Index | Resisting the Dehumanization of Refugees | AU Press—Digital Publications
Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
Abdallah-Pretceille, Martine, 213
Abdi, Ali A., 28
Abella, Irving, 229; None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933–1948, 230, 231
Abitur program, 176
ableism, 201
Adirondack Friends of Refugees and Immigrants, 79
affective communication, 331, 332
African music, 349–57
African National Congress, 254
Ahmed, Saifuddin, 106
Ahmed, Zakaria: “Ana Fintizarak” (I’m waiting for you), 386
Ajram, Nancy, 385
Akbarzadeh, Shahram, 108
Akthar, Zahra, 140
Albanese, Anthony, 56
Alberta: hate crimes in, 156; health services, 161; immigrant population of, 4, 162; supremacist groups, 4
Ali, Ayub, 317–18
alterity, 13–14, 199, 212, 213
American Civil Liberties Union of Vermont (ACLU-VT), 76
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 230
Amin, Idi, 278
Amjad, Afshan, 210
Anderson, Willow J., 257
Anglo-American democracies, 45
anti-austerity protests, 67, 71
anti-immigration protests, 77
anti-racism education, 212
antisemitism: definition of, 226, 227; as global trend, 235, 238; as state policy, 230
apartheid, 254–55
apologies: elements of, 249; function of, 15, 256; humanization and, 15; inter-group, 261; loss of status due to, 251; paradox of, 256, 264; with promise to improve conduct, 250–51; signals incorporated in, 251; types of, 250, 251, 263. See also state apologies
Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association, 6
Arar, Khalid, 169
Armstrong, Felicity, 206
arts: as basis for socialization, 330; boundaries of, 32
Ashkenazi Jews, 236–37
asylum-migration nexus, 168, 170, 174–75, 189
asylum seekers: connection with terrorism and Islam, 104; illegal border crossing of, 51, 74; precarity of, 65; rights of, 170, 272; state programs for, 279–80; treatment of, 47–48, 104–5; women, 188
Australia: asylum seekers, 47–48; COVID-19 pandemic in, 49; human rights revolution, 45; immigration policy, 44, 45, 46, 49; Indigenous population, 44, 46; multiculturalism, 45; party system, 47, 48; racism, 46; refugee policies, 43, 57
Baha’I faith, 93
Ballantyne, Julie, 203
Ban Vinai refugee camp, 330
Barakat, Salim, 303
Barnett, Brooks, 367
Barzanji, Jalal: “Arrival,” 294; birthday of, 287; Canadian audience of, 298, 299; “Corner,” 292–93; Dancing in the Evening Snow, 291, 294–95; education of, 287–88; “Home in a Suitcase,” 300–301; imprisonment of, 16, 29, 295–96, 297; life in Erbil, 289–90; life in Turkey, 297–98; The Man in Blue Pajamas, 299; native village of, 287; non-fiction writing, 299; office in Edmonton Public Library, 298–99; PEN Canada’s first “Writer in Exile,” 298; poetry of, 290, 291; rejection of works of, 295; self-censorship of, 291, 292, 294–95; “Tell Ewar,” 296–97; trip to Canada, 298; “War,” 291–92, 298
Barzinji, Mahmud, 305
being human: act of, 22
Bêkes, Şêrko, 311, 319, 320; “A Letter to God,” 312, 313
Berlin Center on Integration and Migration, 186
Berliner, Paul: The Soul of Mbira, 350
bicultural identity, 12
Biden, Joseph, 56
Bildik, Riza, 308
Bispo, Fernando, 361n17
Black, Johannah, 70
Blacks Unlimited (band), 350
Blair, Charles Frederick, 229
Blatz, Craig W., 250, 251, 260, 261
Bloch, Maurice, 336
Blum, Stephen, 311
“boat people,” 282
Boko Haram’s recruitment music, 32
Bolter, Jessica, 54
Boochani, Behrouz: No Friend but the Mountains, 49
border regulations, 8, 70. See also Canada-US border
Borneman, John, 252
Bosnian refugees, 282
Boston Marathon bombing, 114
Botha, P. W., 255
Bourdieu, Pierre, 206
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement: government condemnation of, 233, 238, 240, 242; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 226, 227–28, 238–39, 242; Jewish Canadians in, 239, 241; supporters of, 240, 241
Boyle-Baise, Marilynne, 201
Branch Out program (Germany): Initial Support for Transcultural Learning: access to university facilities, 184, 185; classroom environment, 181, 183; economic hardship of attendees, 184; English-language instructions, 180; exchange of ideas on migration, 181–82; funding of, 181, 186; goals of, 12, 168, 179–80, 182; institutional limitations, 184; interactive space, 183, 185; language barriers, 184; networking opportunities, 186; outcome of, 183, 185–86; promotion of, 170; teaching module, 179; travel arrangements for participants in, 184
Brandt, Willy, 252–53
Brankamp, Hanno, 25
Bridges Not Borders (Créons des Ponts) organization, 65, 79, 80–81
British “home children” program, 282
Brown citizens: exclusion of, 12, 158–60
Brú, Federico Laredo, 228
Brubaker, Rogers, 159
Brück, Lukas, 187
