 179, 187, 191, 247
defined, 277. See also core-and-periphery relationship
corporate bureaucracy, 31, 57, 63, 89, 126
and capitalist economy, 129–30, 132–33, 134
and elites, 141–43
and rationalization, 101, 136, 147, 232, 236–37, 260
and white-collar workers, 183, 224–25. See also corporations
corporations, 13, 143, 145–46, 169, 173, 189, 212, 214, 248, 262, 276
and agriculture, 173–74, 177, 206
and centralization of economic power, 144, 170–71, 177
defined, 277
and the environment, 186–87
legal status of, 153–54, 281–82
and maximization of profit, 156, 169–70, 188–89, 236
and the military, 143, 209, 212
and political campaigns, 200–202, 204–5, 272
and the state, 131–32, 142, 145–46, 205, 206–7, 217–18, 220, 254, 256–58, 353n3
and technology, 98, 140, 169, 247
and weakening of primary groups, 88, 89, 101, 135, 228, 229–30. See also corporate bureaucracy; profit, pursuit of
critical thinking, 148–52, 354n12. See also substantive rationality
cultural diffusion, 74, 96, 98
defined, 278. See also intersocietal selection
cultural materialism, 10, 11–12, 283, 299, 331, 350n1
defined, 279
cultural superstructure, 22, 88, 100, 261–62
defined, 279
and division of labour, 53, 87, 263
and rationalization, 93–94, 260–61, 262
and rise of capitalism, 164. See also superstructure
defined, 279
in Durkheim, 84
and evolutionary theory, 26, 35, 80, 84, 103
and evolutionary theory, 67, 71. See also social Darwinism
DeLorean, John: on corporate immorality, 234–35
and bureaucracy, 133, 140–41, 216
and capitalist world-system, 185–86
defined, 280
industrial, 298
liberal, 304
participatory, 314
representative, 141, 210, 252, 253, 323
detailed division of labour, 45, 53, 56, 64, 65, 129, 223–24, 234, 236, 260
defined, 282. See also division of labour
on development of agriculture, 108–10, 112, 114–15
on domestication of animals, 110–12
on extinction of megafauna, 107–8
and rise of the state, 116–17
on unequal evolution of sociocultural systems, 105–6, 115–18. See also autocatalytic relationship
The Division of Labor in Society (Durkheim), 84, 85, 222
division of labour, 9, 27, 31–32, 37, 44, 48, 49, 59, 73, 91, 163, 195, 256, 261, 263
and bureaucratization, 129–30, 136, 223–24, 234
and capitalist world-system, 166–67, 169, 174–75, 177, 184, 191
defined, 283
in Durkheim, 19, 31, 56–57, 85–88, 222, 227, 313
in Lenski, 95, 96, 99, 102, 104, 249–50, 253
in Marx, 20, 38, 46, 47, 52, 53, 55–56, 76, 178, 230, 232, 346n9, 356n16, 358n19
origins of, 115–18
in Spencer, 74–75
and weakening of social bond, 31, 134, 222–23, 227–28, 329
in Weber, 33, 52, 101, 232, 260. See also detailed division of labour
domestication, 98, 108, 110–14
defined, 283
Durkheim, Émile, 17, 27, 95, 233, 350n2, 353–54n10, 363n1
commonalities of, with other theorists, 7–8, 9, 12, 32, 37, 46, 52, 91
evolutionism in, 26, 75, 74–88
functionalism in, 14
on individual will versus collective conscience (“homo duplex”), 226–27, 240–42, 294–95, 349n12
on division of labour, 56–57
materialism in, 24
on population pressure, 19–20, 222
and totemism, 336
types of suicide identified by, 267, 268, 286
on weakening of social bond, 31, 134, 222–23, 227–28, 229, 230, 329, 349n13. See also anomie; collective conscience; collective consciousness; mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity
Dye, Thomas: on growth of corporations, 143–44
dysfunction(s), 14–15, 18, 278, 337
of bureaucracy, 136–37
defined, 284
of infrastructural intensification, 63–65
of laws against homosexuality, 16
ecological-evolutionary theory, 45, 93–94, 98, 102, 114, 119
defined, 285
in Lenski, 91–92, 93, 114, 124, 350n1. See also evolutionary theory
Ecological-Evolutionary Theory (Lenski), 91, 104
and bureaucratization, 29, 63, 130, 215, 217, 237
and chiefdoms, 116
