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Memory And Landscape: Index

Memory And Landscape
Index

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Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Foreword
  3. Note on Orthography and Terminology
  4. Introduction
  5. Part One: Indigenous History and Identity
    1. Perspective: Our Land
    2. 1. What “Really Happened”: A Migration Narrative from Southeast Alaska Compared to Archaeological and Geological Data
    3. 2. Inuvialuit Ethnonyms and Toponyms as a Reflection of Identity, Language, and Memory
    4. 3. Wandering in Place: A Close Examination of Two Names at Nunivak Island
    5. 4. Berry Harvesting in the Eastern Arctic: An Enduring Expression of Inuit Women’s Identity
  6. Part Two: Forces of Change
    1. Perspective: But Who Am I?
    2. 5. Places of Memory, Anticipation, and Agitation in Northwest Greenland
    3. 6. “The Country Keeps Changing”: Cultural and Historical Contexts of Ecosystem Changes in the Yukon Delta
    4. 7. Inventing the Copper River: Maps and the Colonization of Ahtna Lands
    5. 8. Inuit Identity and the Land: Toward Distinctive Built Form in the Nunavik Homeland
  7. Part Three: Knowing the Land
    1. Perspective: Diitsii Diitsuu Nąįį Gooveenjit—For Our Ancestors
    2. 9. Place-Naming Strategies in Inuit-Yupik and Dene Languages in Alaska
    3. 10. Watershed Ethnoecology in Yup’ik Place Names of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta
    4. 11. Sentiment Analysis of Inuit Place Names from the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut
    5. 12. Indigenous Place Names in the Senyavin Strait Area, Chukotka
  8. Appendix: Northern Animal Illustrations
  9. List of Contributors
  10. Index

Index

  • Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
  • abandonment: memory and, 207
    • of Inupiaq site, 380
    • of Yup’ik sites, 192, 193–94, 195, 200. See also relocation
  • Abercrombie, William, 226
  • Abraham, Elaine, 28, 30, 30
  • Abraham, Olaf, 30
  • Abraham, Susie, 30
  • absence, 158, 160
    • memory and, 173–74
  • affect: place names and, 323
  • agitation: of Greenlanders, 165–66
    • of narwhals, 164–65
  • Ahtna (people), 27, 28
    • ANCSA and, 239, 240
    • architecture, 39, 40
    • chiefs, 217, 226
    • Copper River and, 215–17, 219, 226, 228–29
    • identity, 28, 47
    • salmon and, 236–37
    • tool types, 44, 46
    • use of copper, 44, 46–47, 235
    • territory of, 215–16, 216, 217, 230, 239, 240, 241, 294n9
  • Ahtna (language): dialects, 216
    • place names in, 216–17, 226, 228–29, 289, 290–91
  • Ainana, Lyudmila I., 349
  • Akerelrea, Dan, 184, 202
  • Akiachak (Akiacuaq), 298, 301, 302, 304, 305, 310
  • Akiak (Akiaq), 298, 302
  • Aklavik, 64
  • Akyr (shaman), 341
  • Alaska, 223, 225
    • economic development of, 224–25, 229–30, 232, 235
    • mapping of, 226, 228–30, 232
    • statehood of, 238
    • as vacant land, 218, 224, 224
  • Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), 238
  • Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) 14(h)(1) Program, 180, 181–82, 298, 314n1
    • archaeological sites and, 28, 181
    • Nunivak Island and, 86–87
    • place names and, 86–87, 110, 111n5, 211n20
    • surveys, 209n2
  • Alaska Native corporations, 181, 209n1
  • Alaska Native Language Center (ANLC), xviii, 86, 87–88
  • Aleuts, 33
  • Allen, Henry, 226, 228–29, 235
  • Alunik, Ishmael, 61, 76n11
  • Am’igtulirmiut, 108–9
  • Amos, Howard, 88, 90, 102, 103, 111n1
  • Amos, Muriel, 88, 111n1
  • Amos, Walter, 90, 100
  • Anaktuvuk Pass, 62
  • ancestors, 271, 275
  • ANCSA (Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act), 238. See also Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) 14(h)(1) Program
  • Andreevskaia Odinochka, 186
  • animals: climate change and, 158, 171
    • hunters and, 166–67
    • respect for, 120–21
    • seismic survey and, 164–65
    • treatment of, 99. See also caribou; fish and fishing; seals and sealing
  • ANLC (Alaska Native Language Center), 86, 87–88
  • Annanack, Johnny George, 252
  • Anqercaq (Razbinsky), 186, 186–87, 188
  • anticipation: of hunters, 167
  • Apay’uq (Adolph Bavilla), 155
  • Arakamchechen Island (Qigi), 341, 343, 344
  • archaeology, 26
    • landscape, 317, 319–20
    • of Nunivak Island, 83
    • sentiment analysis and, 331–32
    • of Tlákw.aan, 28, 37–49, 50
  • architecture, 10–11
    • colonialism and, 255
    • Inuit identity and, 247, 254–55
    • in Nunavik, 245, 247–49, 254–58
    • resistance and, 260–61, 262
    • Thule, 249–50
    • at Tlákw.aan, 39–40
    • Tlingit, 39–40
    • snow, 245, 251–52, 252, 253
    • sod, 250
    • whale bone, 249
    • Yup’ik, 183
  • Arctic IQ, 323, 324
  • Arnangiar (ancestral woman), 101–4, 107
  • artifacts: at Tlákw.aan, 44–47
  • Arviat: place names, 324, 325, 326, 327
    • research at, 322, 323
  • Arviarmiut, 323, 325
  • Asvigyaq, 93
  • Arviuna (Sigliq), 60–61
  • Asweryag (Cup’ig place name), 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 105, 110
    • as burial site, 97, 98, 99, 99, 100
  • Asweryagmiut (Cup’ig place name), 89–90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 110