Buduburam Liberian refugee camp, 342–43, 351
Burgi, Ziad, 385
Burj al-Barajneh refugee camp, 111
Calgary Catholic Immigration Society (CCIS): community partners, 99, 100; counselling work of, 97, 98; COVID-19 pandemic and, 101–2; programs and services, 100, 102; Syrian refugee crisis and, 99
Câmara, Dom Hélder, 273
Cambodian refugees, 128
Canada: antisemitism in, 227, 229, 230; asylum program, 51, 52–53, 74, 279–80; citizenship policy, 159, 160; COVID-19 pandemic in, 53; diversity policy, 158; education system, 200, 209; far-right groups, 65; foreign-born residents, 158; hate crimes in, 104; human rights revolution, 45; immigrant population of, 4; immigration policy, 44, 46, 50, 65, 78, 96, 156; Indigenous populations, 44, 46; international obligations, 53; media portrayals of, 75; mental health services in, 276–77; multiculturalism, 28, 45, 200, 308–9; national anthem, 237; party system, 52; provision of weaponry to oppressive regimes, 15; racism, 46; refugee policies, 15–16, 43, 50, 57, 74, 95–96, 269, 274–75, 279, 282; “Smart Border Plan,” 50
Canada-US border: countermovement of agency and solidarity, 85; COVID-19 pandemic and closure of, 84; duality of migrant precarity along, 8; humanitarian organizations, 79; irregular crossing of, 75, 78; pro-migrant protests at, 78, 80–81. See also Lacolle-Champlain border crossing; Roxham Road border crossing
Canada-US Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA), 8, 50–51, 52–53, 74, 75, 80, 83, 84, 280
Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA), 239
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 83, 200, 280
Canadian Council for Refugees, 53, 83
Canadian Council of Churches, 53, 83
Canadian Ethnocultural Council, 308
Canadian Museum of Immigration, 233
Canadian Pacific Railway, 261
Canadian Teachers’ Federation: Dream Big Together, 199
Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East (CJPME), 240
Cantarero, Luis, 206
CANZUS countries, 44
Caring for Social Justice, 65
Castles, Stephen, 174
Center for Youth Empowerment (CYE), 342
Centre for Refugee Resilience (CRR), 98
Chan, Michael, 109
Chapman, Audrey R., 256
Chapuis, Nicolas, 110
Chattopadhyay, Sutapa, 70
Chaudhry, Shereen J., 251
Chikawa-Araga, Chiedza, 354, 361n17, 364, 374
children: contemporary wars and, 195–96; pedagogical and medical surveillance of, 206; right to protection, 196–97. See also immigrant youth; racialized children
Chimurenga music, 350, 351–52, 355, 374
Chinese Canadians: discrimination of, 261; rehumanization of, 260–61; state apology to, 247, 260–61, 262, 263–64
Chinese Exclusion Act, 260, 263
Chinese Head Tax, 247, 260, 261, 263
Chisholm, Riley, 70
Chrétien, Jean, 257
Christopher, Gilbert, 361
Cigerxwîn (pseud. of Sheikhmous Hasan), 319
Claes, Rhonda, 257
clash of civilizations, 104
classism: as form of dehumanization, 201, 203
Clifton, Deborah, 257
Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid, 241
collective effervescence, 337
collective imaginary, 68
collective recognition of humanity, 22–23
Collins, Clinton, 204
coloniality of migration, 173–74
Comenius, Johan: Orbis Sensualium Pictus, 203
Comité d’accueil des demandeurs d’asile au Québec, 80
Comité d’accueil des migrants du Haut-Saint-Laurent, 80
Common Experience Payment (CEP), 258
common feeling, 30, 31, 336, 338, 381
common knowledge, 22
Conquergood, Dwight, 330
contact theory, 27
contact zones, 183
contestation process, 8
COVID-19 pandemic: anti-Asian xenophobia and, 157; economic impact of, 66; government response to, 42; hate crime and, 157; impact on migrants and refugees, 42, 83–84, 101
critical self-reflection, 15
cross-group friendships, 27
Cruz, Ted: on Syrian refugees, 116
cultural wealth, 162–63
culture: theories of, 310–11, 334, 335
Customs and Border Protection (CBP), 73, 76
Czech refugees, 282
Daesh. See Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
Dalgaard, Nina Thorup, 127
Darwish, Mahmoud: “The Kurd Has Only the Wind (for Saleem Barakat),” 303, 320
Darwish, Sayyid, 386
Davin, Nicolas Flood, 203–4
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), 54, 55, 72, 79
Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents, 54
dehumanization: consequences of, 43; definitions of, 23, 42, 201; educational practices and, 10–14, 201, 205–7, 208–9, 211; forced migration and, 341; forms of, 201–2, 209, 212–13; immigration policies and, 7–10; media’s role in, 7–10, 42; through music, 17; by oppression, 331; philosophical perspective on, 23–25; of politics, 8, 25; refugee experience of, 5, 12, 25; research on, 21, 25–26; resistance to, 26–34; system-lifeworld balance and, 339