and commodification of social life, 64–65, 129, 172
and corporate power, 144, 145–46, 207, 214
and creative destruction, 278
defined, 285
expansion of, in Europe, 159–61
and globalization of capital, 169–70, 177–78, 211, 256–57
market, 306
and Marx’s crisis of capitalism, 173–78
mixed, 310
of US, 170–71, 179–80, 184, 187
and US militarism, 209, 211–12; 213
in world-systems theory, 165, 166–68, 186–87, 212–13, 340. See also capitalism; commodification; financial industry; mode of production
Economy and Society (Weber), 26, 125
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 142
on military-industrial complex, 207–9
Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 52
on the impact of the printing press, 118–24
The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (Durkheim), 84
and civilizing effect, 65
on “scientificization” of thought, 4
elite(s), 17, 133, 141–43, 317, 363n2
and capitalist system, 78, 163, 167, 184, 185, 207, 215, 251
and class structure, 14, 75, 183, 199, 249, 256
defined, 286
and inequality, 76, 116, 249, 251–54, 257, 259, 364n5
influence of, 16, 101–2, 141, 164, 217–18, 219
interests of, 63, 121, 145, 146, 160, 206, 220, 252
and resistance to change, 5, 18
Engels, Friedrich, xv, 176, 177, 350, 359nn23, 24
defined, 286
and CAFOs, 275
defined, 287
and forces of production, 48, 49–50, 76
and Great Leap Forward, 106–8
and hierarchy, 139
human dependence on, 23–24, 27, 38, 62, 67
and industrialization, 51–52, 97
and intensification, 39, 94, 219–20, 246, 247, 363n2
in Lenski, 96–97, 98–99, 103–4, 250, 351n6
and population, 40, 41–42, 58, 63
and rationalization, 101, 232, 233, 234, 235, 260, 261
and sociocultural evolution, 25, 26, 35, 37, 68, 70–71, 74, 88, 219
threats to, 155, 168, 186–87, 189, 247. See also Diamond, Jared; ecological-evolutionary theory
environmental-infrastructural relationships, 96–98, 105
of agriculture, 42–45, 97, 108–11, 112, 114–15, 117
of bureaucracy, 129–30
of capitalism, 30, 50, 165–66, 168–70, 175–77, 184–85
of collective conscience, 227–28
defined, 288
of division of labour, 53–57, 115–18, 222–23
and Great Leap Forward, 106–7
and growth of individualism, 31
and hierarchy, 139–40
of inequality, 35, 99–100, 102, 249–53, 258–60
of knowledge base, 4–5
of modern industry, 51–52
of printing, 119–23
and rationalization, 32, 100–101
of sociocultural systems, 21, 35, 46, 57, 67–71, 88–89, 97, 102–4, 116, 258, 261–62, 300, 301, 311, 329, 344n6
of technology, 119
unilinear, 337, 344n8. See also cumulative change; ecological-evolutionary theory; evolutionary theory
evolutionary theory, 114, 124, 214–15, 219, 221, 239, 350n2
in Blute, 92–93
in Diamond, 104–6, 107–12, 116–18
in Durkheim, 19–20, 26, 57, 84–88, 222–23, 227–28
in Lenski, 91–92, 94–100, 102, 103–4, 249–51, 350n1
and macrosociology, 11, 24–27, 46, 65, 67, 88–89, 91–92, 124, 239
in Marx, 26, 49, 75–80, 240, 348–49n5
in Spencer, 20, 25, 29, 67, 72–75, 348n4
in Weber, 26, 32, 80–84, 89, 97, 100–101, 346n8. See also ecological-evolutionary theory; evolution
evolutionism. See evolutionary theory
feedback loop, 12, 27–28, 33, 89, 94, 331
defined, 289. See also autocatalytic relationship
defined, 289
feudalism, 20, 22, 26, 128, 162, 171
defined, 290
and origins of capitalism, 47, 48, 76, 77–78, 157–64, 349n7
financial industry, 130, 170–71, 190–91, 253, 360n31
in Canada, 259
and US political campaigns, 202–3. See also banks
food production. See agriculture
formal organization. See secondary group(s)
formal rationality (Zweckrational), 137, 146–49, 152, 190, 361n32
defined, 290. See also technocratic thinking
Foster, John Bellamy, 27, 30, 31, 63, 64, 155–56, 165
on core and periphery, 179, 212–13
on environmentalism in Marx, 79–80
Frank, Andre Gunder, 165