    • named by ancestral woman, 101, 105
    • as site of violence, 103, 103–4, 105
  • Athabascans (Dene): conflict with, 328
    • Siglit and, 59, 60. See also Ahtna (people)
  • Athabascan language family, xviii, 277
    • demonstrative system of, 278, 284–85, 289
    • as generative, 286–87, 290–91
    • place names and, 277–79, 285–87, 290–91. See also Ahtna (language)
  • at.óow (sacred clan item), 25, 26, 28, 31
  • Audlakiak, Hannah, 132, 133, 138, 140
  • Aulavik National Park, 58
  • Ayemqerraq, 187, 188, 210n9
  • Ayveghyaget, 93
  • Baffin Island, 130
  • Banks Island (Ikaahuk), 58, 65, 69
    • place names and, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74
    • Siglit at, 62, 63, 71
  • Baron, Vinnie, 7
  • basket (Yup’ik kuusqun), 305, 305
  • Basso, Keith, 66, 73
  • Batzulnetas (Nataełde), 228–29
  • beads, 47
  • bears: black, 379
    • brown, 375
    • polar, 132–33, 377
  • Beaufort Sea, 68
  • beavers, 378
    • impacts on salmon of, 199
    • landscape change by, 198, 198–99, 304
  • beluga, 62
  • Bering Sea region, 81–82, 110
    • erosion and, 206, 210n16, 210n19
    • languages of, 82
  • berries, 119, 122–24
    • cash economy and, 124–26, 139
    • environmental impacts on, 131, 133–34
    • Inuit classification of, 122, 123
    • ownership of patches, 140
    • preservation of, 124
    • sharing, 134, 140
    • types of, 128
    • use in Eastern Arctic, 129
    • use for healing, 123–24
  • berry picking, 9, 34
    • children and, 136–37, 138
    • boats and, 136
    • devaluing of, 119, 122
    • health and, 141
    • hunting and, 119, 131, 132, 136
    • identity and, 126, 128
    • by Iñupiat, 124, 126
    • as northern cultural practice, 124–26
    • by Ojibwe, 125, 126
    • polar bears and, 132–33
    • rules for, 140
    • rural-urban migration and, 134
    • as seasonal, 126, 128, 132
    • sites for, 135–36, 140
    • values and, 126, 128, 139, 142
    • women and, 119, 122, 125, 127, 127–28, 131–32, 137, 139
  • BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
  • Billings, Joseph, 94
  • birds: at Tlákw.aan, 48, 49
    • seagulls, 32, 33, 37
    • Yup’ik knowledge of, 300. See also Eagle; Raven
  • blackfish, 200, 298, 300
    • Yup’ik sites for, 184, 203, 304–5, 306
  • Bogoslovskaya, Lyudmila, 94, 346n2
  • Bremner, Harry, 30, 33
  • Bremner, Helen, 30
  • Bremner, John, 30
  • Bremner, John (prospector), 241n4
  • Brody, Hugh, 122
  • built environment. See architecture
  • Burch, Ernest, 64
  • Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): ANCSA 14(h)(1) Program and 181
    • research on Nunivak Island, 86–87, 88, 93, 99, 110, 111n5, 111n6
    • site survey by, 99, 103, 104, 181
    • Togiak and, 93
  • burial: above ground Yup’ik, 183, 200–5
    • landscape change and, 202–6
    • memory and, 207
    • sites on Nunivak, 97, 98, 99, 99, 100
    • sleds and, 204, 210n18
    • subsidence of, 205, 206, 207. See also cemeteries
  • cabins: 260–61, 264, 265
  • camps and camping, 8
    • Ahtna, 218
    • at Banks Island, 71
    • for berry picking, 122, 130, 203
    • fish, 11, 169, 197, 200, 203
    • identity and, 65
    • place names and, 66, 67
    • positive sentiment and, 327
    • Yup’ik, 184, 195, 203, 309
  • caribou, 64, 376
    • crossings, 322
    • decline of, 64, 106, 107, 132, 328, 380
    • hunting on Baffin, 130, 131
    • Inupiat and, 106, 380
    • on Nunivak Island, 84, 99, 106, 107, 109
  • Caribou Inuit, 321
  • cartography. See maps and mapping
  • cash economy, 142
    • berries in, 124–26, 139
    • women and, 138–39
  • cemeteries, 181
    • landscape change and, 200–202, 207
    • Yup’ik, 183, 189–190, 190, 200, 201. See also burial
  • Central Alaskan Yup’ik. See Yup’ik (Central Alaskan language)
  • Central Siberian Yupik. See Siberian Yupik (language)
  • centralization: of Inuit, 256
    • of Yup’ik population, 183, 195. See also relocation
  • Cev’allraq (Old Chevak), 194, 194–95, 195
  • Cev’aq (Chevak), 111n2, 111n4, 194, 195
  • Chaplino (Ungaziq), 340, 341, 346n2
  • Chaplinski Yupik (dialect), xvii, 342, 343, 345
  • char (Arctic), 169
  • Chevak (Cev’aq), 111n2, 111n4, 194, 195
  • children, 19
    • berry picking and, 136–37, 138
  • Chitina (village), 27, 31, 36, 44
  • Chitina River (Tsedi Na’), 227, 235, 239
  • Chlenov, Michael, 337–38
  • chronology: of Tlákw.aan, 41–43
  • Chukchi (language), 12, 342, 338
    • Cup’ig and, 82, 94–95
    • place names, 341, 343–44
  • Chukotka, 82, 339, 346n1
  • clans: Ahtna, 216
    • Eyak, 27, 32, 33, 37, 50
    • on St. Lawrence Island, 94, 108. See also Gineix Kwáan (Kwáashk’i Kwáan)
  • climate change, 157–58, 208
    • berries and, 133–34
    • sea ice and, 169, 171–72
    • Yukon Delta and, 179–80, 206
  • coast: in Greenlandic, 282, 282
    • in sentiment analysis, 328
    • as spatial reference, 278, 279, 280–81, 341
  • cod, 169
  • cognates: in Bering Sea region, 93–96
  • Collignon, Béatrice, 65, 66, 68, 71, 73
    • on architecture, 255
  • colonialism, 239, 255
    • maps and, 10, 215, 217–19, 226, 229, 235
    • place names and, 219, 226, 229
    • resource inventories and, 224–225
  • construction: of cabins, 260–61
    • in Nunavik, 255, 256–57, 264, 266n1. See also architecture.