de Klerk, Frederik Willem: apology of, 254–55, 256, 262; criticism of, 255, 263
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 70, 73, 75–76
Derrida, Jacques: on meaning of hôte, 24
dialogic inquiry, 29–30
Diers-Lawson, Audra, 249
displaced persons, 29, 91, 272, 273
docility-utility: notion of, 205, 206
Doğan, Zehra, 315–16
Dorn, Walter, 307
double movement: concept of, 66, 85, 86
Dryden-Peterson, Sarah, 169, 188
Durkheim, Émile, 337, 339, 382
Edmonton: Heritage Festival, 334; refugees in, 278
education system: dehumanization and, 10–14, 201, 205–7, 208–9, 211; humanization framework, 13, 198–99, 200, 212. See also multicultural education
Effendi, Sabukh, 386
“effervescence” (Durkheim), 32, 337, 382
Emdad, Reza, 128
Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO), 73
Engels, Friedrich, 22
ERASMUS student exchange program, 181, 182, 186
Erbil, Iraq, 289
Erbil Public Library: building of, 16, 289–90; transformation into jail, 295–96
Eskander, Mohammed, 385
ethical apology framework (EAF), 249
ethical behaviour, 332
ethnomusicology, 329, 331, 334, 341, 342
Eugene, Oregon: community of, 364–65; music venues, 364, 364n24, 367, 368n31; record studios in, 361n17
European Union: asylum policies, 168; border control, 173; migration policy, 171–72, 173; New Pact of Asylum and Migration (NPAM), 12, 171, 172–73; refugees in, 167, 275
Ewart, Jacqui, 106
exile: cultural identity and, 309
exploitative cheap labour, 15
Eyre, Banning, 351
Fairouz (stage name of Nouhad Wadie Haddad), 386
Fakhri, Sabah, 385
Farajallah, Iman, 196
Flanagan, Bill, 49
food banks, 274
forced migration, 340
Foroni, Francesco, 156
Foucault, Michel: concept of docility-utility, 205, 206
Foundations of Caregiver Support (Alberta Health Services), 162
Foyer du Monde organization, 80
France: immigration and naturalization policies, 159–60
free trade agreements, 68
Freire, Paulo, 23, 29, 331, 341
Frishkopf, Michael, 31, 358–63, 368n30, 374
Galvin, Kathleen T., 212
Gaza humanitarian crisis, 195
Geertz, Clifford, 310
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), 178–79, 187
German higher education institutions (HEIs): admission requirements, 176, 187, 188; application process, 177; funding program, 178; inclusive work in, 188; refugees in, 169–70, 175–86
Germany: access of refugees to higher education, 175–79; apology for the Holocaust, 252–53; asylum policies, 170–71, 174, 175; Federal Ministry of Higher Education and Research (BMWF), 178; immigration and naturalization policies, 159; migration to, 170; nationalism, 170; partial hospitality, 12; post-secondary higher education, 13; racism, 185, 186; sexual assaults incidents, 186; unification of, 170. See also refugees in Germany
Ghosh, Ratna, 28
Gibson, Margaret, 200
Giessen reception center for refugees, 180–81
Gillette, Maureen, 201
Giving Voice to Hope (PAR project and CD), 342, 343, 351
Global Compact on Refugees, 8, 56–57
Globe and Mail, 10, 105, 108, 109, 111, 113, 117
Goicoechea, Jessie, 204
Gosine, Kevin, 212
Govier, Trudy, 255
Gramsci, Antonio, 85
Great Transformation of the post–World War I era, 66
Green, Al, 364n23
Groupe de Sécurité Patriotique, 65
guests, 24
Habermas, Jürgen, 339
Halabja massacre, 313
Half Moon (film), 314
Hall, Peter, 68
Hannaford supermarket chains, 82
Hanson, Pauline, 47
Harachi, Tracy W., 127
Harper, Stephen: apology for Chinese Head Tax, 260–61, 262, 263–64; apology to Indigenous peoples, 225, 256, 257–58, 259, 263, 264; refugee policy, 51–52
Haslam, Nick, 201
Hasmath, Reza, 199
Hassanpour, Amir, 311
hate crimes, 104, 108, 116, 117, 154, 157
hearing: as form of “remote touching,” 30–31
Heidegger, Martin, 207
hermeneutic phenomenology, 198
Herrmann, Steffen, 201
Hesse reception center for asylum seekers, 181
Hessian Ministry of Higher Education and the Arts (HMWK), 179
Hestia (Greek goddess), 275–76
Hezbollah, 116
Hmong refugees, 330
Hollenbach, David, 29
Holloway, Immy, 212
Holocaust, 210, 230, 232, 237, 238, 240, 248, 252–53
home: definition of, 275; Greek deity of, 275–76
homogenization practice, 198, 204–5
Horany, Dominique, 385
Hornsey, Matthew J., 261
hosho (music instrument), 350
Hoskins, Eric, 113
hospitality, 23–24
Housefather, Anthony, 233
Howard, John, 48
humanitarian organizations, 79, 80–81
humanization: definition of, 21, 199, 200, 332; educational system and, 199–200; forms of, 212–13; Golden Rule of, 381; interdisciplinary approach to, 21; music and, 381–82; social context of, 332–33; state apologies and, 14; symbolic manifestation of, 206
Humboldt Foundation, 178
Hungarian refugees, 282
Hungary: opposition to refugees, 172