prior to the state, 194–95
functional analysis, 11, 13–16, 18–19, 344n4
defined, 290
functionalism: defined, 290–91. See also functional analysis
Galbraith, John Kenneth: on state and techno-structure, 146
General Economic History (Weber), 26, 162
General Motors, 234–36
genetic engineering, 151–52
defined, 291
genetics, 7, 69, 270, 287, 288
versus learning, 68, 92–93, 94–95
versus technological change, 97–98
of capital, 30, 129, 169, 177, 191, 211, 260
defined, 292
of labour, 213, 301. See also global system of societies; world-systems theory
Global North, 311
defined, 292
defined, 292
global system of societies, 69–70, 96, 102–4, 105, 301, 350n1
Goldschmidt, Walter: on human need for social affirmation, 242–43
Great Leap Forward (in human evolution), 106–7
gross domestic product, 17, 60
defined, 293
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (Diamond), 104–5
Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson: on Canada, 258–59
on market-state relationship. 131,
on rise of inequality, 254–55, 259
Harrington, Michael: on the state and corporate interests, 145, 207
Harris, Marvin, 10, 11, 23, 24, 45, 48, 156, 164, 270, 283, 316, 318, 344nn9, 10, 350n3
on attitudes toward homosexuality, 15–16
on evolution of the state, 194–95, 198, 215
and Lenski, 350n1
on mode of production, 49–50
themes in work of, 27, 29, 31, 63, 98
health care, 182, 185, 254, 280, 293–94, 305, 308
and financial industry, 171
functional analysis of, 18–19
and health insurance industry, 183, 202
private, 319
public, 320
Hedges, Chris: on US elites, 218
Heinberg, Richard, 354n1
on Malthus, 343n1
historical materialism, 20, 259
defined, 294
“homo duplex,” Durkheim’s theory of, 226–27, 240–42, 349n12
defined, 294–95
hyperindustrial societies, 59–62, 63, 100, 103, 169, 244
and bureaucratic ethos, 128, 151
defined, 296
and division of labour, 183, 224, 256–57, 263
in Lenski, 100–101
in Weber, 20, 32, 50. See also ideology/ideologies
ideal type: of bureaucracy, 126–28, 132
ideology/ideologies, xiv, 13, 21, 23–24, 39, 50, 59, 88, 105, 164, 220, 244, 254, 261, 263, 312, 333
and collective conscience, 226
and convergence, 69
and intellectual class, 213
in Lenski, 94, 95, 96, 98, 102, 252, 253
in Malthus, 42
of neoliberalism, 188
industrialism, 50, 215, 283, 351n4
characteristics of, 31
defined, 298
and the environment, 219, 287. See also hyperindustrial societies
Industrial Revolution, 32, 76, 198
as arbitrary construct, 22–23
defined, 298
and environmental change, 97. See also industrialism
inequality, 11, 33–34, 65, 330
Lenski on, 96, 97, 99–100, 249–53
Malthus on, 41
and world-systems theory, 167–68
infrastructural determinism, 289, 318
defined, 299
infrastructural intensification, 28, 39, 99, 101, 261–62
and bureaucratization, 28, 89, 130, 224, 261
dysfunctional aspects of, 63–65, 262n2
and ecological-environmental theory, 91
and environmental limits, 219–20. See also intensification of production; population
infrastructure, 11, 27, 39, 62, 261
defined, 299
in ecological-environmental theory, 93, 96–98, 102, 105
influence of, on rise of capitalism, 163
influence of, on sexual mores, 246
and sociocultural change, 26, 100, 164, 233, 352n15
and the state, 130, 131, 145, 247. See also infrastructural intensification
defined, 299
fundamental, 291
in navigation and ship building, 159
and sociocultural evolution, 68, 70, 74, 344n6
technological, 22–23, 59, 97–98, 99, 119, 121, 140, 169, 207
and war, 161
inorganic evolution, 68, 347n2. See also evolution
intensification of production, 39, 57, 62, 97, 163, 215, 247, 300
and communication and transport, 52
and the environment, 52, 59, 261
and growth of bureaucracy, 33, 89
and sociocultural change, 28, 32. See also infrastructural intensification