  • contact: naming and, 344
    • Nunivak Island and, 83, 84–85, 94, 96, 97
    • with Russians, 85, 186
    • with Siglit, 62
  • copper: Ahtna and, 235
    • artifacts, 44, 46–47
    • mining of, 235–36
    • shield (tináa), 31, 33, 34, 36, 47
    • sources, 26, 44, 235
    • trade, 47, 50
    • as wealth, 32, 37
  • Copper River (Atna), 10, 214, 227, 231, 232, 239
    • as copper source, 235
    • exploration of, 226, 228–29
    • gold rush and, 229–30
    • as homeland, 31, 32, 34, 36, 47, 215
    • maps and, 224, 225, 226, 228–30
    • place names for, 219, 226
    • salmon fishery, 236, 237, 238
    • as spatial reference, 219
  • Cree: berry picking by, 124, 126
  • crests (Tlingit). See at.óow (sacred clan item)
  • Cruikshank, Julie, 66
  • Cup’ig (language), 82, 84, 90, 110, 294n10
    • dictionary, 88, 106, 111n1
    • documentation of, 86–88, 111n1
    • intelligibility to Yup’ik speakers, 82, 86
    • orthography, 111n1, 112n13
    • place names, 89–94, 106, 290, 291
    • as polysynthetic, 90, 111n7
    • revitalization of, 88
    • Russian influence on, 85. See also Asweryag (Cup’ig place name); Asweryagmiut (Cup’ig place name); Cup’it (Nuniwarmiut)
  • Cup’ik (dialect of Yup’ik), 111n2, 111n4
    • as polysynthetic, 111n7. See also Chevak (Cev’aq)
  • Cup’it (Nuniwarmiut), 82, 106, 111n8
    • on Qaviayarmiut origins, 107–8. See also Cup’ig (language)
  • Curukaryaraq, 184, 185, 210n7
  • Cuukvagtulirmiut, 306, 307, 310, 312
  • Dahl, Jens, 65
  • Dall, William Healy, 224–25
  • danger, 319, 322, 331. See also violence
  • dates and dating: of Tlákw.aan, 41–43
  • Deg Xinag (language), 288, 289
  • de Laguna, Frederica, 28, 30
    • archaeological research by, 38, 39, 41
  • demonstrative systems, 277
    • of Dene languages, 278, 284–85, 289
    • of Inuit-Yupik languages, 278, 279–83, 284
  • Dena’ina, 222, 288
  • Dene (Athabascans): conflict with, 328
    • Siglit and, 59, 60. See also Ahtna (people)
  • de Reuse, Willem, 85, 95, 96
  • design, 259, 262–64
  • development (economic): in Greenland, 163–66
  • dictionary, 60, 64, 65
    • of Alaska place names, 93
    • Cup’ig, 88, 106, 111n1
    • Siberian Yupik, 93–94
    • Yup’ik, 85, 88, 92, 106
  • directions (geographic), 277–79
    • in Dene languages, 284–85
    • in Inuit-Yupik languages, 279–83
  • displacement. See relocation
  • Diyaaguna.éit, 29, 39, 40
  • dogs: in narrative, 33, 37
    • travel using, 162, 169, 172, 197
  • Dorais, Louis-Jacques, 59
  • Eagle, 378
    • moiety, 32, 37
  • economy. See cash economy; subsistence
  • economic development: in Greenland, 163–66
  • elevation: in demonstrative systems, 279
  • Ellikarrmiut (Nash Harbor), 96, 97, 100, 111n4
  • Ellis, Jack, 30
  • Emerak, Mark, 73
  • emotion, 12, 73, 74, 318–19, 320–21, 323. See also agitation
  • environmental impact assessments, 164
  • epidemics, 69
    • diphtheria, 189
    • influenza, 200
    • smallpox, 186
    • affecting Yupiit, 186, 189, 200
  • erosion, 192, 206
    • of Yup’ik sites, 186–87, 190, 191–92, 195, 210n19
  • ethnonyms, 76n2
    • Inuvialuit, 59–60. See also specific ethnonyms
  • Etolin, A. K., 86, 91
  • Etolin Strait (Akularer), 83, 85
  • Eyak: architecture, 39–40
    • clans, 27, 29, 32
    • subsistence, 44–45. See also Galyáx Kaagwaantaan (Eyak clan)
  • family, 137
    • architecture and, 257, 258, 261, 264
  • Farkas, Lena, 28, 30, 30
  • fauna: at Tlákw.aan, 41, 48–49, 50
    • at Yup’ik sites, 189
  • features: archaeological at Tlákw.aan, 38–39
    • burial on Nunivak, 97, 98, 99
    • naming of, 344
    • navigational, 316, 327
    • stone in Kivalliq, 316, 321–22, 327, 330
    • stone on Nunivak, 103
    • stone on Yukon Delta, 208
  • Felix, Emmanuel, 61
  • Fienup-Riordan, Ann, 100, 111n8, 292
  • fire-cracked rock, 41
  • fish and fishing, 11, 21–22, 272
    • Ahtna sites for, 219, 220
    • cleaning rivers for, 200, 210n16
    • for halibut in Greenland, 163, 169, 172–73
    • economic development and, 163
    • methods, 298, 304–5
    • in place names, 302, 307, 312
    • positive sentiment and, 325, 326
    • quotas in Greenland, 161
    • at Tlákw.aan, 48, 49
    • tools for, 45, 46
    • on Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 296, 298
    • Yup’ik sites for, 184, 194, 197, 304–5, 306, 307, 309, 310. See also fish trap (taluyaq); salmon; whitefish
  • fish trap (taluyaq), 307, 307, 312
    • for blackfish, 304
  • flooding, 193–94
  • Fort Chimo, 246, 251, 252, 254, 256
  • Fort McPherson, 64
  • fox, 378
    • trapping: 62, 70, 71, 341
    • Yup’ik site for, 203
  • Franklin, John, 62, 66
  • Galyáx Kaagwaantaan (Eyak clan), 27, 32, 33, 37, 50
  • Gambell, 94
  • Ganawás (Knight Island), 28, 29, 33, 34, 36
  • geography: human anatomy and, 66. See also land; landscape
