“Index” in “Game-Day Gangsters”
Index A Abdulrehman, R. Y., 67 administrators/officials: and culture of tolerance, 106 –108 and hazing, 18 , 74 and profit motive, 140 and violence, 16 , 43 , 52 , 56 , 128 Agamben, Giorgio, 143 Allan, Elizabeth, 19 Atyeo, D., 102 B Bell, James A., 15 , 110 Bell v. Edmonton Eskimos Football Club, 110 Benedict, Jeffery, 106 Bertuzzi, Todd, 7 , 8 Bounty Program scandal, 43 Brashear, Donald, 7 C Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport ( CCES ), 79 , 89 , 94 , 144 Canadian Football League ( CFL ): drug testing in, 90 –92 hazing in, 59 –60, 63 –65, 72 –73, 77 , 107 injuries in, 38 –41 labour conditions in, 113 –118 liability of, 15 , 54 and performance-enhancing drugs, 83 –84, 85 –87, 104 , 107 –108 and performance incentives, 126 –127 players’ views of discipline for violence in, 46 –49 violence in, 12 , 34 –36, 44 Canadian Interuniversity Sport ( CIS ): hazing in, 57 –58, 59 , 60 , 62 –63, 69 , 133 –134 hazing policy, 71 –72, 76 –77 labour conditions in, 113 and performance-enhancing drugs, 82 –83, 89 –90, 136 players’ views of discipline in, 46 –47 violence in, 10 –11, 14 –15, 32 , 37 , 41 , 102 voluntary nature of, 9 Canadian Junior Football League ( CJFL ): and hazing, 58 , 59 , 60 , 133 –134 injuries in, 38 , 39 labour conditions in, 113 and performance-enhancing drugs, 82 , 85 , 90 view of discipline in, 46 and violence, 50 , 51 , 107 coaches: and culture of tolerance, 105 –106 and hazing, 60 –61, 63 , 72 , 74 , 133 –134 liability of, 14 –15, 21 –22, 52 new techniques of, 42 and performance-enhancing drugs, 88 , 89 , 92 –94 and promotion of violence, 42 –43 coercion, 124 , 125 concussions, 40 consent ( see also constraints): as defined in Canadian law, 3 –6 difficulties in proving for sports violence, 9 –14 drawing line of consent on hazing, 20 –22, 68 –71, 75 , 76 in performance-enhancing drugs cases, 25 –27 players’ criteria for non-consensual violence, 44 –46, 54 –56 players’ criteria for performance-enhancing drugs, 87 –89, 95 –96 why it’s important in sports, 15 –16 consent defence, 5 constraints: on consent to football violence, 125 –130 on consent to hazing, 130 –134 on consent to steroid use, 134 –137 in football context, 124 –125 tie to legal concepts, 122 –124 corporations, 27 –28 Courson, Steve, 134 criminal justice system. see legal system culture of tolerance, 105 –110, 119 D DeAngelis, Sandro, 103 Donnelly, P., 72 , 136 –137 Dunigan, Matt, 40 , 42 , 64 –65 Dunn v. University of Ottawa, 10 –11, 14 –15, 102 F fans, 108 , 129 Fourth and Goal Foundation, 144 G Gargiulo, Anthony, 12 , 47 –48 Green, Ted, 7 H Harrison, James, 108 –109 hazing: constraints on consent to, 130 –134 and criminal liability, 73 –75, 76 and culture of tolerance for, 103 , 105 –106, 107 , 109 –110 difficulties in prosecuting, 16 –22 drawing line of consent on, 20 –22, 68 –71, 75 , 76 at McGill University, 57 –58, 62 –63, 69 , 107 players’ experience of, 58–65, 103 reasons for, 66 –68, 111 suggested reforms for, 140 –144 views on discipline for, 71 –73, 76 –77 I initiation. see hazing injuries, 38 –41, 55 , 87 , 115 –116, 126 intent to injure: difficulties in proving, 10 –13 football players’ view of, 33 –38, 42 –43 and performance incentives, 127 players’ views of league discipline for, 46 –49 players’ views on involving legal system, 49 –55 J Jimenez, Jason, 12 , 47 –48 Johnson, J., 67 , 72 L labour conditions in Canadian football, 112 –118 legal system ( see also liability): and culture of tolerance, 109 –110 definition of consent, 3 –6 difficulties in gaining convictions from sports violence, 6 –8 and performance-enhancing drugs, 23 –25 players’ views on