Huntington, Samuel, 104
Hussein, Saddam, 107, 290–91, 297, 299, 305, 312
Hussen, Ahmed, 52
Hutu dehumanization of Tutsis, 23
“hyper-diversity” era, 28
IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees in Germany, 175
“I Am Kurdistan” (Waissi), 321–25
immigrants: othering of, 11–12
immigrant youth: citizenship concerns, 159–60; community support of, 162, 163; cultural wealth of, 162–63; English-language proficiency, 158; hostility toward, 156–57, 159, 160; identity crisis, 152–55, 161–62, 163, 164–65; immersion into host culture, 162–63; integration of, 151–52; issue of belonging, 152, 153, 161; labelling of, 156–57, 158, 164, 207; language-based discrimination, 207–8; objectification of, 207; programs for, 163, 164; resettlement of, 164; resiliency of, 160–61, 162; sacrifices of, 151, 157–58, 163; schooling experience, 160–61, 204–5
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 70, 73, 82
Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), 130, 145
Independent Assessment Process (IAP), 258
Independent Jewish Voices (IJV), 239
Indian Act of 1876, 256
Indian industrial schools, 204
Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA), 258, 259
Indigenous action plan, 257
Indigenous peoples: dispossession of, 7; injustices toward, 259–60. See also residential schools
Indochinese refugees, 52
intercultural education, 212–13
interculturalism, 13, 212–13, 214
International Monetary Fund, 68
international student migration, 169
International Women* Space, 185
interregnum, 85
Iran: Kurdish population of, 152, 304, 313, 315, 323; persecution of religious minorities, 93; revolutionary guards, 94
Iraq: Ba’athist regime in, 153, 287, 289, 290, 291, 295; Kurdish population of, 152, 153, 287, 304, 305, 315, 323; Revolutionary Command Council, 291; social realism literature, 290; US invasion of, 153, 154
Iraqi refugees, 114
Islam: global influence of, 106; media framing of, 104, 106; in relation to ISIL, 115–16; terrorism and, 107, 110; Western perceptions of, 105–6
Islamic Peril: Media and Global Violence (Karim), 107
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL): attacks in Iraq, 126; Islam and, 115–16; massacre of Kurdish people, 305–6; media portrayal of, 111, 115; terrorist attacks of, 110–11, 115; victims of, 112
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). See Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
“Islamic terrorism” narrative, 106, 117
Islamophobia, 9
Ismaili refugees, 282
Israel: criticism of, 226, 227, 240; establishment of, 232
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 6, 107, 195–96
Jager, Justin, 127
Jalal, Jwamer, 11
Japanese Canadians, 225–26
Jewish refugees, 14, 50, 226, 227–29, 230–33, 235, 237
Jews: advocacy organizations, 232; Muslims and, 107; Nazi dehumanization of, 23, 229, 236, 241
Josh Brown Lives organization, 79
Justus-Liebig-University (JLU) (Giessen), 168, 170, 179–83
Kanu, Yatta, 210
Kaplan, Ida, 140
Karam, Elias, 385
Kaya, Ahmet: “How Can You Know?,” 316–17
Kazemipur, Abdolmohammad, 104
Kemalist movement, 305
Kenney, Jason, 282
Khalil, Hadi, 385
Klinenberg, Eric, 16
Komagata Maru incident, 50, 226
Kondakci, Yasar, 169
Kosovar refugees, 282
Kramsch, Claire, 213
Kronfeldner, Maria, 200, 211, 214; What’s Left of Human Nature? 201
Kulthum, Umm, 386
Kurdayetî, 311
Kurdi, Alan: publication of photo of, 9, 51, 103
Kurdish identity: cultural production and, 16–17, 303, 304, 311–13, 323; on first-generation immigrants, 151, 154, 155, 156, 161, 162; fragmentations of, 304, 307, 309–10, 317–18; historical context of, 304–6; language and, 303, 307; poetic representation of, 319–20; Western perspectives on, 154, 306–7
Kurdish National Liberation Movement (KNLM), 313
Kurdish people: ancestral homeland, 304; birth records, 287; in Canada, 153, 155, 306, 308, 311; concerned about citizenship, 159; cultural production of, 16, 303–24; dehumanization of, 16; discrimination against, 160–61, 305, 316; division among, 320; dream of unity in, 322; in exile, 321; folklore, 318; Iraqi regime and, 153, 289; Islamic State and, 305–6; issue of belonging, 158; language and dialects, 304; living conditions, 288; music, 308, 316–19; oppression of, 289, 313, 314; poetry of, 312–13, 315, 319–20, 321–22; religious beliefs, 304; schooling, 287–88; territory populated by, 152; traditional songs, 304, 311, 316–19
Kurdistan: absence of recognized borders, 303–4; British control of, 305; civil war in, 197, 297; independence movement, 161, 305, 321; Iraqi regime and, 305; Kemalist movement in, 305; military forces of, 307–8
Kurmanji speakers, 131, 132, 135, 136, 142