  • George, Wassillie, 304–5, 307
  • Gineix Kwáan (Kwáashk’i Kwáan), 24, 27, 34, 50
    • migration of, 27, 27–28, 30–34
    • subsistence, 29, 34, 50
    • use of copper, 34, 47. See also Tlákw.aan (Old Town)
  • glaciers: in Greenland, 171
    • migration across, 31, 36
  • glaciology: of Yakutat Bay, 28–29, 32, 33, 34, 36–37
  • gold rush: Klondike, 229–30
  • Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat), 159, 160
    • resource development in, 163–66. See also Upernavik
  • Greenlandic (language): demonstrative system of, 282, 282, 294n3
  • Griffin, Dennis, 106
  • Gwich’in (people): berry picking and, 126, 140
  • Gwich’in (language), 11, 274–75
  • halibut: fishing in Upernavik, 163, 169, 172–73
  • Hammerich, Louis, 83, 85, 86, 111n3
  • Hantzsch, Bernhard, 123
    • on Inuit housing, 250–51
  • Haogak, Edith, 72
  • Harrington, John, 30
  • Harry, Maggie, 30, 36, 41, 43
  • healing: berries and, 123–24
    • stone, 330
  • health and well-being, 19, 21
    • centralization and, 256
    • in Greenland, 166
    • Inuit, 141
  • Hendrickson, Kay, 88, 100, 107
  • herding (reindeer), 339, 340
  • Herschel Island, 64, 71, 76n3
    • oral history of, 58, 66, 73
  • Herschel Island–Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park, 58
  • HMS Investigator, 67, 71
  • Holton, Gary, 28
  • Hooper Bay, 113n24
    • dialect, 111n4
  • houses and housing: in Nunavik, 247–48, 257–58
    • ownership of, 257
    • pit houses, 249–250, 250
    • shortage of, 257, 266n2
    • snow, 245, 251–52, 252, 253
    • sod, 250
    • tents, 252–53, 254
    • Thule, 249–250
    • whale bone 245. See also architecture
  • Hubbard Glacier, 28–29, 29
  • Hudson’s Bay Company, 62, 64, 256
  • Humpy, Herman (Qussauyar), 97
  • hunting: artifacts for, 44–45
    • beavers, 198, 199
    • berry picking and, 119, 136–37
    • economics of, 138–39
    • muskrats, 196
    • quotas in Greenland, 161
    • perception when, 166–68
    • respect for animals and, 120–21
    • in Upernavik, 163, 166–67, 173. See also caribou; seals and sealing
  • ice. See sea ice
  • Icy Bay (settlement), 32, 33
  • identity, 3–4, 7, 254
    • architecture and, 247, 254–55
    • migration and, 28, 47
    • land and, 120, 128, 151, 245. See also specific ethnonyms
  • igloo, 245, 251–52, 252, 253. See also houses and housing
  • ijirait: place names and, 325, 326
  • Ilulissat, 160
  • Indigenous knowledge, 4, 5, 12
    • of fish, 300, 310
    • as heritage, 58, 274–75
    • language replacement and, 338
    • loss of, 195, 275
    • of plants, 122
    • science and, 26, 50, 275. See also narrative (oral); place names
  • Ingold, Tim, 161, 321
  • Ingrill’er, 199, 208
  • interviews: ANCSA Program and, 181, 183
    • Cup’ig language and, 87
    • Inuvialuit oral history, 66, 69
  • Inuinnait (Copper Inuit): place names, 65, 68, 69, 289–90, 291, 291–92
  • Inuinnaqtun (language), 59, 65
  • Inuit, 59
    • land and, 245, 255
    • plants and, 121, 141. See also specific Inuit groups
  • Inuit-Yupik language family, xvii, 59, 277, 293, 294n1
    • demonstrative system of, 278, 279–83, 284
    • place names and, 277–79, 288–89
  • Inuktitut (language), 59, 65
  • Inupiaq (language), xvii, 342, 345
    • demonstrative system of, 280–81, 283
  • Inupiat (Iñupiat
    • people), 62, 64, 65
    • berries and, 124, 125
    • living on Nunivak, 106, 107, 109
    • migration, 106
    • Nuniwarmiut and, 82, 85
  • Inuvialuit, 57, 65
    • identity, 58, 59–62, 64–65, 76n1. See also Siglit; Kangiryuarmiut; Uummarmiut
  • Inuvialuit Final Agreement (1984), 65
  • Inuvialuit Settlement Region, 57, 63
  • Inuvialuktun (language), 57–58
    • dialects, 59, 63, 65
    • place names, 66, 67, 71
  • Inuvialuktun Language Commission, 58, 59
  • Iqaluit, 133, 134–35
  • Iqug (Cape Mohican), 102, 105
  • Iqugmiut, 102, 105
  • Isaac, Katy Dickson, 30, 36
  • It’ercaraq, 306, 306, 307
  • Itygran Island, 340, 342, 344, 352
  • Ivanoff, Paul, 91, 112n9
  • Ivvavik National Park, 58
  • Jacobson, Steven, 86, 88, 92, 93–94, 106, 111n1
  • Johnson, George, 30
  • Jones, Eliza, 14n1
  • Justin, Wilson, 217, 223
  • K’áadasteen (elder), 30, 39
  • Kakinya, Elijah (Kakiññaaq), 5
  • Kalaallit Nunaat. See Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat)
  • Kangersuatsiaq, 156, 167, 169, 172–73
  • Kangiqsualujjuaq, 7, 246, 247, 248, 260
  • Kangiqsujuaq, 122
  • Kangi’irerrlagmiut (Kangiirlagmiut), 103, 107, 108–9
  • Kangiryuarmiut, 59, 64–65
    • at Banks Island, 69, 71, 74
  • Kardeetoo, Jenny, 30
  • Kari, James, 219
  • Kava, Bobby, 103
  • Kavaigmiut. See Qaviayarmiut
  • kayak (qayaq, qajaq), 83, 296
    • place names and, 325, 326
    • stands, 322
  • Keggiartuliar, 310, 311
  • Kennicott Valley, 235–36
  • Khromchenko, V.S., 86, 91, 106
