Index

agriculture, 48, 63, 72, 97, 160, 164, 267, 319, 346n10, 356n16, 359n23

and capitalist world-system, 169, 175, 178

development of, 108–11, 112, 113–15

diffusion of, 98, 114–15

industrialization of, 151–53, 173–74, 177, 206, 357n17

intensification of, 43–45, 117–18

and population, 42–43, 45–46, 115, 246, 345n4

and the state, 195–96, 197–98

alienation, 9, 31, 267

and capitalism, 156, 191, 231–32

Marx’s theory of, 230–31

origins of, 31, 222

and rationalization, 232–33, 260–61

anomie, 9, 232

and capitalism, 156, 191

Durkheim’s theory of, 228

origins of, 31, 222

“astroturfing,” 144

defined, 354n11

authority, 137, 154

and bureaucracy, 63, 134, 137–39, 141, 143, 147, 183, 216, 238

charismatic, 272

defined, 269

moral, 234

political, 22, 116, 117, 128, 161, 163, 218, 332, 351–52n9

rational-legal, 321

traditional, 336

autocatalytic relationship, 40, 52, 57, 94, 110, 115, 117, 131, 353n3

defined, 28, 269. See also feedback loop

Bakan, Joel: on corporate values, 153, 188–89, 235–36

on globalization, 256–57

banks, 189, 202, 300

rise of, 161, 162, 354–55n6. See also financial industry

Berry, Wendell: on loss of community, 228–29

on modern agriculture, 151–52

on rationalization, 221

Blute, Marion: on sociocultural evolution, 92–93

Boserup, Ester, 31

on population growth and agricultural production, 42–46, 109

bourgeoisie, 48, 161, 172, 175–76, 349n7, 356n14

defined, 270. See also middle class

Braudel, Fernand, 155

Braverman, Harry, 30, 31, 63, 65, 156, 188

on capitalism and increased productivity of labour, 152–53, 190

on detailed division of labour, 55, 64

and test of Marx’s predicted expansion of working class, 179–80, 181, 359–60nn25, 26

bureaucracy, 52, 63, 101, 103, 125–26, 160, 191, 219, 248, 255, 260

centralization of power in, 140–44

characteristics of “ideal type,” 126–28

corporate, 89, 101, 126, 129–36, 140–47, 154, 217, 236, 260

defined, 270

and democracy, 126, 133, 141, 215, 216–17

and detailed division of labour, 223–24, 234

irrationality of, 234–38

oligarchic nature of, 137–41

and technocratic thinking, 148–53, 233, 235

white-collar workers and, 63, 183

and the state, 28–29, 161–62, 194, 215–16. See also bureaucratization

“bureaucratic personality,” 136–38

bureaucratization, 56, 104, 129–36, 164, 246

and capitalism, 132, 191

dangers of, in Weber’s analysis, 80–83

defined, 270

and intensification, 261–62

material roots of, 39, 101

and rationalization, 32–33, 37, 65, 89, 94, 233, 260–61

psychological effects of, 31, 101, 136–40, 224–25, 228–29, 241

and weakening of primary groups, 228, 229–30. See also bureaucracy; rationalization

campaign contributions. See political campaigns, in the US

Canada, 166, 252, 257, 258–59, 296, 310

economic growth in, 60

medicare in, 308

privatization in, 319

capitalism, 20, 64, 152–53, 213, 236, 254

and alienation, 230–32

and bureaucratization, 128, 129–33, 141, 154

cultural ideologies and the rise of, 164–65

“deepening” of, 168–72

defined, 156, 271

and detailed division of labour, 54–56, 59

feudalism and the rise of, 157–59, 160–61, 163

hyperdevelopment of, 188–91

macrosociologists on, 30, 155–56

in Marxist theory, 20, 24, 26, 46–47, 77–79, 173–79, 184, 230, 233–34

and the printing press, 120–21

and the state, 161–63, 199, 215–16, 248

technological innovation and the rise of, 159–60, 163

in Weber, 9, 14, 20–22, 28, 50, 82–83, 190. See also capitalist world-system; commodification; corporations; financial industry; profit, pursuit of

