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Of Sunken Islands and Pestilence: Nestorius: A Phantasy 1892

Of Sunken Islands and Pestilence
Nestorius: A Phantasy 1892
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“Nestorius: A Phantasy 1892” in “Of Sunken Islands and Pestilence”

Nestorius: A Phantasy 1892

Nestorius the patriarch, the fourth in succession from Chrysostom, as bishop of Constantinople, was a native of Germanicia.1 At first a cloistered monk, he afterwards became a presbyter of Antioch. At the invitation of the Eastern emperor, he assumed the patriarchate, A.D. 428. To the advantages of a fine voice and commanding person, he added an almost irresistible eloquence, and a mind richly stored with all the theological learning of the time. As a disciple of the Syrian school of Antioch, he had been taught to discriminate between the divine and human natures of Christ, and to abhor their confusion. The Virgin Mary was, to him, Christotokos, the mother of Christ, not Theotokos, the mother of God. Hence he was charged by his opponents with making two persons out of two natures, and thus denying the proper personal divinity of Christ.2 The Byzantine clergy, perhaps secretly displeased with the intrusion of a stranger, were in general bitterly opposed to the uncompromising rigidity of his doctrine; and after a long contest, marked by many vicissitudes, he finally succumbed to the jealous enmity of a rival patriarch, Cyril of Alexandria. He was condemned at the Council of Ephesus, deprived of this see, and banished. He died, an exile, in Egypt. His tenets spread widely in the East, and Nestorian communities are still to be found, partly on the Turkish, partly on Persian territory, in the wild and almost inaccessible regions of Eastern Kurdistan, and, on Persian soil, in the highly fertile plain to the west of the Lake of Urmia.

Nestorius

I

The old Nestorius, worn with many woes,

Cast out, an exile, from the haunts of men,

To all a stranger and an alien,

And seeking only silence and repose,

Passed to the sands of Egypt.

Day by day,

Wrapped in the splendour of the sunlit air,

Which vestured, there, a world so strange and fair,

He watched the mighty river glide away,

For ever passing, and for ever there.

II

Haply he found, in that mysterious stream,

Some semblance to the current of this life:

Placid, at first, it rose, and far from strife,

Cradled in lotus blossoms, with the gleam

Of dewdrops sparkling in the morning sun;

Then through the bare rocks of basalt, dark and grim,

Impetuous forced its way, with widened brim

Until, at last, its stormy life-course done,

It sank in silence. It was so with him.

III

All things had fallen from him. Where was now

The mitred patriarch, whose eloquence

Held multitudes enthralled in soul and sense,

With saintly aureole around his brow?

Where now the hierophant, what sate in state

So lately, on the throne of Chrysostom?

Gone, like a passing vision. He had come

To doubt his own identity. His fate

Had found him passive: and this was his home.

IV

So, like the ancient Sphinx, whose sightless eyes,

Sublimely sad, still front the lord of day,

Yet have no apprehension of his ray,

He turned to stone. To him the mysteries

Of earth and sky, of morning and deep night,

Passed as an idle show before his mind,

Leaving no trace or memory behind:

Amid all pleasant sounds, and shapes of light,

Hearing, he heard not—seeing, he was blind.

V

Like some huge hull, some battered quinquereme,3

Wrecked and abandoned on a lonely strand,

Or as some vanquished Titan, from whose hand

The bolt has fallen, and he sits in dream,

Half doubting whether all be come to end,

Nestorius sate, with lustrous silver hair

Falling in waves upon his chest, half bare;

As one whom no calamity could bend,

Too proud to mourn, too gentle to despair.

VI

Yet died he not, thus stricken; for at last

There came a voice amid the darkness singing,

There rose a flower amid the desert springing,

And airs of Eden o’er his spirit passed.

—It was a little maiden, from the shore

Of Araby, who here had found retreat:

She came, she saw him: and, with gesture sweet

Pressed to her lips the garment that he wore

And kissed his hands, and kissed his naked feet.