  • King Island, 94
  • King Islanders, 106
  • kinship, 120, 259
    • marriage and, 37
    • matrilineal, 32, 37
    • sharing and, 217
    • in Upernavik, 161, 163
    • Yup’ik, 301, 302
  • Kiokun, Dorothy, 88, 102, 112n14
  • Kitigaaryuit (village), 62
  • Kivalliq Region, 318
    • place names and, 319, 323
    • sentiment and, 329, 331. See also Arviat
  • Klondike gold rush, 229–30
  • Knight Island (Ganawás), 28, 29, 33, 34, 36
    • archaeology of, 37–39
  • knowledge. See Indigenous knowledge
  • Kolerok, Edna, 107
  • Kolerok, Robert (Qungutur), 90, 101, 101–2, 107
  • K’ootsinadi.aan. See Knight Island (Ganawás)
  • Kopalie, Sheila, 136, 138, 140
  • Koyukon (language), 278, 279
  • Kozevnikoff, Sandra, 182
  • ku.éex’ (potlatches), 26, 30
  • Kuokkanen, Rauna, 142
  • Kuvuartellria, 304–5, 304, 310
  • kwáan. See clans; Gineix Kwáan (Kwáashk’i Kwáan)
  • Kwáashk’i Kwáan. See Gineix Kwáan (Kwáashk’i Kwáan)
  • Labrador, 123, 127
  • lakes: naming, 61, 71
  • lamps (stone), 46
  • land, 19, 245
    • Ahtna use of, 216, 217
    • ancestors and, 271, 275
    • claims in Alaska, 181, 209n1, 218, 238–39
    • identity and, 120, 128, 151, 245
    • learning on, 197–98, 275
    • Yup’ik use of, 300–301, 305. See also landscape; ownership
  • landscape, 278, 320
    • archaeology, 317, 319–20, 331
    • change by beavers, 198, 198–99
    • change on Yukon Delta, 184–95, 206–7
    • documentation of, 207
    • phenomenology, 317–18, 320–21, 322
    • place names and, 68, 89, 102, 195, 207, 239, 289–91, 321–22
    • subsidence and, 184, 185, 205, 206, 207, 210n8
    • Tlingit ancestors and, 26. See also land
  • language: of Bering Sea region, 82
    • families, xvii–xviii, 59, 277
    • of Inuvialuit, 57–60
    • ontology and, 11, 278
    • replacement, 338
    • revitalization, 58, 274. See also Athabascan language family; Inuit-Yupik language family; and specific languages
  • Lantis, Margaret, 83, 84, 91
  • Levinson, Stephen, 278
  • Lipscomb, Lily, 61, 71–72
  • Łtaxda’x (chief), 31
  • Lyashenko, Vladimir S., 341
  • lynx, 377
  • Malaspina Glacier, 27, 283
  • Mackenzie Delta region, 60, 64
  • maps and mapping, 215, 240
    • ANCSA 14(h)(1) Program, 209n3
    • colonialism and, 10, 215, 217–19, 226, 229, 235
    • gold rush and, 229–30
    • in oral history, 66, 69, 209n3
    • sentiment analysis and, 324, 328–29, 329
    • of St. Lawrence Island, 107–8
  • marine mammals: disturbance of, 164–65
    • hunting in Upernavik, 163
    • place names and, 89, 90
    • Siglit and, 62
    • at Tlákw.aan, 45–46, 48–49. See also seals and sealing; walrus; whales
  • markers (on the landscape), 21, 316, 327
  • market economy. See cash economy
  • matrilineality, 32, 37, 39
  • McClure, Robert, 67
  • McGhee, Robert, 62
  • Mednovskaia Odinochka, 221, 224
  • Mekoryuk (Mikuryarmiut), 83, 86, 88, 111n4, 111n8
  • memory, 173–74, 313
    • absence and, 173–74
    • age and, 72, 75
    • berry picking and, 128
    • collective, 73, 318
    • consciousness and, 72–73
    • of elders, 69, 72, 74, 174, 313
    • emotion and, 73, 75, 318, 320–21
    • of ice conditions, 171, 175
    • land and, 66, 120, 173–74
    • place names and, 66, 71–74, 89, 313
    • sentiment analysis and, 319
    • site abandonment and, 207
  • memoryscape, 66
  • Merr’aq, 189, 189–190, 190
  • midden: at Tlákw.aan, 28, 38, 41
  • migration: across glaciers, 31, 36
    • from Kangersuatsiaq, 173
    • to Mackenzie Delta, 64
    • to Nunivak, 106, 107–8, 110
    • place names and, 28
    • to Yakutat Bay, 27–28, 30–34, 36–37, 50. See also relocation
  • Miles, Nelson A., 226
  • Miller, Arthur, 237
  • mining, 164, 166
    • copper, 235–36
  • missions and missionaries. See Moravians
  • moieties: 32, 37
  • Moravians, 250, 296, 312
    • missions of, 306, 312
  • Moses, George, 305, 313
  • mountains: naming in Alaska, 229
  • Mount St. Elias (Wasʹei Tashaa), 24
    • clan origins and, 28, 31–32
    • as crest, 24, 28, 32
  • Mount Wrangell (Uk’ełedi), 228
  • muskox, 374
  • muskrat, 6, 64, 196
  • myth. See narrative (oral)
  • Nabesna, 217
  • names: memory and, 174, 175, 318. See also namesakes; place names
  • namesakes, 155, 161
  • Nanvarnaq, 308, 309, 310, 314n5
  • narrative (oral): as history, 26, 36–37, 50
    • of migration to Nunivak, 107–9
    • of migration to Yakutat, 27–28, 31–34, 50
    • of naming on Nunivak, 101–4
    • perpetuation of, 26, 329–30
    • types of, 25–26, 50, 68
    • of violence on Nunivak, 99–100. See also oral history; place names
  • narwhal, 132, 164–65, 373
  • Nash Harbor (Ellikarrmiut), 96, 97, 100, 111n4
  • Nasogaluak, David, 61
  • Naukanski Yupik (language), xvii, 342, 345
  • Nelson, Edward, 123, 192, 307
  • Nelson Island, 83
  • Nelson Islanders: on Nunivak, 99, 100