capitalist world-system, 165–68, 191, 198

collapse of, 185–87

Carneiro, Robert, 21, 27, 75

on pristine states, 195–97, 199

cartographers, 3, 5

children, 16, 61, 270, 281, 289, 312, 341

food supply and, 40, 96, 110

and market economy, 172, 190

and print culture, 123

and reproductive behaviour, 41, 243–45

and social Darwinism, 75

socialization of, 139, 279

as workers, 252, 357n16. See also population; sexuality

Citizens United decision (2010), 189, 204–5, 258

defined, 272. See also corporations

class, 34, 102, 164, 183–84, 249

and bureaucracy, 63

and capitalist world-system, 30, 158, 167, 168, 190, 191, 215

in feudal society, 160–61, 171

in Marxist theory, 46, 78–79, 174, 175–76, 178–79, 181–82, 240, 288, 319, 336, 349n7

and the state, 195, 199, 213–14, 217, 218

and welfare, 172, 187. See also elite(s); oligarchy; middle class; working class

class system, 183, 215, 240, 272, 337

defined, 272–73

co-evolution, 108, 248

defined, 353n3. See also evolution

Cohen, Mark, 45

collective conscience, 240–42, 295, 363n2

defined, 273

evolution of, 226–27

weakening of, 227–29, 329. See also collective consciousness

collective consciousness, 349n13, 363n2

and mechanical solidarity, 85–86

weakening of, 87. See also collective conscience

Collins, Randall, 21, 162

commodification, 89, 129, 260

and corporate capitalism, 156, 169, 171–72, 186, 187, 191

defined, 274

and infrastructural intensification, 64–65, 246

communication, 45, 94–95, 99, 102–3, 159, 194, 229, 256

and bureaucratization, 133–34, 138, 140, 181, 224

and capitalism, 20, 130, 165–66, 169, 344n3

defined, 274

and intensification of production, 52, 346n10

and intersocietal selection, 70

kinesic, 302

and population density, 52, 346n9

and print technology, 119–24

communism, xv, 209, 326, 359n23, 364n5

defined, 274–75

Marx and, 155, 354n1

Comte, Auguste, 285

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), 151–52

defined, 275

conflict, 93, 95, 117, 228

of classes, 78

defined, 275

intersocietal, 70, 301, 348n4

and social systems, 13, 15, 278

of values and modes of thought, 137, 148, 152

of will with collective conscience, 241. See also “homo duplex,” Durkheim’s theory of; war

consumerism, 61, 65, 89, 155, 186, 364n4

and decline in birth rate, 61, 246

defined, 276

and exploitation, 188–89, 202, 229, 237. See also commodification

convergence, 69, 88–89, 92, 103

core-and-periphery relationship, 167–68, 178, 184, 187, 212–13, 281

core countries, 30, 166, 168, 179, 187, 191, 247

defined, 277. See also core-and-periphery relationship

corporate bureaucracy, 31, 57, 63, 89, 126

and capitalist economy, 129–30, 132–33, 134

and elites, 141–43

and rationalization, 101, 136, 147, 232, 236–37, 260

and white-collar workers, 183, 224–25. See also corporations

corporations, 13, 143, 145–46, 169, 173, 189, 212, 214, 248, 262, 276

and agriculture, 173–74, 177, 206

and centralization of economic power, 144, 170–71, 177

defined, 277

and the environment, 186–87

legal status of, 153–54, 281–82

and maximization of profit, 156, 169–70, 188–89, 236

and the military, 143, 209, 212

and political campaigns, 200–202, 204–5, 272

and the state, 131–32, 142, 145–46, 205, 206–7, 217–18, 220, 254, 256–58, 353n3

and technology, 98, 140, 169, 247

and weakening of primary groups, 88, 89, 101, 135, 228, 229–30. See also corporate bureaucracy; profit, pursuit of