labelling practices, 156–57, 158, 164, 203, 209
Lacolle-Champlain border crossing, 65–66, 81
Lake, Diedre M., 128
Lakhani, Salma, 278
lamellophone traditions, 350
La Meute (anti-Muslim group), 77
Lamont, Michele, 68
Land of Dreams farm, 100
language: discrimination based on, 207; meaning and, 208
Lausanne, Treaty of, 152
Lawlor, Andrea, 104
Layton, Jack, 259
Lesbos refugee camp, 167–68
Levinas, Emmanuel, 22
Lightfoot, Sheryl, 44
Lisée, Jean-François, 78
Loewenstein, George, 251
Mackenzie King, William Lyon, 229, 234
Mahabad Republic, 315
“Make America Great Again” campaign, 71, 72
Makiadi, François Luambo Luanzo, 355n7
Mansour, Renad, 307
Manus Island detention center, 49
Mapfumo, Thomas: as artist in exile, 18, 342, 352, 358; audience of, 359; career of, 351; children of, 371; Chimurenga music, 355; collaborators of, 360–61, 362n18; concerts of, 359, 362–63; conference address, 354–57; connections with Zimbabwe, 349, 365, 368; Danger Zone (album), 361n17; detention of, 356; education of, 354; Eugene community and, 361n17, 364–65, 367n28, 370, 374; honorary doctorate of, 349; influence of, 374; interviews, 353, 354, 358–63, 364–73; life story of, 17, 354–58, 372–73; MDC Alliance and, 360; move to the US, 358n12, 373; Mugabe’s regime and, 356–57, 358; “Ndangariro” (lyrics), 375–76; nicknames of, 351; North America tour, 352; personal charisma, 353; religious views, 366; social media posts, 360; songs of, 350, 351, 356, 358, 360, 361n17, 375; travels in Africa, 354–55; University of Alberta’s International Week and, 379; US tours, 362; visit to Edmonton, 353; Zimbabwean diaspora and, 359–60, 362n18, 369
Maraire, Dumisani, 363
March of the Living, 232
Marrus, Michael R., 249, 252, 259
Martin, Paul, 50
Martinkus, John, 106
Marx, Karl, 22
Matthes, Jörg, 106
mbira (music instrument), 350, 363, 374
mbira dzavadzimu (music instrument), 350
Mbira Renaissance (band), 353
McDougall, Barbara, 51
meaningfulness, 335–36
Median Empire (728–550 BCE), 310
mediated arts, 32
Migrant Justice organization, 77, 81–82, 84
migrant precarity, 65–66, 67, 69, 70, 78–79, 84, 85
migrants: exploitation of, 70; vs. refugees, 3; settler colonialism and, 4, 173–74; statistics, 3, 67–68; after World War II, 6
Milk with Dignity program, 82
Mills, Carmen, 203
Montgomery, Edith, 127
Morrison, Scott, 49
Movement for Democratic Change Alliance, 360, 360n15
MS St. Louis: Canada’s apology to passengers of, 14, 226, 227–28, 230–36, 241, 247; in Cuba, 228–29, 234; in popular culture, 229–30; refusal for entry into the US and Canada, 229, 234; return to Europe, 230, 235; voyage of, 50, 228, 229
Mugabe, Robert: Chimurenga war and, 355n8; election of, 17; fall of, 352–53, 359; political regime of, 18, 351, 356–57, 358; rise to power, 356n10
Mujuru, Ephat, 350
multicultural education: benefits of, 27–28, 201; criticism of, 28, 198–201, 211–12
Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (MCHB Cooperative), 161, 162, 164
multiculturalism, 28, 160, 197, 200, 237, 308–9
music: as act of collective participation, 329, 336, 340–41; affective power of, 31, 32; attributes of, 380–81; connectedness, 336, 338–39, 341; as cultural construction, 334; dehumanization through, 17, 32; distribution of, 337–38; as form of remote touching, 335; meaningfulness of, 30, 334, 335–36, 337; memory and, 383; nationalistic, 342; power of, 17, 379, 380, 381; refugees and, 32, 330, 343; rehumanizing effect of, 329–30, 331, 333–34, 338; resilience and, 336; solidarity and, 339; sonic organization of, 31; as transcultural performance, 31, 331, 337; universal language of, 334, 335
musical resonance, 338, 340, 342, 382, 383
“Music for Global Human Development” (M4GHD), 331, 338, 340, 342
musician refugees, 384
musicking: notion of, 30
Muslims: discrimination of, 105; diversity of, 106; hate crimes against, 104, 108, 116, 117, 154; media portrayal of, 105, 106, 107; negative perception of, 106, 159–60, 209–10; relationship between Jews and, 107; travel ban, 73
mutrib (Arabic singer), 385
Muzorewa, Abel Tendekayi, 356, 356n9
Nahawand, Longa, 387
naming ceremony, 332
National Association of Japanese Canadians, 225–26
National Post, 10, 105, 108, 109, 111, 114
Nauru island, 48
Nazeri, Shahram, 304
neoliberal precarity, 71, 78–79, 85
New Pact of Asylum and Migration (NPAM), 12, 171, 172–73
Newroz (Kurdish New Year), 304, 322
Nicolino, Venus, 209
Ni Frontières, Ni Prisons organization, 81
9/11 terrorist attacks, 154
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 68, 71, 72
Obama, Barack: immigration policy, 53, 54
Obhrai, Deepak, 233
O’Brien, Peter, 159
Oliver, Sophie, 23
One Nation Party (Australia), 47