  • Nicolai (Ahtna chief), 226, 228, 235
  • Noatak, Andrew (Nuratar), 80, 101
    • narratives of, 87, 90, 103–4
    • on place names, 97, 101, 102, 103
    • on Qaviayarmiut, 107, 108–9
  • Noatak, Helen (Ukayir), 80
  • non-human beings: in Cup’ig, 91
    • in Eastern Arctic, 120
    • in Greenland, 161, 168, 174, 175
    • place names and, 322
    • sentiment analysis and, 319, 325, 331
  • North Slope. See Yukon North Slope
  • North Water Polynya (Pikialasorsuaq), 165
  • Northwest Coast societies, 26. See also Tlingit
  • Novoe Chaplino (New Chaplino), 340, 342, 346n2
  • Nunallerpak (Qip’ngayagaq), 200–202, 201, 207, 210n17
  • Nunamiut, 5, 62
  • Nunapiaq, 302
  • Nunaqerraq, 199–200
  • Nunataarmiut, 62, 64
  • Nunavut, 318. See also Kivalliq Region
  • Nunivak Island (Nuniwar), 81–82, 83, 86, 87, 105
    • ancestral woman and, 101–4, 105, 107
    • berry picking on, 126
    • caribou hunting and, 84, 99, 107
    • as crossroads, 84
    • horses and, 111n3
    • migration to, 106, 107–8, 110
    • place names and, 89–94, 102, 105, 107–8, 111n8, 291
    • St. Lawrence Islanders and, 96, 97, 99–100, 104, 107–8
    • violence on, 99–100, 103–4. See also Asweryag (Cup’ig place name); Asweryagmiut (Cup’ig place name); Cup’ig (language); Nuniwarmiut (Cup’it)
  • Nunavik, 246, 257
  • Nuniwarmiut (Cup’it), 82, 106, 111n8
    • on Qaviayarmiut origins, 107–8. See also Cup’ig (language)
  • Nuttall, Mark, 66, 120
  • oil: in Upernavik, 163
  • Ojibwe (Anishinaabe), 125, 126
  • Old Chaplino (Ungaziq), 340, 341, 346n2
  • Old Town. See Tlákw.aan (Old Town)
  • oral history, 4–5, 7, 330
    • ANCSA Program and, 181, 182, 209n4
    • critical use of, 5, 7
    • Inuvialuit, 66
    • methods, 69
    • phenomenology and, 317–18
    • Yup’ik, 298. See also narrative (oral)
  • oral narrative. See narrative (oral)
  • orientation systems. See directions (geographic)
  • ornaments, 46–47
  • owl, 376
  • ownership, 301–2
    • of Alaska lands, 223, 239
    • of berry patches, 140
    • by Inuvialuit, 57
    • of Kwáashk’ creek, 33
    • of Nunavik homes, 257–59
  • Parnasimautik consultation process, 249, 259, 266n5
  • Penat, 103, 104, 105
  • Peter, Evon, 272
  • Peter, Steven (TSee Gho’ Tsyatsal), 272, 275
  • Petitot, Émile, 60, 61, 64
  • phenomenology: of landscape, 317–18, 320–21, 331–32
  • Phillip, Joshua (Maqista), 299, 299, 300–301, 302, 306, 310, 314n2
  • Phillip, Sophie, 6
  • photographs: oral history and, 66
  • pike (fish), 272
    • in place names, 307, 312
    • on Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 298, 300
  • pit houses: 249–250, 250
  • place, 166, 255, 320–21. See also landscape
  • place names, 4–5, 245, 317–18
    • ancestral woman and, 101–4
    • anglicized, 228
    • in Athabascan language family, 277–79, 285–87
    • Banks Island and, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74
    • camp sites and, 66, 67
    • colonization and, 219, 226, 229
    • database of, 323, 324
    • duplication of, 286, 289–90, 306, 307, 310
    • emotion and, 12, 74
    • English, 71, 74, 345
    • fish and, 300, 302, 307, 312
    • in Greenland, 168
    • identity and, 58, 73–75
    • Inuvialuit, 66–74
    • landscape and, 68, 89, 102, 195, 207, 239, 289–91, 321
    • language and, 5, 74, 313
    • memory and, 66, 71–73, 89
    • migration and, 28
    • -miut and, 108, 111n6, 111n8, 255, 301
    • on Nunivak Island, 89–94, 102, 105, 107, 111n8, 291
    • for persons, 71, 229, 344
    • phenomenology and, 317–18
    • power of, 74
    • sentiment analysis of, 324–27
    • on St. Lawrence Island, 107–8
    • types of, 68
    • without stories, 71
    • on Yukon North Slope, 66, 68, 71, 74, 106. See also under specific languages
  • planning, 259, 262–63
  • plants, 122, 133, 143
    • disturbance and, 301
    • ethnonyms and, 62
    • landscape change and, 131, 199, 202, 207
    • in site recording, 181, 320
    • at Tlákw.aan, 38. See also berries; berry picking
  • polar bears, 132–33, 377
  • Port Clarence, 107
  • potlatches (ku.éex’), 26, 30
  • Pratt, Kenneth, 106, 107, 111n5
  • projectile points, 44–45
  • Proto-Dene, 284–85
  • Proto-Inuit-Yupik (PIY), 279–80, 281, 282–83
  • Pugcenar, 302, 312, 314n4
  • Pugughilek (Southwest Cape), 104
  • Qaqqaq, Rachel, 128, 131–32
  • qarmat (dwelling type), 250
  • qasgiq (men’s house), 183, 184, 189, 193
  • Qaviayarmiut (people), 96, 97, 99–100, 103, 106–10
  • Qaviayarmiut (Cup’ig place name), 96, 105, 106, 108–09
  • Qavinaq, 191, 191–193, 195
  • qayaq (qajaq
    • kayak), 83, 296
    • place names and, 325, 326
    • stands, 322
  • Qikertar (Triangle Island), 100, 105
  • Qikiqtarjuaq, 128, 130, 133, 136
  • Qip’ngayagaq, 203–5
  • Qip’ngayaq (Black River), 199–200, 208
  • Qissunaq (Kashunuk), 193, 193–94, 195