International Monetary Fund, 171
intersocietal selection, 70–71, 92, 103–4, 348n4, 350n1
defined, 301. See also cultural diffusion
defined, 301
iron law of oligarchy, 137, 140
defined, 302. See also oligarchy
irrationality factor, 137, 152
and bureaucracy, 148–49, 151, 154, 233–38, 262
and capitalism, 152–53, 185–91
defined, 302
and socialist economy, 361n32
and US militarism, 207–14
Jacobs, Jane: on trading networks and domestication of plants and animals, 112–14
kinship, 194, 227, 249, 228, 336
defined, 302
weakening of ties based on, 101, 134, 228, 248, 260, 262
Kumar, Krishan, 351n4
on industrialism, 31–32
defined, 303
Lenski, Gerhard, 10, 24, 25, 34, 94–100, 102–4, 105, 273, 285, 332, 350n2, 351nn6, 9
and Diamond, 105, 108–9, 116, 258
ecological-evolutionary theory of, 91–92, 93–94, 350n1
on inequality, 249–53, 256, 364n5
themes in work of, 27, 29, 31, 63, 65
lobbying, of US government, 200–201
defence industry and, 203–4
oil and gas industry and, 203. See also political campaigns, in the US
macrosociologists, 7–8, 9–11, 63, 65, 350n4
and functional analysis, 14
and historical-comparative method, 34–35
on inequality, 33–34
as materialists, 19, 20, 24, 28, 39, 62, 125
on militarism, 143
on population level, 46
on “pristine changes,” 98
on production technology, 52. See also macrosociology; individual theorists
macrosociology, 11, 35, 94, 124, 191, 239, 262–63
defined, 305
and discipline of sociology, xiii–xiv, 5, 8
evolutionary character of, 25–27, 65, 67, 75
and study of inequality, 33, 239
systemic character of, 11–12
and world-systems theory, 165. See also cultural materialism; ecological-evolutionary theory; evolutionary theory
macro theorists. See macrosociologists
Madison, James: on militarism, 214
Malthus, T. Robert, xiv–xv, xvi, 10, 14, 63, 91, 343n1
on evolution of sociocultural systems, 71–72, 75
influence of, on other theorists, 9, 26, 27, 31, 67, 72, 94
and Marx, 46
on population, 23, 40–42, 57, 109, 305, 317, 318, 345n2
on sexual behaviour, 243–45
manifest function, 16–17, 62, 337
defined 305
Martin, Paul C.: on extinction of megafauna, 107–8
Marx, Karl, xv–xvi, 9, 10, 14, 30, 199, 218, 306
on alienation of labour, 230–32, 267
on agricultural intensification, 357n17
on automation, 358n19
on the bourgeoisie, 48, 165, 172, 175, 349n7, 356n14
on capitalism, 77–78, 155, 162–63, 165, 173–79, 191, 233–34, 356n15
on common property, 348–49n5
on detailed division of labour, 53, 55–56, 59
environmental concerns of, 79–80
on evolution of sociocultural systems, 26, 75–77, 79
and growth of working class, 182–83, 184
on human nature, 240
influence of, on other theorists, 27, 29–30, 31, 168, 185, 343n2
and intensification of production, 52, 346–47n10, 356–57n16, 357–58n18
materialism in, 20, 24, 37, 38, 46, 294, 345n1
and mode of production, 47–49, 345–46n6
on the peasantry, 77–78, 354n3
and socialist revolution, 26, 78–79, 175–77, 178–79
on unemployment, 358–59nn20, 21. See also class: in Marxist theory
materialism, 11, 21–22, 23–24, 27, 34, 37–39, 62, 100, 158, 164, 243
defined, 206. See also cultural materialism; sociocultural materialism; individual theorists
McDonaldization, 65, 126, 351n8
defined, 307
mechanical solidarity, 85–87, 227, 349n12
defined, 307
mental superstructure, 299
defined, 308. See also superstructure
Merton, Robert K., 91, 136, 337, 344n4
anomie theory of, 268, 276, 299, 321–22, 323, 324
Meštrović, Stjepan, 27, 31, 64, 156
on civilization and barbarism, 229
on erosion of moral system, 228
middle class, 63, 189, 191, 270, 284, 339
defined, 309
and growth of white-collar class, 181–83. See also bourgeoisie; white-collar occupations
Milgram, Stanley: on hierarchy, 138–39
Mills, C. Wright, xvi, 11, 27, 56, 103, 126, 155, 221, 230, 259, 295, 305, 331, 343n2, 35nn9, 10