Orbis Sensualium Pictus (Comenius), 203
“organic” solidarity, 339
Organization for the Prevention of Violence, 156
Other/othering: alterity of, 13–14; ethical relation with, 22; notion of, 203, 213, 214; recognition of, 22, 23, 26–27
Packer, Martin, 204
Pakistani Baha’i community, 95
Palestinian refugees: Canada’s actions toward, 6; dehumanization of, 226, 238, 241; generations of, 111; identity crisis, 309; UN mandate, 41
Pang, Augustine, 249
Papua New Guinea, 48
Paris terrorist attack (2015), 9, 104–5, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 117
participatory action research (PAR), 340–41, 343
People’s Party of Canada, 65, 78
Perez, Michelle S., 210
Perwer, Şivan, 308, 311; “Kîne Em?” (Who are we?), 319
Peşêw, Abdullah: “The Dagger,” 319–20
Peshmerga (military of Kurdistan Region), 306, 307–8, 322
Peterborough mosque arson, 108, 109, 116
Pettigrew, Thomas F., 27
Philpot, Catherine R., 261
Pierce, Sarah, 54
Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, 231, 240
Plattsburgh Cares organization, 79
Poland: opposition to refugees, 172
“post-multicultural” approaches, 28
post-truth politics, 44
Pourbaix, Eilis, 342
Prairie provinces: immigrants in, 158–59
Pratt, Mary Louise, 183
precarity: duality of, 71; as hegemonic norm, 67, 70; origins and institutionalization of, 69; of place, 69; resistance to, 85–86. See also migrant precarity; neoliberal precarity; refugee precarity
precarity-migrant-agency nexus, 81, 85
Qadi, Muhammad Yunis al-, 386
Qazi Muhammad, 315
Québec: anti-immigration protests, 77–78; COVID-19 pandemic in, 83–84
Rabadi-Raol, Ayesha, 202
racialized children: achievement gap, 210; “civilizing” approach to, 203–4; labelling of, 203–4; oppressions of, 202; stereotyping of, 202, 209–10
racism: educational system and, 210; as form of dehumanization, 201, 210; mental health and, 160
Rahbani, Assi, 386
Rahbani, Mansour, 386
Rahbani, Ziyad, 386
Rane, Halim, 106
Reagan, Ronald, 68
refugee precarity, 65–66, 67, 70
refugees: abuse of, 95; access to education, 12–13, 169, 170; addictions, 278; age of, 98, 146; claim for asylum, 51, 52–53, 74, 94–95, 279–80; community support, 96–97, 100; connections to home societies, 383; COVID-19 and, 42; culture and, 33; decision to become, 92–93, 274; definitions of, 3; dehumanization of, 4, 5; emotional and psychological state of, 100–101; faith in humanity, 9; family members, 93; fear of, 3–4, 104; generosity of strangers toward, 94; genetic testing, 279; in the Global South, 56; housing for, 277–78; vs. immigrants, 199; initial departure of, 93–94; integration of, 74, 97–98, 146, 278, 383; international convention on, 169; intersubjective connections of, 382–83; language skills, 97; learning of foreign rules, 206; mental health issues, 128–29, 276–77, 278; vs. migrants, 3; multiculturalism and, 281; music and, 33; negative attitudes toward, 26, 280–81; policies addressing experience of, 98–99; prejudice toward, 26, 42–43, 282–83; racism and, 281; resettlement of, 11, 74, 91, 92, 95–98, 101, 146, 276, 278, 281–82, 308; smugglers and, 93–94; social solidarity of, 341; sponsorship of, 276; stages of experience of, 92; statistics of, 3, 41–42, 67–68, 146; story of the village along the river and, 269–72, 273; studies of, 5, 25–26; success stories, 278–79; temporary employment, 95, 97; transportation program for, 279; trauma of, 9, 94, 96, 99; vulnerability of, 97, 102; women, 175. See also specific groups of refugees
refugees in Germany: access to post-secondary education, 168, 176–78, 183, 187, 188–89; advocacy groups, 180; countries of origin, 175; culture of hospitality toward, 177; education level of, 176; financial hurdles, 187; German-language proficiency, 176; health problems, 187; hostility toward, 177; legal status, 183, 184; media portrayal of, 170, 177; social assistance for, 177; statistics of, 175–76, 181
refugee students: emotional and cognitive challenges, 196, 197; importance of safe environment, 198; language barrier, 207–8; loneliness and isolation, 198; school experience, 197–99; socialization of, 206–7
Refugees Welcome International, 79
rehumanization: through arts and culture, 30–34, 333, 338–39, 340; benefits of, 26; definition of, 333; via dialogue, 29–30; via inter-group contact, 27; via multicultural education, 27–29; resocialization and, 333
Rempel, Michelle, 78
Research Network on Human Rights and Migration, 186
residential schools: compensations to survivors of, 258–59; Indigenous practices and, 225; legacy of, 256–57; misconceptions about, 258; public awareness of, 258–59; purpose of, 204, 257; state apology to victims of, 225, 247, 256, 258, 263, 264