  • quotas: in Greenland, 161, 164
  • Quuyaq, 308, 309, 310, 314n5
  • railroads: in Alaska, 230, 236
  • Ramos, George (Woochjiʹxoo eesh), 51
  • Ramos, Judith, 28
  • Rasmussen, Knud, 91, 123
  • Raven, 35, 374
    • as creator, 25
    • moiety, 32, 37
    • in place names, 34, 35
  • Ray, Dorothy, 111n8
  • reciprocity, 37, 120
    • berries and, 141, 142
  • Reed, Irene, 87, 88, 111n1, 314n3
  • reindeer herding, 339, 340
  • relocation, 10, 195
    • economic in Upernavik, 172–73
    • Soviet, 12, 338
    • of structures, 194
    • on Yukon Delta, 183, 192, 193–94, 195
  • resource development: in Greenland, 163–66
  • respect: for animals, 120–21
  • Richardson Highway, 234, 235
  • Richardson Mountains, 67
  • ritual. See potlatches (ku.éex’)
  • rivers: naming in Ahtna country, 222, 228, 290–91
    • in Dene languages, 284–85, 286–87, 288, 289, 290–91, 294n4
    • as reference points, 219, 278–79, 282
    • in Yup’ik, 282, 282, 289, 290, 291. See also Copper River (Atna); waterways
  • Russians (people): Alaska and, 223
    • in Chukotka, 344–45
    • contact with, 85
    • fur trade and, 198, 344
    • mapping and, 221
    • on Nunivak Island, 111n3
    • trading posts, 186, 221
  • Russian (language): place names, 344–45
    • replacement by, 338
  • Sachs Harbour, 71
  • Salleq (island), 172
  • Sallirmiut, 62, 75n10
  • salmon, 375
    • Ahtna and, 236–37
    • Ahtna sites and, 219, 220
    • commercial fishing of, 236–37
    • in migration narrative, 33, 48
    • on Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 298
  • Salmon, David (chief), 275
  • Schwatka, Frederick, 226
  • sea ice: agitated, 165
    • climate change and, 171–72
    • travel and, 161–62, 169
  • seals and sealing, 29, 48, 377
    • anti-, 163, 172
    • harpoons for, 44, 45
    • in migration narrative, 33, 34, 48, 50
    • at Tlákw.aan, 48, 49
    • terms for, 112n16
    • in Upernavik, 163, 172. See also seal skins
  • seal skins: Canadian Inuit and, 138–39
    • Greenlanders and, 163, 172
    • tents of, 252, 254
  • sea otters, 44, 45, 48, 49
  • seasonality: of berry picking, 126, 128, 132
    • at Tlákw.aan, 48
    • in Upernavik, 163, 169
  • seismic survey, 164–65
  • sentiment analysis, 12, 319, 322–327, 330–32
    • archaeology and, 331–32
    • maps of, 324, 328–29, 329
    • uses of, 323, 331
  • Senyavin Strait region, 338, 342, 343, 346n2
  • settlement patterns: archaeology and, 320
    • in Chukotka, 342
    • in Nunavik, 255–56
    • on Nunivak, 101
    • in Upernavik, 163, 168, 169
    • Yup’ik, 183, 312
  • Seward Peninsula, 111n8
    • Qaviayarmiut origins and, 106, 107
  • shamans, 123, 330, 341
  • sharing, 173
    • berries, 134, 140
  • shellfish, 48
  • Siberian Yupik (language), 82, 93–95, 112n20, 342
    • Chaplinski dialect, 342, 343, 345
    • place names in, 341, 343–44, 345
    • replacement by Russian, 338. See also St. Lawrence Island
  • Siglialuk, 61, 76n8
  • Siglit, 59–62, 71
  • Simon, Xavier, 184
  • Sirenikski Yupik (language), 342, 345
  • sites: subsidence of, 184, 185, 210n8. See also burial; camps and camping; cemeteries
  • sites (archaeological). See Tlákw.aan (Old Town)
  • site visits, 66, 69, 181
  • slaves, 33, 34
  • sleds, 13
    • burials and, 204, 210n18. See also travel
  • Sledge Islanders, 106
  • Smith, Derek, 62
  • Smith, Peter (Kalirmiu), 94, 95, 109, 113n25
  • song, 30, 32
  • Southwest Cape (Pugughilek), 104
  • spruce, 42–43, 50
  • squirrel, 379
  • St-Aubin, Felix, 7
  • Stefansson,Vilhjalmur, 61, 64, 67, 69
  • St. Lawrence Island, 105
    • association with Nunivak, 96, 97, 99–100, 104
    • names for, 94–95, 344
    • place names, 107–8
    • Qaviayarmiut origins and, 106, 107–8, 109. See also Siberian Yupik (language)
  • Stockton, Charles H., 66
  • stone: artifacts, 46
    • features in Kivalliq, 316, 321–22, 327, 330
    • features on Nunivak, 103
    • features on Yukon Delta, 208
  • story. See narrative (oral)
  • stratigraphy, 41
  • subsistence, 21, 119
    • on Baffin Island, 130
    • versus cash economy, 142, 197
    • children and, 136–37, 138
    • as cultural practice, 120, 122, 142
    • gender roles and, 127–28, 136–37, 138
    • in Upernavik, 160–61
    • processing, 6, 296
    • Yup’ik, 183, 195, 197, 298, 312–13. See also berry picking; caribou; fish and fishing; hunting; seals and sealing
  • Sugpiaq (language): Cup’ig and, 85
  • supernatural. See non-human beings
  • Susitna River, 219
  • sustainability: of architecture, 264
  • Swanton, John, 30
  • Tagitutqaq, Vladimir, 338, 339, 339–40, 349
  • Taklir, 108–9
  • Tanacross (language), 284, 285, 286–87
  • Taprarmiut, 109
  • Tariurmiut, 60, 61, 62
  • Tarkhanov, Demitri, 235
  • technology: land use and, 197
  • Teey Aaní, 32, 37
  • Teikweidí (Tlingit clan), 32, 34, 37