on elites in US society, 141–42, 143
on modern atrocities, 237–38
and rationality versus reason, 148
on white-collar class, 183, 339–40
mode of production, 20, 27, 47, 49–50, 60, 62, 215, 246, 345–46n6
and alienation, 230
and capitalism, 77, 157, 163, 176, 178, 356n15
and class, 272
defined, 310
and growth of bureaucracy, 39
and growth of individualism, 31. See also intensification of production
defined, 310
Nisbet, Robert, 27, 156, 199, 219, 301, 353n10
and decline of primary groups, 134, 229–30
on militarism, 143, 209–11, 213
on power, 217
themes in work of, 29, 31, 63, 64
nuclear family, 64, 134, 289, 353n6
defined, 312
obedience, 139–40
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 67
organic evolution, 67–69, 73, 84. See also evolution
organic solidarity, 86–87, 349n12
defined, 313
peripheral countries, 167, 180, 185, 334
defined, 315. See also core-and-periphery relationship
pharmaceutical companies, 258, 359n22
Pierson, Paul. See Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson
political campaigns, in the US:
financial industry and, 202–3
insurance industry and, 202
oil and gas industry and, 203
population, 13, 23, 27–28, 35, 37–38, 57–61, 103–4, 215, 239, 281
and bureaucratization, 28, 33, 37, 39, 63, 89, 129–30, 216, 351n8
and capitalism, 46, 158–59, 163
and division of labour, 19, 52, 53, 57, 86–87, 346n9
and domestication, 114
and the environment, 39, 63, 70, 79, 96–97, 105, 107–8, 219, 247, 261, 345n2
and food production, 28, 40, 42–46, 72, 97, 109–10, 115, 343n1
and homosexuality, 15–16
and inequality, 65, 95, 99–100, 116, 250, 252
in Malthus, xiv, 14, 40–42, 305, 345n4
and reproductive behaviour, 41, 244–46
and the state, 117–18, 193, 197–98
and technological innovation, 23, 59, 99
and weakening of the social bond, 222. See also fertility; infrastructure
positive check, 23, 41, 244, 305
defined, 317
post-industrial societies, 296
defined, 317. See also hyperindustrial socities
Postman, Neil, 52
preventive check, 23, 41, 244, 305
defined, 318
primary group(s), 125, 261, 271, 299
decline in importance of, 31, 88–89, 134–35, 228, 229–30, 248, 262
defined, 318–19
as intermediate organization, 301
and rationalization, 94, 101, 232
role of, in commodification, 274
and weakening of moral code, 227–28, 241
Principles of Sociology (Spencer), 14, 74, 369
pristine origins: of agriculture, 98, 114, 195–96
of the state, 195–98
private property, 79, 155, 176, 359nn23, 24
in agrarian societies, 251
private sector, 131, 144, 145, 190, 216
and the state, 163, 165, 200, 207. See also corporations
defined, 319
profit, pursuit of, 89, 144, 152–53, 154, 156, 167, 178, 190–91, 218, 237, 257, 334, 353n4, 359n22
and deepening of capitalism, 169–72
and deregulation, 189
and the environment, 186–87
and rationalization, 132–33, 173, 231–32, 236
as sport, 83. See also capitalism; corporations
proletariat, 173, 175–76, 184, 356n14, 359n23
defined, 319. See also working class
capitalism and, 14, 83, 162, 164, 218
defined, 320
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber), 21, 50, 82, 83–84, 164, 219
rationalization, 4–5, 20, 31–33, 37, 65, 93–94, 100–104, 126, 147–48, 189, 222, 233, 236, 237, 260–61, 301, 351nn4, 8
and bureaucracy, 29, 89, 94, 126, 135–36
and capitalism, 83, 156, 165, 169, 170–71, 191, 231, 232, 236
defined, 321
and industrialization, 50, 52, 151–52, 247
and sociocultural evolution, 26, 39, 69, 80–81, 104, 232–33, 262, 346n8
and weakening of social bond, 232, 234. See also formal rationality
reproduction, 28, 46, 57, 61, 88, 158, 243
and primary and secondary groups, 318, 325–26
and rationalization, 33, 232, 246, 260
social, 330
versus sustenance, 71. See also fertility; population; sexuality