VII

Oh, fair and innocent eyes! Like those bright stars,

That wander softly through the summer sky,

And shed the balm of their serenity

On hearts slow breaking behind prison bars,

So fell your light on him. He woke, he rose,

With life new-throbbing in each pulse and vein,

Reacting from the tension of that strain;

He passed beyond the shadow of his woes,

Fronting the day, and was a man again.

VIII

With tears but half repressed, ‘Who art thou, child?’

He said, ‘and whence?’ ‘My name is Lois, sire,

‘From Syrian Antioch; there, for shepherd hire,

‘My father served, at first: then, to the wild

‘That lies about Mount Sinai, we passed;

‘Where died my parents. Orphaned thus, I found

‘A home among the herdsmen scattered round,

‘And journeying with them westward reached at last,

‘This lonely stream, that seems of earth the bound.’

IX

So were they friends. And every day, at morn,

When first the flush of dawning lit the sky,

And desert flowers exhaled new fragrancy,

She brought him luscious golden fruitage, born

Of broad-leaved trees, kissed by an eastern sun,

And led him forth, and shewed him all the land,

The shapes of stone, half hidden in the sand,

Sphinxes, and winged lions, gods, whereon

Primeval man had gazed with lifted hand.

X

The summer waned: the mellow autumn came;

Not, as in Northern lands, with rain and chill,

And low clouds trooping over holm and hill,

But cloudless, warm, with noon-day’s ardent flame

Tempered to soft luxurious dreaminess.

The shadows lengthened somewhat, but no sign

Gave hint or token of the year’s decline,

Save that the wavering films of heat grew less,

And deeper azure robed the hyaline.

XI

One morn, before the sun arose, the twain,

Leaving the palms which marked the river’s way,

Rode forth into the vast, untrodden grey,

And lonely desert of the Libyan plain.

For many days, through the long hours of sun,

They journeyed, and, when evening gemmed the sky,

They sat dismounted, holding converse high,

And so, each wrapt in Arab cloak, lay down,

To sleep, amid the lone immensity.

XII

Strange days were those! When all the visible world

Seemed limited to that pale disc of sand

Whereof they were the centre: all the land

Withered to dust, save here and there impearled

With tremulous and tiny desert blooms,

Shrinking, as if in loneliness and fear,

Beneath some sheltering rock. Yet even here,

A land of silence, as among the tombs,

The voiceless found a voice, the dark grew clear.

XIII

The invisible took form: the world unseen

Became reality; low whisperings

Came from the void: the beat of angel wings

Seemed always passing: and the dread serene

Out of its depths no doubtful answer gave

To those mute queries, which, as hidden flame

Consuming, from the questioning spirit came

The unsolved riddles of Trophonius’ cave,4

Old as the world—in every age the same.

XIV

Then suddenly, the desert seemed to end:

A line of foliage, indistinct and dim,

Rose on the far horizon’s hazy rim,

Whose darker shade at first appeared to blend

By soft gradations with the violet hue

Of recent sunset. Silent and serene,

The rising moon shed splendour on the scene,

Lighting its shadows, which, on nearer view,

Widened and grew, an oasis of green.

XV

It was a calm retreat, a place of rest,

A sanctuary, whose most welcome gloom

Pervaded everywhere by soft perfume,

And overhead in leafy richness drest

Refreshed and soothed the weary wanderer.

It stood amid the wilderness of sand,

An island of delights, a charmed land,

Where summer sweetness ever filled the air,

And all the woes of earth seemed ever banned.

XVI

Whereat Nestorius, gazing earnestly,

Exclaimed ‘Our way is ended; it is well:

‘When sleeping by the Nile, it so befell

‘That heavenly visions, voices from on high,

‘Came to me in a dream, at whose behest,

‘I go to drive from this fair paradise

‘The old, discrowned, Egyptian deities,

‘Who hither fled, of empire dispossessed,

‘What time a stronger faith began its rise.’