  • Teller: Qaviayarmiut origins and, 107, 109
  • tents, 252–53, 254
  • Thule, 59
  • Tlákw.aan (Old Town), 28, 34, 35, 38, 50
    • architecture of, 39–40
    • artifacts at, 44–47
    • dating of, 41–43, 50
    • features at, 38–39
    • identity at, 47
    • origins of, 34, 36
    • population of, 39
    • size of, 37–39
    • subsistence at, 29, 36, 39, 44–45, 48–49, 50
  • Tlingit: architecture, 39–40
    • subsistence, 44–45. See also Gineix Kwáan (Kwáashk’i Kwáan)
  • Togiak (Tuyuryaq), 93
  • toponyms. See place names
  • trade and exchange: in copper, 47, 50
    • fur, 198, 328
    • Nuniwarmiut and, 83–84
    • Siglit and, 62, 64
  • trails: Ahtna, 217, 221, 223, 230
    • Yup’ik place names and, 300
  • trapping, 64, 197
    • beaver, 198
    • fox, 62, 70, 71
  • travel, 13
    • for berry picking, 122
    • by dog sled, 162, 169, 172, 197
    • in Greenland, 161, 162–63
    • Indigenous knowledge and, 69, 74, 321, 322
    • Nunivak Island and, 83–85
    • place names and, 322
    • sea ice and, 161–62, 169, 172
    • by snow machine, 197
    • around Upernavik, 161–63, 169
    • on Yukon Delta, 199, 307. See also migration
  • Treaty of Cession, 223
  • trees (spruce), 42–43, 50
  • Triangle Island (Qikertar), 100, 105
  • Tsikoyak, Andrew (Ciquyaq), 93–94
  • Tuktoyaktuk, 61, 62
  • Tuluksak (Tuulkssaaq), 298, 302
  • Turner, Lucien: on place, 255
    • on tents, 252–53
  • Tuyurmiat (Tuyormiyat), 59, 61, 64
  • Tyrrell, Joseph B., 229–30
  • Uaravik (Ougavig), 312
  • Uelen, 342
  • Ulukhaktok (Holman), 65
  • Ungava Peninsula, 250
  • Ungaziq (Old Chaplino), 340, 341, 346n2
  • Upernavik, 158, 161–63, 169
  • urbanization, 134
  • Usher, Peter, 62
  • Uummarmiut, 59, 62, 64, 76n11
    • at Banks Island, 71, 74
  • vegetation. See berries; plants
  • Victoria Island, 65, 68
  • violence: between Inuit and Dene, 328
    • on Nunivak Island, 99–100, 103–4, 105
    • sentiment analysis and, 319, 327, 328, 329
    • on Yukon Delta, 186, 191
  • Virineut, Yuri, 338, 339, 340, 340–41, 349
  • walking, 321
  • walrus, 374
    • giant, 91
    • haulout sites, 341
    • place names and, 89–90, 91, 92, 93
    • St. Lawrence Island and, 94
    • in Yup’ik dialects, 112n10, 112n11
  • Walunga, Willis, 104, 108
  • Waskey, Frank, 85
  • watercraft, 5, 31
    • place names and, 71, 74. See also kayak (qayaq, qajaq)
  • waterways: Yup’ik place names and, 298, 300, 303, 309, 310, 312–13. See also Copper River; rivers
  • Wesley, Ida, 104
  • whales: bowhead, 64, 376
  • whale bone: architecture, 249
  • whaling, 64
  • whitefish, 200, 272, 375
    • in place names, 302
    • Yup’ik sites for, 184, 203, 304, 306, 307, 309, 310
    • on Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 298, 300
  • Williams, Jack (Uyuruciar), 97, 97, 99, 107, 109
  • Williams, Sarah, 30, 47
  • wind, 280, 283
  • wolverine, 375
  • women: berry picking and, 119, 122, 125, 127, 127–28, 131–32, 137, 139
    • knowledge of land of, 122
    • study of, 142–43
    • as wage earners, 138–39, 142
  • Woodbury, Anthony, 84, 90, 106, 111n2
    • on polysynthesis, 111n7
  • woodworking, 45
  • Wrangell, Ferdinand von, 219
    • maps and, 221, 221–22
  • Wulilaayi Aan (site), 29, 40
  • Xatgawet (chief), 32, 34, 36, 37, 39
  • Yakutat Bay, 29, 29
    • clan origins and, 27, 28
    • glaciology of, 28–29, 32, 33, 34, 36–37
    • in migration narrative, 31–34
    • purchase of, 27, 29, 33, 36
  • Yanrakynnot (Yagrakenutaq), 338, 340, 342, 346n2
  • Yéil Áa Daak Wudzigidi Yé. See Tlákw.aan (Old Town)
  • Yukon Delta. See Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Alaska)
  • Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Alaska), 297–98
    • climate change and, 179–80, 206
    • landscape change on, 183–200
    • travel and, 199
    • vegetation change and, 199–200
  • Yukon North Slope (Canada), 58, 67, 69
    • place names and, 66, 68, 71, 74, 106
    • trapping and, 64, 71
  • Yukon River: erosion and, 186–187, 188
  • Yup’ik (people), 183
    • fish and, 298, 300–301
    • identity and, 153, 155
    • landscape change and, 184–95
    • landscape change by, 194, 194–95
    • land use by, 301–2
    • subsistence, 183, 195, 197, 298
  • Yup’ik (Central Alaskan
    • language) xvii–xviii
    • Chukchi and, 95
    • Cup’ig and, 82, 84, 86
    • dialects, 110, 111n2, 111n4
    • dictionary, 86, 106
    • intelligibility to Cup’ig speakers, 82, 86
    • orthography, 112n13, 314n3
    • orientation in, 278, 279, 281–82, 283
    • place names, 288–89, 290, 291, 292, 299–300
    • as polysynthetic, 111n7
    • St. Lawrence Island and, 93–94. See also Cup’ig (language); Siberian Yupik (language)
  • Zagoskin, Lavrentiy, 179
  • zooarchaeology: at Tlákw.aan, 48–49, 50

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