resonance. See socio-sonic-visual resonance
Rezai-Rashti, Goli, 209
Rezazî, Nasir, 317
right to asylum, 272
right-wing protests, 77
ritual transition, 333
Robertson, Cheryl Lee, 127, 143
Rocca, Francesco, 42
Rojhat, Melek: “Homeland,” 318
Rollins, Natalia (a.k.a. Moxie), 361n17
Roma children, 204
Ross, Michael, 250, 251, 260, 261
Rothbart, Myron, 156
Roxham Road border crossing, 65, 67, 75, 77, 79, 80, 84
Roy, Nilanjana, 69
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), 257
rumba dance, 350
Russian pro-war rallies, 342
Russia-Ukraine war, 195
Rust Belt states, 72
Saavedra, Cinthya, 210
Said, Edward, 105, 106; “Reflections on Exile,” 309
Sané, Pierre, 57
Sangalang, Cindy C., 127
Save the Children International, 195, 196
Sazkar, Gare: “I Am Kurd,” 317–18
Scheer, Andrew, 78
schooling for refugees: curriculum, 206, 211–12; dehumanization and, 10, 209; experience of, 204; inequalities embedded in, 203; intervention programs, 207–8; language classes, 207; lunchtime routine, 206–7; rules and regulations, 205–6, 207; as sites of cultural reconstitution, 214; social structures of, 203
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 334
Schumann, Karina, 250, 251, 260, 261
Seattle World Trade Organization (WTO) protests, 66
Second Vatican Council, 282
“Secure Our Borders” demonstration, 81
Segall, Kimberly Wedeven, 310, 311
selective endorsement process, 45
Selee, Andrew, 54
Sennay, Slabe, 342–43
Settlement Worker in Schools (SWIS) program, 145
settler colonialism, 7, 44, 47, 56
Sèvres, Treaty of, 152, 305, 315
sexism, 201
Shachar, Ayelet, 45
Shadd Araban, 385
Sheyholislami, Jaffer, 309, 311
Shona musical traditions, 350, 351, 353, 371n34
Sidorkin, Alexander, 30
signalling theory, 248–49
Simpson, Brenda, 205
Skuza, Jennifer A., 198
Small, Christopher, 30
Smith, Bianca, 108
Smith, Wadada Leo, 352
social exclusion: as form of dehumanization, 201, 203, 209
social pathologies, 331, 339–40
social resonance, 381, 383, 384
social transpositions, 18, 380
Socio-Economic Panel at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), 175
socio-sonic-visual resonance, 31, 332, 337, 341–42, 380, 381–82
solidarity, 339
Solidarity Across Borders, 80, 81
Söndergaard, Hans Peter, 128
Soukous dance, 350
South Africa: state apology for apartheid (de Klerk), 253–55, 263; Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 253–56
Souto-Manning, Mariana, 202
state apologies: as act of atonement, 248; cost of, 259, 261, 262, 264–65; efficacy of, 248, 249–50, 262–63, 264; elements of, 251; failure of, 262; loss of national status and, 251; partial, 252–53, 254–55, 264; as poisoned gift, 235–40, 241; politics of, 225–26, 228, 241, 247, 249; rehumanizing effect of, 247, 248, 251, 253–61, 262, 264; signalling theory approach to, 248–49, 256; sincerity of, 234, 264; theoretical framework of, 248–51; timing of, 230–31; trustworthiness of, 262
state sovereignty, 57
stereotypes, 209
Stop the War on Children: Protecting Children in 21st Century Conflict (Save the Children), 195
Streitwieser, Bernhard, 169, 187, 188
Sultan, Khalid, 107
Surveillance on the Northern Border (ACLU-VT), 76
Swanton Border Control Sector, 76
Syria: Kurdish population of, 152, 304, 305, 315, 323; Rojava revolution in, 305
Syrian refugees: association with terrorists, 112, 116; in Canada, 9, 51, 96; community support of, 99; compassion for, 6; debate about, 116–17; dehumanization of, 9; educators’ response to arrival of, 199; employment of, 175; Islam and, 105, 108, 110; local officials and, 111; media portrayal of, 9–10, 27, 103, 104, 105, 108–10, 115; methodological approach to study of, 108; religious faith of, 104, 109; resettlement of, 6, 109, 111, 113; security checks, 109–10, 113–14, 115; statistics of, 176; in the US, 74; women, 176
Tamil refugees, 50
Tampa crisis (2001), 47–48, 49, 51
Tardif, Guillaume, 386
Tarkan (Turkish pop star), 152–53
Tatlises, Ibrahim, 304
Tavuchis, Nicholas, 256
taxonomies, 329
Tea Party movement, 71
Thatcher, Margaret, 68
Theorell, Töres, 128
Thorne, Barrie, 207
Time for Drunken Horses, A (film), 313, 314
Timshel, Isabelle, 127
Todres, Les, 212
Tolley, Erin, 104
touching, 30–31
“Transpositions: Music for Resilient Communities” concert, 379–80
trauma-informed educational practices, 142, 143
trauma of refugees, 125, 128, 129
Tribeca News (magazine), 314
Troper, Harold, 229; None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933–1948, 230, 231