involving for steroids, 92 –96 players’ views on involving for violence, 49 –55 proving mens rea , 12 –13 suggested reform of, 140 –142, 145 and tolerable deviance, 100 –101 and view of constraints, 122 –124 Legare, Eric, 104 liability: of CFL , 15 , 54 of coaches, 14 –15, 21 –22, 52 determining in performance-enhancing drugs cases, 27 –28 determining in sport, 14 –15 and hazing, 73 –75, 76 players’ views on for violence, 51 –54 of referees, 52 –53 Loranger, Marc, 136 M Maki, Wayne, 7 masculinity, 128 –129, 132 –133 Matechuk, Jordan, 104 McGill University hazing case, 57 –58, 62 –63, 69 , 107 McSorley, Marty, 7 media, 108 –109, 129 mediation, 142 –143 Meggett, Dave, 11 –12 Meggyesy, Dave, 84 mens rea , 12 –13, 123 –124 Mihelic, Mike, 103 Mount Allison University, 136 Muscletech, 26 N National Basketball Association ( NBA ), 106 , 141 National Football League ( NFL ), 43 , 144
O organizations/leagues ( see also Canadian Football League ( CFL ); Canadian Interuniversity Sport ( CIS ); Canadian Junior Football League ( CJFL )): discipline for performance-enhancing drugs, 25 , 80 , 96 discipline for violence, 46 –49 and profit motive, 111 –112 view of violence, 43 P painkillers, 129 , 130 Pappajohn, George, 13 performance-enhancing drugs: constraints on consent to use of, 134 –137 culture of tolerance for, 105 , 106 , 107 –108, 109 difficulty in determining liability, 27 –28 drawing line of consent on, 25 –27, 87 –89, 95 –96 as examples of tolerable deviance, 103 –104 experiences of, 79 –80, 82 –84 laws regarding, 23 –25 league discipline for using, 25 , 80 , 96 and league profits, 111 –112 players’ views on criminal sanctions for, 92 –96 reasons for using, 84 –87, 117 sports organizations’ view of, 25 , 96 suggested reforms for, 140 –144 testing for, 89 –92 use of legal stimulants, 80 –82 and violence, 129 performance incentives, 126 –127 pranks, 63 –65 R R. v. Bertuzzi, 7 , 8 R. v. Green, 7 , 8 , 10 R. v. Maki, 7 , 8 R. v. McSorley, 7 , 8 , 11 R. v. Pappajohn, 13 R. v. Lewis, 122 –123 Rahill, Brian, 19 referees, 46 –48, 52 –53 Rigauer, Bero, 117 , 118 Robidoux, Michael, 118 Robinson, Laura, 18 , 22 Romanowski, Bill, 11 –12 rookieing, 58 –59, 60 –62 S self-regulation, 141 special teams, 126 spectators, 108 , 129 sport as voluntary activity, 8 –9 Sport Dispute Resolution Centre of Canada ( SDRCC ), 142 –143 sports law, 145 sports violence: and coaching, 42 –43 as commodity, 110 –111, 129 , 140 constraints on consent to, 125 –130 culture of tolerance for, 105 –110 and determining liability, 14 –15 difficulties in gaining convictions from, 6 –8 difficulty in proving consent for, 9 –14 effect of new technology on, 40 –42 as examples of tolerable deviance, 102–103 importance of consent in, 15 –16 organizational views of, 43 perception of, inside football, 31 –33 players’ criteria for non-consensual, 44 –46, 54 –56 players’ view of attempts to injure, 33 –38 players’ views of getting injured, 38 –40 players’ views of league discipline for, 46 –49 players’ views on legal intervention for, 49 –55 suggested reforms for, 140 –144 Sprewell, Latrell, 141 Standen, J., 141 Stebbins, Robert, 98 –99, 104 steroids. see performance-enhancing drugs stimulants, legal, 80 –82 superstition, 36 T Taylor, Lawrence, 111 teammates, liability of, 53 Thomas v. Hamilton City Board of Education, 110 tolerable deviance: defining, 98 –100, 104 examples of in Canadian football, 102 –104 explaining why it’s overlooked by law, 100 –101 explanation for in Canadian football, 110 –112 tolerance, culture of, 105 –110, 119 U University of Waterloo, 79 –80, 104 V violence. see sports violence Voicu, Alexandru V., 9 Vosko, Leah, 113