critical thinking, 148–52, 354n12. See also substantive rationality

cultural diffusion, 74, 96, 98

defined, 278. See also intersocietal selection

cultural materialism, 10, 11–12, 283, 299, 331, 350n1

defined, 279

cultural superstructure, 22, 88, 100, 261–62

defined, 279

and division of labour, 53, 87, 263

and rationalization, 93–94, 260–61, 262

and rise of capitalism, 164. See also superstructure

cumulative change, 24–25, 68

defined, 279

in Durkheim, 84

and evolutionary theory, 26, 35, 80, 84, 103

in Weber, 26, 80

Darwin, Charles, 26, 49, 79

and evolutionary theory, 67, 71. See also social Darwinism

DeLorean, John: on corporate immorality, 234–35

democracy, 126, 176, 214

and bureaucracy, 133, 140–41, 216

and capitalist world-system, 185–86

defined, 280

industrial, 298

liberal, 304

participatory, 314

representative, 141, 210, 252, 253, 323

threats to, 210, 214–19, 263

detailed division of labour, 45, 53, 56, 64, 65, 129, 223–24, 234, 236, 260

defined, 282. See also division of labour

Diamond, Jared, 28, 45, 104–5

on development of agriculture, 108–10, 112, 114–15

on domestication of animals, 110–12

on extinction of megafauna, 107–8

and rise of the state, 116–17

on unequal evolution of sociocultural systems, 105–6, 115–18. See also autocatalytic relationship

The Division of Labor in Society (Durkheim), 84, 85, 222

division of labour, 9, 27, 31–32, 37, 44, 48, 49, 59, 73, 91, 163, 195, 256, 261, 263

and bureaucratization, 129–30, 136, 223–24, 234

and capitalist world-system, 166–67, 169, 174–75, 177, 184, 191

defined, 283

in Durkheim, 19, 31, 56–57, 85–88, 222, 227, 313

in Lenski, 95, 96, 99, 102, 104, 249–50, 253

in Marx, 20, 38, 46, 47, 52, 53, 55–56, 76, 178, 230, 232, 346n9, 356n16, 358n19

origins of, 115–18

in Spencer, 74–75

and technology, 246, 247

and weakening of social bond, 31, 134, 222–23, 227–28, 329

in Weber, 33, 52, 101, 232, 260. See also detailed division of labour

domestication, 98, 108, 110–14

consequences of, 77, 97, 99

defined, 283

Durkheim, Émile, 17, 27, 95, 233, 350n2, 353–54n10, 363n1

and capitalism, 155, 156

commonalities of, with other theorists, 7–8, 9, 12, 32, 37, 46, 52, 91

evolutionism in, 26, 75, 74–88

functionalism in, 14

on individual will versus collective conscience (“homo duplex”), 226–27, 240–42, 294–95, 349n12

on division of labour, 56–57

materialism in, 24

on population pressure, 19–20, 222

and totemism, 336

types of suicide identified by, 267, 268, 286

on weakening of social bond, 31, 134, 222–23, 227–28, 229, 230, 329, 349n13. See also anomie; collective conscience; collective consciousness; mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity

Dye, Thomas: on growth of corporations, 143–44

dysfunction(s), 14–15, 18, 278, 337

of bureaucracy, 136–37

defined, 284

of infrastructural intensification, 63–65

of laws against homosexuality, 16

ecological-evolutionary theory, 45, 93–94, 98, 102, 114, 119

defined, 285

in Diamond, 104–5, 118

in Lenski, 91–92, 93, 114, 124, 350n1. See also evolutionary theory

Ecological-Evolutionary Theory (Lenski), 91, 104

economy, 12, 63–64, 142, 251

and bureaucratization, 29, 63, 130, 215, 217, 237

and chiefdoms, 116

and commodification of social life, 64–65, 129, 172

and corporate power, 144, 145–46, 207, 214

and creative destruction, 278

defined, 285

expansion of, in Europe, 159–61

and globalization of capital, 169–70, 177–78, 211, 256–57

hyperindustrial, 257, 296

market, 306

and Marx’s crisis of capitalism, 173–78

mixed, 310

planned, 274, 361n32

of US, 170–71, 179–80, 184, 187

and US militarism, 209, 211–12; 213

in world-systems theory, 165, 166–68, 186–87, 212–13, 340. See also capitalism; commodification; financial industry; mode of production