XVII

They entered in, the maiden and the sage,

Around them closed the tall columnar trees,

Giants in growth, through whose interstices,

High-branched, with lofty crowns of foliage,

Clear moonlight fell, and chequered here and there,

The heavy gloom with points and lines of light.

Here slept they, through the soft autumnal night,

Till morning came: then forth they went to bare,

The secrets those recesses kept from sight.

XVIII

Over the scented sward, for many a mile,

Beneath the wavering and uncertain shade

Which hanging epiphytes above them made,

Through many a forest path and dim defile,

Skirting, at times, a lonely sylvan pool,

Whose argent surface, as a mirror clear,

Was starred with flowers, the fairest of the year,

Silent they passed; and through the vapours cool

Of deep ravines, where all was grey and sere.

XIX

So, at the last, when day was on the wane,

There rose before them, in the mellow light,

A palace, all of purest syenite,

Stately and vast, a Cyclopean fane:

Approaching then, they saw the long façade

Sculptured with forms of loveliness supreme,

Kings, priests, divinities—the splendid dream

Some Phidias of the desert might have had,

Sleeping, at noon, beside the sacred stream.5

XX

Here came of old, in weariness of soul,

The Mizrite Pharoahs: here at times they found6

A respite from the dull unvarying round

Of kingly state and sovereign control,

Here, in the summer heats, they passed the hours

Listening to the songs of bards, or to the story

Of some Ionian improvvisatore,7

Now perished all: for ruthless time devours

Alike the words of men, and ruins hoary.

XXI

The last who came was smitten in his prime

As if by lightning. Garlanded and crowned.

The wine-cup at his lips, his senses drowned

In all the witching rapture of the time,

He passed away. There came a rush of wind

From Libya’s wastes, a blast of withering air,

Which found the feasters in their palace fair,

And sweeping on in ruin, left behind

The dead, who still seemed holding revel there.

XXII

They had not changed. So sudden was the blow,

So swift the shock of that invisible flame,

With such strange, subtle influence it came,

That they, through all the ages’ ebb and flow,

Remained unaltered, fixed, without decay:

Each still retained his careless pose of yore.

Although the lotus wreath, which then he wore,

Had faded, by the lapse of time, away,

And lay, a speck of ashes, on the floor.8

XXIII

So, at the last, Nestorius laid his hand

Upon the massive portal. All the air

Was filled with golden splendour everywhere

And silence lay upon the charmed land:

No sound was heard save when the treetops gave

A murmured whisper, a faint orison,

A dirge of parting to the setting sun,

A wailing, as if Horus, in his grave,

Sank in the shadows of oblivion.9

XXIV

Through the half-opened door the light streamed in,

Revealing all that ghostly gathering,

Sitting as statues; and upon their king

The glorious sunshine fell, as if to win

The pallid phantom back to light and life:

Behold, he seemed to move! The rigid eyes

Relax and kindle with a quick surprise:

Is it a dream? Oh, help him in the strife,

Thou Amun-Ra! He must, he must arise.10

XXV

Vain phantasies: for as Nestorius gazed,

Filled with the dreaminess of solemn thought

Which that strange vision in his mind had wrought,

The daylight faded out. As one half-dazed,

He saw the shadows deepen on the wall,

The figures disappear, and all the room

Effaced and vanished in the twilight gloom,

So turned he, silent, from the regal hall,

And darkness gathered round the Pharoah’s tomb.

XXVI

Night reigned. Beneath the shelter of a palm,

The maiden slept the starry hours away:

She joined her Syrian co-mates in their play:

Her soul—like some fair lake, whose holy calm

Reflects the flowers that grow upon its shore,

And when these fade, and pass away, and die,

Retains the fallen petals lovingly—

Lived o’er again the days that were no more,

Dreaming of home, and friends, and joys gone by.