in communication, 102–3, 119, 121, 123–34
defined, 323
in Marxist theory, 14, 26, 52, 76, 168, 175–77, 178, 184, 190, 232, 346–47n10, 357n17
in transportation, 103. See also Industrial Revolution
Riesman, David, 64
Ritzer, George, 27, 30, 126, 271, 307, 351nn4, 8
themes in work of, 29, 31, 65, 156
Sanderson, Stephen, 27, 63, 64, 105, 350n2
and rise of capitalism, 159, 160, 161
and modern capitalism, 156, 165, 169
scientism, 325
secondary group(s), 88, 125, 241, 261–62, 270–71, 299
and decline of primary groups, 229–30
defined, 325–26
and oligarchy, 140
semi-peripheral countries, 167–68, 183
defined, 326–27. See also core-and-periphery relationship
sexuality, 243, 244–46, 270, 328
Sharp, Gwen, 206
Smith, Adam: on detailed division of labour, 53–54, 55
social Darwinism, 75
defined, 329. See also evolutionary theory
social evolutionary theory. See evolutionary theory
socialism, 123, 184–85, 226, 252, 310, 361n32
defined, 330
Engels on, 359n24
evolution of 26, 78–79, 175–77
and the bourgeoisie, 356n14. See also communism
socialization, 99, 242–43, 267, 279, 318, 325
adult, 266
anticipatory, 268
and collective conscience, 226
stages of, in Mead, 291, 297, 315
sociocultural materialism, 279, 289, 299, 308, 333
defined, 331
sociocultural system(s), xiii–xiv, 12–13, 20, 21–22, 25, 27, 31, 33, 60, 134, 140, 164, 166, 224, 239, 243, 261–62
age structure and, 61–62
communications technology and, 52, 102, 119
defined, 331
division of labour and, 86–87, 222
in ecological-evolutionary theory, 91–92, 95–98, 105, 114, 118
economic relationships and, 47, 49
evolution of, 4, 69–70, 74, 77, 80, 89, 94, 104, 344n6
functional analysis of, 13–15
inequality among, 106, 249–51, 256
and macro theory, xvi, 5, 8–9, 24, 25, 28, 30, 34, 35, 124, 125
materialist perspective on, 37–39, 59, 62, 79, 100
and the natural environment, 219–20, 246
and population, 40, 41, 42, 46, 99
and rationalization, 93–94, 135, 233
and the state, 199, 214, 352n9
sociology, xiii–xiv, 8, 10, 21, 40
influence of Lenski on, 91
influence of Marx on, 155
influence of Weber on, 65, 260. See also macrosociology
Spencer, Herbert, 7, 12, 27, 31, 37, 46, 91, 94
evolutionary theory of, 20, 25, 29, 67, 72–75, 92, 347–48n2, 348n4
on functional analysis, 14
steam engine, 22, 51–52, 59, 97, 247, 291, 346n7
Stiglitz, Joseph: on top 1 percent income bracket, 253, 258
and technology, 27, 49, 96, 97, 102, 310
substantive rationality (Wertrational), 137, 146–49
defined, 333. See also critical thinking
superstructure, 11, 22, 59, 261, 263
defined, 333
and division of labour, 53, 263
in Marxist theory, 345n1, 346n6
and organic solidarity, 87
and rationalization, 93–94, 261, 262
relationship of, to material factors, 21, 59, 88, 100, 164
symbolic interaction, 8
defined, 334
systemic thinking, 17–18
technocratic thinking, 148–52, 233, 235. See also formal rationality
technology, 214, 261, 278, 307, 310
and agriculture, 150–51
and bureaucratization, 56, 89, 103, 129, 133–34, 140, 141, 143, 169, 224
and capitalism, 20–21, 59, 152–53, 158, 159–60, 163, 166, 170, 172, 173–74, 177, 178, 191, 231–32, 344n3, 355n9
and communication, 52, 94–95, 102–3, 119–20, 121, 133–34, 274
defined, 334–35
and division of labour, 53, 56
and evolution of sociocultural systems, 3, 12, 13, 23, 25, 27, 69, 70, 72, 74–75, 76, 97–98, 102–4, 106, 107, 109, 115, 116, 118, 148, 301
and industrialization, 22–23, 50–52, 226, 298, 204
and inequality, 249–50, 251, 256, 259
and materialist theory, 27, 37–38, 164, 306
and mode of production, 20, 47–50, 246, 300, 310
and the natural environment, 58, 59, 76, 96–97, 99, 220, 281
and population, 40–41, 43, 45, 46, 52, 74, 99
and rationalization, 101, 173–74, 177, 232, 233, 246, 260, 351n6
reification of, 22–23