Economy and Society (Weber), 26, 125

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 142

on military-industrial complex, 207–9

Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 52

on the impact of the printing press, 118–24

The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (Durkheim), 84

Elias, Norbert, 27, 29, 351n4

and civilizing effect, 65

on “scientificization” of thought, 4

elite(s), 17, 133, 141–43, 317, 363n2

and capitalist system, 78, 163, 167, 184, 185, 207, 215, 251

and class structure, 14, 75, 183, 199, 249, 256

defined, 286

and inequality, 76, 116, 249, 251–54, 257, 259, 364n5

influence of, 16, 101–2, 141, 164, 217–18, 219

interests of, 63, 121, 145, 146, 160, 206, 220, 252

and militarism, 204, 209, 212

and resistance to change, 5, 18

Engels, Friedrich, xv, 176, 177, 350, 359nn23, 24

evolutionism in, 75, 76

and materialism, 38, 345n1

Enlightenment, 4, 164

defined, 286

environment, 12, 13, 237, 319

and CAFOs, 275

defined, 287

and deregulation, 189, 281

and forces of production, 48, 49–50, 76

and Great Leap Forward, 106–8

and hierarchy, 139

human dependence on, 23–24, 27, 38, 62, 67

and industrialization, 51–52, 97

and intensification, 39, 94, 219–20, 246, 247, 363n2

in Lenski, 96–97, 98–99, 103–4, 250, 351n6

in Marx, 76, 79–80

and population, 40, 41–42, 58, 63

and rationalization, 101, 232, 233, 234, 235, 260, 261

and sociocultural evolution, 25, 26, 35, 37, 68, 70–71, 74, 88, 219

threats to, 155, 168, 186–87, 189, 247. See also Diamond, Jared; ecological-evolutionary theory

environmental-infrastructural relationships, 96–98, 105

evolution, xiv, 67–69, 214

of agriculture, 42–45, 97, 108–11, 112, 114–15, 117

of bureaucracy, 129–30

of capitalism, 30, 50, 165–66, 168–70, 175–77, 184–85

of collective conscience, 227–28

defined, 288

of division of labour, 53–57, 115–18, 222–23

and Great Leap Forward, 106–7

and growth of individualism, 31

and hierarchy, 139–40

of inequality, 35, 99–100, 102, 249–53, 258–60

of knowledge base, 4–5

of modern industry, 51–52

of printing, 119–23

and rationalization, 32, 100–101

of sociocultural systems, 21, 35, 46, 57, 67–71, 88–89, 97, 102–4, 116, 258, 261–62, 300, 301, 311, 329, 344n6

of the state, 194–99, 215

of technology, 119

unilinear, 337, 344n8. See also cumulative change; ecological-evolutionary theory; evolutionary theory

evolutionary theory, 114, 124, 214–15, 219, 221, 239, 350n2

in Blute, 92–93

in Diamond, 104–6, 107–12, 116–18

in Durkheim, 19–20, 26, 57, 84–88, 222–23, 227–28

and intensification, 57, 89

in Lenski, 91–92, 94–100, 102, 103–4, 249–51, 350n1

and macrosociology, 11, 24–27, 46, 65, 67, 88–89, 91–92, 124, 239

in Malthus, 71–72, 75

in Marx, 26, 49, 75–80, 240, 348–49n5

in Spencer, 20, 25, 29, 67, 72–75, 348n4

and technology, 49, 119

in Weber, 26, 32, 80–84, 89, 97, 100–101, 346n8. See also ecological-evolutionary theory; evolution

evolutionism. See evolutionary theory

feedback loop, 12, 27–28, 33, 89, 94, 331

defined, 289. See also autocatalytic relationship

fertility, 27, 61, 233, 244

defined, 289

feudalism, 20, 22, 26, 128, 162, 171

defined, 290

and origins of capitalism, 47, 48, 76, 77–78, 157–64, 349n7

financial industry, 130, 170–71, 190–91, 253, 360n31

and 2008 crisis, 189, 360n30

in Canada, 259

and US political campaigns, 202–3. See also banks

food production. See agriculture

formal organization. See secondary group(s)