Trudeau, Justin: apologies of, 14, 226, 227, 231–35, 236, 242, 247; campaign promises, 52; condemnation for BDS, 240; criticism of, 239; on Holocaust, 238; humanitarianism of, 52; on Jewish refugees, 237; on Muslim travel ban, 52; on Paris terrorist attacks, 111, 114; refugee policies, 8, 51, 52, 109, 110, 114
Trump, Donald: anti-humanitarianism, 55; attempt to cancel DACA, 55; border security policy, 73; and term China virus, 157; exclusionary rhetoric of, 56, 73; executive orders, 73, 74, 76; first days of presidency, 54; immigration policy, 54, 55–56, 67, 72–73; position on multilateral agreements, 57; refugee policy, 51, 53–54, 55; rise to presidency, 72
Trump, Melania, 55
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC), 14, 225, 258, 259
t’shuvah: concept of, 239
Tunisi, Bayram al-, 386
Turkey: Kurdish population of, 152, 304, 305, 315–16, 323; music, 386–87; War of Independence, 152
Turnbull, Malcolm, 49
Turner, Victor, 333
Ugandan refugees, 278
Unangst, Lisa, 187
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), 169, 196–97, 200, 206
UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 45–46, 53, 280
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 44
UN Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 46
undocumented migrants, 73–74, 75, 76, 77, 78
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 3, 41, 91, 275
Unitarian Universalists, 65
United Kingdom: “home children” program, 282
United States: asylum seekers, 51; cultural resentment in, 72; deportations from, 73–74; human rights revolution, 45; illegal border crossing, 76; immigration, 44, 46, 53, 54–55; Indigenous peoples, 44, 46; National Quota (Johnson-Reed) Act (1965), 45; racism, 46; refugee policies, 43, 53, 55, 56, 57, 74
“United to Protect Our Borders” rally, 77
University of Applied Sciences in Magdeburg, 179
University of Osnabrück, 179
University of Saarbrücken, 179
UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 273
UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 3, 41
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 15, 43, 57, 196, 272, 273
US Immigration Reform and Control Act, 53
ʿUwis, Jamil, 386
Uzbek refugees, 114
Verdun, Amy, 69
Vermont: campaign against Department of Motor Vehicles, 82; as “sanctuary state,” 77; surveillance in, 76. See also Migrant Justice organization
Verwoerd, Wilhelm, 255
vicarious contact, 27
Vietnamese asylum seekers, 47
Volkswagen Foundation, 178
Wahab, Abdurrahman, 306
Wahab, Mohamed Abdel, 386
Waissi, Hama Aziz: “I Am Kurdistan,” 321–25
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising memorial, 252
Wassouf, George, 385
Watt, David L. E., 128
Weima, Yolanda, 25
West Island refugee volunteers, 65
Wilder, Charlie B., 361n17
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 208
Women in Exile e.V., 185
Wood, Sara, 128
World Bank, 68
World Social Forum, 71
World Trade Organization (WTO), 68, 71
Yarsanism, 304
Yazidi refugees: caregivers in families of, 143; communication challenges, 136, 137, 138–40, 141, 145; countries of origin, 125; Daesh captivity, 137, 139, 140; education of, 130, 141, 144; eligibility for social services, 145; emergency arrival of, 144; employment of, 133–34; English-language skills, 127, 135, 136, 142, 143; health care for, 134–35; illnesses of, 143; integration of, 127, 128, 129, 133, 140, 142, 143; international assistance to, 126; interviews with, 125, 130–32; language of communication of, 131, 135; marital status of, 132; mental health problems of, 127, 129, 133, 134, 137, 138, 145; migration of, 128; persecution and expulsion of, 125–26; religion of, 126; resettlement of, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 137, 142, 144; shortage of settlement service workers for, 144–45; study of, 130–32; translation and interpretation services for, 135–38, 143–44; traumatic experience of, 11, 125–29, 133, 135, 136, 140–44; violence against, 126, 129, 305
Yellow Vests Canada, 65
Yezidism, 304
YPG (People’s Protection Unit), 305, 306
YPJ (Women’s Protection Unit), 305
Zakho, Iraq, 297
Zana, Layla: Writings from Prison, 315
Zimbabwe: Chimurenga wars, 350, 355, 355n8; corruption, 17, 357; culture, 370–72, 374; economic hardship, 366; emigration from, 351; independence of, 17; music culture of, 350, 351, 363; political regime of, 18, 355, 356; sale of pirate CDs, 368, 369; in Western media, 357
Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, 355n8
Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), 355n8, 356n10
Zimbabwe African People’s Union, 356n10
Zimbabwean diaspora, 18, 352, 353, 362n18, 369–70
Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army, 355n8
Zimdancehall genre, 368
Zionism, 237
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