and the state, 131, 161, 194, 195, 198, 207, 218, 230, 246, 247
theory. See cultural materialism; ecological-evolutionary theory; evolutionary theory; functional analysis; materialism; sociocultural materialism; world-systems theory; individual theorists
Tönnies, Ferdinand, 32, 291, 292
trade, 64, 99, 103, 166, 211, 359n23
and capitalist world-system, 166, 167, 168, 187
and domestication of plants and animals, 112–14
and rise of capitalism, 157, 158, 159–61, 171
and the state, 130, 131, 144, 187, 258
transportation, 70, 99, 102, 103, 130, 131, 176, 194, 346n9, 359n23
and bureaucratization, 133, 140, 224
and globalization of capital, 166, 169, 229, 256
and rise of capitalism, 20, 52, 159, 162, 344n3, 346–47n10
United States, xv, 60, 82, 126, 153, 166, 210, 250, 360n30
agribusiness in, 206
corporate influence on government in, 204–6
corporate profits in, 170–71
economic power in, 143–44, 145
impact of deregulation in, 188–89
influence of the military in, 143, 204, 208, 211–12, 213
political lobbying in, 200–204
power of elites in, 141–42, 146
and privatization, 208
urbanization, 31, 45, 175, 260
and commodification, 171
defined, 338
and early trade networks, 113, 114
in modern North America, 61
upper class. See elite(s)
usury, prohibitions on, 62, 355n8
and collective conscience, 226–27, 241
and communication, 94, 122, 123
defined, 338
and growth of formal rationality, 32, 33, 83, 93, 100, 232–33, 260–61, 262
material foundations of, 21, 23, 88, 98, 101, 164, 221–22, 223, 227–28
and sexuality, 245
and substantive rationality, 147
and weakening of social bond, 31, 73, 85–86, 88, 95, 256. See also ideology/ideologies; superstructure
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 71
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 27, 156, 179, 183
on capitalism as world-system, 30, 165–68
on crisis of feudalism, 157–58
on rise of European states, 159–60, 161
on collapse of capitalism, 185–88, 190
world-systems theory of, 340–41, 351–52n9
Wall Street, 170, 171, 202, 205. See also financial industry
war, 74, 103, 143, 158, 161, 195, 196–99, 209–10, 213–14, 216
civil, 123
industrialization of, 208–11, 298
Weber, Max, 181, 200, 231, 338, 346nn7, 8, 350n3
action types identified by, 266, 308, 336, 339, 341
authority types identified by, 272, 321, 336
on bureaucratization, 28–29, 56, 81–82, 103, 125, 128, 129–30, 132–34, 135, 146, 215–16, 233
on capitalism, 30, 83, 154, 155, 159, 162, 164, 190, 232, 344n3, 348n3, 355nn7, 9
commonalities of, with other theorists, 7–8, 9, 32, 57, 63, 65, 222, 352n11
and distinction between formal and substantive rationality, 146–49, 333
and environmental concerns, 97, 219
evolutionism in, 26, 39, 75, 80, 83–84, 101
functionalism in, 14
on ideal type, 126–27, 128, 296, 352–53n1
on industrialization, 50–52
influence of, on other theorists, 27, 65, 126, 350n2, 351nn4, 6, 8
on rationalization, 4–5, 22, 32–33, 93–94, 100–101, 135–36, 232–33, 260–61, 321
on socialism, 361n32
on war, 209. See also iron cage; Protestant ethic
welfare: and age structure, 62
defined, 329
dual system of, 284
and population, 41. See also welfare state
welfare state, 145, 216–17, 252
and capitalism, 172, 184, 187, 188, 190, 193
defined, 339
Wells, Spencer: on Great Leap Forward, 106–7
defined, 339. See also substantive rationality
white-collar occupations, 181–83, 273, 309
defined, 339–40
working class, 172, 184, 185, 191
and automation, 55–56, 181, 191, 224, 358n19
Braverman’s analysis of, 179–83
role of, in Marxist theory, 78–79, 175–77, 178, 179, 184, 356–57nn 15, 16
World Bank, 171
world-systems theory, 165, 166, 168, 351–52n9
defined, 340–41. See also capitalist world-system
youth, 123. See also children
Zweckrational, 146–48, 290, 308, 352n11
defined, 341. See also formal rationality