formal rationality (Zweckrational), 137, 146–49, 152, 190, 361n32

defined, 290. See also technocratic thinking

Foster, John Bellamy, 27, 30, 31, 63, 64, 155–56, 165

on core and periphery, 179, 212–13

on environmentalism in Marx, 79–80

Frank, Andre Gunder, 165

freedom, 148, 248

future of, 214–15, 217, 219

prior to the state, 194–95

versus security, 210, 211

free market, 131, 168, 319

Freud, Sigmund, 240–41, 363n1

functional analysis, 11, 13–16, 18–19, 344n4

defined, 290

functionalism: defined, 290–91. See also functional analysis

Galbraith, John Kenneth: on state and techno-structure, 146

General Economic History (Weber), 26, 162

General Motors, 234–36

genetic engineering, 151–52

defined, 291

genetics, 7, 69, 270, 287, 288

versus culture, 25, 35

versus learning, 68, 92–93, 94–95

versus technological change, 97–98

globalization, 256–57, 353n4

of capital, 30, 129, 169, 177, 191, 211, 260

defined, 292

of labour, 213, 301. See also global system of societies; world-systems theory

Global North, 311

defined, 292

Global South, 247, 281, 311

defined, 292

global system of societies, 69–70, 96, 102–4, 105, 301, 350n1

Goldschmidt, Walter: on human need for social affirmation, 242–43

Great Leap Forward (in human evolution), 106–7

gross domestic product, 17, 60

defined, 293

Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (Diamond), 104–5

Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson: on Canada, 258–59

on market-state relationship. 131,

on rise of inequality, 254–55, 259

Harrington, Michael: on the state and corporate interests, 145, 207

Harris, Marvin, 10, 11, 23, 24, 45, 48, 156, 164, 270, 283, 316, 318, 344nn9, 10, 350n3

on attitudes toward homosexuality, 15–16

and Diamond, 105, 108–9

on evolution of the state, 194–95, 198, 215

and Lenski, 350n1

on mode of production, 49–50

themes in work of, 27, 29, 31, 63, 98

health care, 182, 185, 254, 280, 293–94, 305, 308

and financial industry, 171

functional analysis of, 18–19

and health insurance industry, 183, 202

private, 319

public, 320

Hedges, Chris: on US elites, 218

Heinberg, Richard, 354n1

on Malthus, 343n1

historical materialism, 20, 259

defined, 294

“homo duplex,” Durkheim’s theory of, 226–27, 240–42, 349n12

defined, 294–95

homosexuality, 15–16, 245

hyperindustrial societies, 59–62, 63, 100, 103, 169, 244

and bureaucratic ethos, 128, 151

defined, 296

and division of labour, 183, 224, 256–57, 263

idealism, 21, 22, 39, 222

in Lenski, 100–101

in Weber, 20, 32, 50. See also ideology/ideologies

ideal type: of bureaucracy, 126–28, 132

in capitalism, 156, 303

defined, 296, 352–53n1

ideology/ideologies, xiv, 13, 21, 23–24, 39, 50, 59, 88, 105, 164, 220, 244, 254, 261, 263, 312, 333

and collective conscience, 226

and convergence, 69

and intellectual class, 213

in Lenski, 94, 95, 96, 98, 102, 252, 253

in Malthus, 42

in Marx, 14, 79, 185, 288

of neoliberalism, 188

and power, 141, 194

and printing, 122, 123

industrialism, 50, 215, 283, 351n4

characteristics of, 31

defined, 298

and the environment, 219, 287. See also hyperindustrial societies

Industrial Revolution, 32, 76, 198

as arbitrary construct, 22–23

defined, 298

and environmental change, 97. See also industrialism

inequality, 11, 33–34, 65, 330

and capitalism, 172, 178, 213

Diamond on, 105–6, 115, 116

economic, 253–59, 364n5

Lenski on, 96, 97, 99–100, 249–53

Malthus on, 41

and world-systems theory, 167–68

infrastructural determinism, 289, 318

defined, 299

infrastructural intensification, 28, 39, 99, 101, 261–62

and bureaucratization, 28, 89, 130, 224, 261

dysfunctional aspects of, 63–65, 262n2

and ecological-environmental theory, 91

and environmental limits, 219–20. See also intensification of production; population

infrastructure, 11, 27, 39, 62, 261

defined, 299

in ecological-environmental theory, 93, 96–98, 102, 105

influence of, on rise of capitalism, 163

influence of, on sexual mores, 246

and sociocultural change, 26, 100, 164, 233, 352n15

and the state, 130, 131, 145, 247. See also infrastructural intensification

innovation, 25, 94, 102, 120

in agriculture, 43, 153

and capitalism, 77, 169

defined, 299

fundamental, 291

in navigation and ship building, 159

and sociocultural evolution, 68, 70, 74, 344n6

technological, 22–23, 59, 97–98, 99, 119, 121, 140, 169, 207

and war, 161

inorganic evolution, 68, 347n2. See also evolution

intensification of production, 39, 57, 62, 97, 163, 215, 247, 300

in agriculture, 43–45, 117

and communication and transport, 52

and the environment, 52, 59, 261

and growth of bureaucracy, 33, 89

and sociocultural change, 28, 32. See also infrastructural intensification

International Monetary Fund, 171

intersocietal selection, 70–71, 92, 103–4, 348n4, 350n1

defined, 301. See also cultural diffusion

iron cage, 82–83, 219, 260

defined, 301

iron law of oligarchy, 137, 140

defined, 302. See also oligarchy

irrationality factor, 137, 152

and bureaucracy, 148–49, 151, 154, 233–38, 262

and capitalism, 152–53, 185–91

defined, 302

and socialist economy, 361n32

and US militarism, 207–14

Jacobs, Jane: on trading networks and domestication of plants and animals, 112–14

kinship, 194, 227, 249, 228, 336

defined, 302

weakening of ties based on, 101, 134, 228, 248, 260, 262

Kumar, Krishan, 351n4

on industrialism, 31–32

latent function, 17–18, 337

defined, 303

Lenski, Gerhard, 10, 24, 25, 34, 94–100, 102–4, 105, 273, 285, 332, 350n2, 351nn6, 9

and Diamond, 105, 108–9, 116, 258

ecological-evolutionary theory of, 91–92, 93–94, 350n1

on inequality, 249–53, 256, 364n5

themes in work of, 27, 29, 31, 63, 65

lobbying, of US government, 200–201

defence industry and, 203–4

oil and gas industry and, 203. See also political campaigns, in the US

macrosociologists, 7–8, 9–11, 63, 65, 350n4

on bureaucracy, 29, 136

on capitalism, 30, 155, 157

and functional analysis, 14

and historical-comparative method, 34–35

on inequality, 33–34

on loss of community, 31, 222

as materialists, 19, 20, 24, 28, 39, 62, 125

on militarism, 143

on population level, 46

on “pristine changes,” 98

on production technology, 52. See also macrosociology; individual theorists

macrosociology, 11, 35, 94, 124, 191, 239, 262–63

defined, 305

and discipline of sociology, xiii–xiv, 5, 8

evolutionary character of, 25–27, 65, 67, 75

Lenski and, 91, 98

and study of inequality, 33, 239

systemic character of, 11–12

and world-systems theory, 165. See also cultural materialism; ecological-evolutionary theory; evolutionary theory

macro theorists. See macrosociologists

Madison, James: on militarism, 214

Malthus, T. Robert, xiv–xv, xvi, 10, 14, 63, 91, 343n1

Boserup and, 42–43, 345n4

on evolution of sociocultural systems, 71–72, 75

influence of, on other theorists, 9, 26, 27, 31, 67, 72, 94

on material needs, 42, 345n3

and Marx, 46

on population, 23, 40–42, 57, 109, 305, 317, 318, 345n2

on sexual behaviour, 243–45

manifest function, 16–17, 62, 337

defined 305

Martin, Paul C.: on extinction of megafauna, 107–8

Marx, Karl, xv–xvi, 9, 10, 14, 30, 199, 218, 306

on alienation of labour, 230–32, 267

on agricultural intensification, 357n17

on automation, 358n19

on the bourgeoisie, 48, 165, 172, 175, 349n7, 356n14

on capitalism, 77–78, 155, 162–63, 165, 173–79, 191, 233–34, 356n15

on common property, 348–49n5

on detailed division of labour, 53, 55–56, 59

environmental concerns of, 79–80

on evolution of sociocultural systems, 26, 75–77, 79

and growth of working class, 182–83, 184

on human nature, 240

influence of, on other theorists, 27, 29–30, 31, 168, 185, 343n2

and intensification of production, 52, 346–47n10, 356–57n16, 357–58n18

materialism in, 20, 24, 37, 38, 46, 294, 345n1

and mode of production, 47–49, 345–46n6

on the peasantry, 77–78, 354n3

and population, 46, 346n9

and socialist revolution, 26, 78–79, 175–77, 178–79

themes in work of, 63, 64

and Weber, 21, 51, 80

on unemployment, 358–59nn20, 21. See also class: in Marxist theory

materialism, 11, 21–22, 23–24, 27, 34, 37–39, 62, 100, 158, 164, 243

defined, 206. See also cultural materialism; sociocultural materialism; individual theorists

McDonaldization, 65, 126, 351n8

defined, 307

mechanical solidarity, 85–87, 227, 349n12

defined, 307

mental superstructure, 299

defined, 308. See also superstructure

Merton, Robert K., 91, 136, 337, 344n4

anomie theory of, 268, 276, 299, 321–22, 323, 324

Meštrović, Stjepan, 27, 31, 64, 156

on civilization and barbarism, 229

on erosion of moral system, 228

Michels, Robert, 137, 302

middle class, 63, 189, 191, 270, 284, 339

defined, 309

and growth of white-collar class, 181–83. See also bourgeoisie; white-collar occupations

Milgram, Stanley: on hierarchy, 138–39

Mills, C. Wright, xvi, 11, 27, 56, 103, 126, 155, 221, 230, 259, 295, 305, 331, 343n2, 35nn9, 10

on elites in US society, 141–42, 143

on militarism, 209, 213

on modern atrocities, 237–38

and rationality versus reason, 148

on white-collar class, 183, 339–40

mode of production, 20, 27, 47, 49–50, 60, 62, 215, 246, 345–46n6

and alienation, 230

and capitalism, 77, 157, 163, 176, 178, 356n15

and class, 272

defined, 310

and growth of bureaucracy, 39

and growth of individualism, 31. See also intensification of production

modernity, 30, 69, 119, 148

defined, 310

Nisbet, Robert, 27, 156, 199, 219, 301, 353n10

and decline of primary groups, 134, 229–30

on militarism, 143, 209–11, 213

on power, 217

themes in work of, 29, 31, 63, 64

Nolan, Patrick, 256, 350n2

nuclear family, 64, 134, 289, 353n6

defined, 312

obedience, 139–40

oligarchy, 137–41, 145, 218

On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 67

organic evolution, 67–69, 73, 84. See also evolution

organic solidarity, 86–87, 349n12

defined, 313

peasantry, 77, 158, 354n3

peripheral countries, 167, 180, 185, 334

defined, 315. See also core-and-periphery relationship

pharmaceutical companies, 258, 359n22

Pierson, Paul. See Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson

political campaigns, in the US:

financial industry and, 202–3

insurance industry and, 202

oil and gas industry and, 203

population, 13, 23, 27–28, 35, 37–38, 57–61, 103–4, 215, 239, 281

and bureaucratization, 28, 33, 37, 39, 63, 89, 129–30, 216, 351n8

and capitalism, 46, 158–59, 163

and division of labour, 19, 52, 53, 57, 86–87, 346n9

and domestication, 114

and the environment, 39, 63, 70, 79, 96–97, 105, 107–8, 219, 247, 261, 345n2

and food production, 28, 40, 42–46, 72, 97, 109–10, 115, 343n1

and homosexuality, 15–16

and inequality, 65, 95, 99–100, 116, 250, 252

in Malthus, xiv, 14, 40–42, 305, 345n4

in Marx, 46, 52–53

and rationalization, 101, 232

and reproductive behaviour, 41, 244–46

in Spencer, 20, 73, 74–75

and the state, 117–18, 193, 197–98

and technological innovation, 23, 59, 99

and weakening of the social bond, 222. See also fertility; infrastructure

positive check, 23, 41, 244, 305

defined, 317

post-industrial societies, 296

defined, 317. See also hyperindustrial socities

Postman, Neil, 52

preventive check, 23, 41, 244, 305

defined, 318

primary group(s), 125, 261, 271, 299

and capitalism, 156, 191, 199

decline in importance of, 31, 88–89, 134–35, 228, 229–30, 248, 262

defined, 318–19

as intermediate organization, 301

and rationalization, 94, 101, 232

role of, in commodification, 274

and weakening of moral code, 227–28, 241

Principles of Sociology (Spencer), 14, 74, 369

printing press, 119–23, 164

pristine origins: of agriculture, 98, 114, 195–96

of the state, 195–98

private property, 79, 155, 176, 359nn23, 24

in agrarian societies, 251

private sector, 131, 144, 145, 190, 216

and the state, 163, 165, 200, 207. See also corporations

privatization, 168, 188

defined, 319

profit, pursuit of, 89, 144, 152–53, 154, 156, 167, 178, 190–91, 218, 237, 257, 334, 353n4, 359n22

and deepening of capitalism, 169–72

and deregulation, 189

and the environment, 186–87

and rationalization, 132–33, 173, 231–32, 236

as sport, 83. See also capitalism; corporations

proletariat, 173, 175–76, 184, 356n14, 359n23

defined, 319. See also working class

Protestant ethic, 20, 22

capitalism and, 14, 83, 162, 164, 218

defined, 320

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber), 21, 50, 82, 83–84, 164, 219

rationalization, 4–5, 20, 31–33, 37, 65, 93–94, 100–104, 126, 147–48, 189, 222, 233, 236, 237, 260–61, 301, 351nn4, 8

and bureaucracy, 29, 89, 94, 126, 135–36

and capitalism, 83, 156, 165, 169, 170–71, 191, 231, 232, 236

defined, 321

and industrialization, 50, 52, 151–52, 247

and sociocultural evolution, 26, 39, 69, 80–81, 104, 232–33, 262, 346n8

and the state, 161, 162, 246

and weakening of social bond, 232, 234. See also formal rationality

reproduction, 28, 46, 57, 61, 88, 158, 243

mode of, 27, 310

and primary and secondary groups, 318, 325–26

and rationalization, 33, 232, 246, 260

social, 330

versus sustenance, 71. See also fertility; population; sexuality

revolution, 210, 259, 260

agricultural, 45, 110

in communication, 102–3, 119, 121, 123–34

defined, 323

in industry, 22–23, 59, 97

in Marxist theory, 14, 26, 52, 76, 168, 175–77, 178, 184, 190, 232, 346–47n10, 357n17

Neolithic, 45, 110

in transportation, 103. See also Industrial Revolution

Riesman, David, 64

Ritzer, George, 27, 30, 126, 271, 307, 351nn4, 8

themes in work of, 29, 31, 65, 156

Sanderson, Stephen, 27, 63, 64, 105, 350n2

and rise of capitalism, 159, 160, 161

and modern capitalism, 156, 165, 169

scientism, 325

secondary group(s), 88, 125, 241, 261–62, 270–71, 299

and decline of primary groups, 229–30

defined, 325–26

and oligarchy, 140

semi-peripheral countries, 167–68, 183

defined, 326–27. See also core-and-periphery relationship

sexuality, 243, 244–46, 270, 328

in Malthus, 14, 41, 244–45

Sharp, Gwen, 206

Smith, Adam: on detailed division of labour, 53–54, 55

social Darwinism, 75

defined, 329. See also evolutionary theory

social evolutionary theory. See evolutionary theory

socialism, 123, 184–85, 226, 252, 310, 361n32

defined, 330

Engels on, 359n24

evolution of 26, 78–79, 175–77

and the bourgeoisie, 356n14. See also communism

socialization, 99, 242–43, 267, 279, 318, 325

adult, 266

anticipatory, 268

childhood, 7, 13, 139

and collective conscience, 226

and sense of self, 34, 326

stages of, in Mead, 291, 297, 315

social unrest, 158, 168

sociocultural materialism, 279, 289, 299, 308, 333

defined, 331

sociocultural system(s), xiii–xiv, 12–13, 20, 21–22, 25, 27, 31, 33, 60, 134, 140, 164, 166, 224, 239, 243, 261–62

age structure and, 61–62

communications technology and, 52, 102, 119

defined, 331

division of labour and, 86–87, 222

in ecological-evolutionary theory, 91–92, 95–98, 105, 114, 118

economic relationships and, 47, 49

evolution of, 4, 69–70, 74, 77, 80, 89, 94, 104, 344n6

functional analysis of, 13–15

inequality among, 106, 249–51, 256

and macro theory, xvi, 5, 8–9, 24, 25, 28, 30, 34, 35, 124, 125

materialist perspective on, 37–39, 59, 62, 79, 100

and the natural environment, 219–20, 246

and population, 40, 41, 42, 46, 99

and rationalization, 93–94, 135, 233

and the state, 199, 214, 352n9

sociology, xiii–xiv, 8, 10, 21, 40

influence of Lenski on, 91

influence of Marx on, 155

influence of Weber on, 65, 260. See also macrosociology

Spencer, Herbert, 7, 12, 27, 31, 37, 46, 91, 94

and division of labour, 9, 59

evolutionary theory of, 20, 25, 29, 67, 72–75, 92, 347–48n2, 348n4

on functional analysis, 14

themes in work of, 52, 63

steam engine, 22, 51–52, 59, 97, 247, 291, 346n7

Stiglitz, Joseph: on top 1 percent income bracket, 253, 258