XXVII

Not so Nestorius; awake he stood,

Watchful and waiting: not a leaf that stirred,

No breath of air, or fluttering of bird,

Escaped his ken, in all that solitude.

So came the noon of night: but e’er it past,

It seemed as though a judgment dealing wand

Were raised and broken, and a spirit-hand

Were beckoning: the hour had come, at last,

When those old gods should perish from the land.

XXVIII

A roseate light, a faint and wavering glow,

Played round the circuit of the palace wall:

And sounds, half-heard, yet soft and musical,

Fell on the ear, with cadence sweet and low.

The portal-valves flew back, and from within

A beam of sudden splendour, dazzling bright,

Lit up, afar, the shadows of the night;

As when through clouds and vapours vespertine,

The star of evening breaks upon the sight.

XXIX

They work, they moved: up-starting from his throne,

Rose the dead Pharoah: and around him rose

The many who had shared his long repose,

Princes and bards and slaves: nor these alone;

From out the dark recesses of the wood

Came mighty shadows of departed gods,

Who lingered yet about their loved abodes,

Osiris, Nephthys, and the twilight brood

Of light and gloom; the spawn of Nilus-floods.11

XXX

Yet was their bearing kingly. Like a star,

Shone Ra, the sun-god, with his helm aflame:

Crowned with immortal youth, fair Horus came,

Typhon, arrayed in panoply of war,

The dread Anubis, from the shades below,

Judge of the dead, and, as lily fair,

Isis the Queen, with wealth of golden hair,

Yet something sad, as when the moon hangs low

O’er western hills, and silence fills the air.12

XXXI

All these, and more, in long procession wound

Along the alleys of the silent woods,

The ever-green eternal solitudes,

Where never sunshine came, nor storm, nor sound.

Forth, from their haunts, the forest Lemures13

Peeped, with the Larvae, starting back in fear,

To see the mighty concourse, and to hear

The chaunting of the Isiac votaries14

Faint floating up, attenuate and clear.

XXXII

Unfaltering in mien, Nestorius,

With white hair floating on his shoulders broad,

Erect in stature, as a Scythic god

Might stand amid the thunders ruinous

Of Lok and Hela,15 in the latter days,

Advanced to meet the dread divinities;

When lo! a mist of darkness veiled his eyes,

—A moment only—then there met his gaze

A vision of long-vanished centuries.

XXXIII

The wood was gone: and in its place was seen

A sphinx-lined avenue, a street of stone,

Whose marble structures in clear sunlight shone,

Irradiating all the splendid scene.

White colonnades of far-receding length,

Colossi, obelisks, and pyla16 fair,

Huge fanes, and broad-based pyramids, were there,

Temples that seemed eternal in their strength,

All bright and dazzling in the noon-day glare:

XXXIV

And down the highway, like the ceaseless course

Of some majestic river, swept along

A multitude past numbering, a throng

Of strange-clad, many-nationed worshippers,

Priests in rich panther skins and robes of white,

Princes urœus-crowned,17—and sceptred queens.

Brown Abyssinian girls, with tambourines,

Slaves, warriors in cohorts infinite,

Bejewelled Khita, and wild Hagarenes.18

XXXV

Far in the van, King Ramses Miamon,19

The lord of victory, the eagle-eyed—

A tawny lion stalked by his side—

Stood in his car and seemed to lead them on;

Still in his hand he held the mighty bow.

Which none but he might bend, of mortal men;

The quiver still he bore, whose arrowy rain

Showered death, like Amun’s lightning, and laid low

The hosts of Syria, on Khadesh plain.20

XXXVI

Nor were the great gods wanting: round the king

They flitted, honouring their mysteries,

Vast, shadowy, indistinct, with gleaming eyes,

Like autumn clouds, storm-laden, menacing;

The while, on either hand, the street was lined

With Egypt’s myriads, clustered thick as bees,

Through miles of colonnade and sculptured frieze:

So passed the throng, low-murmuring as the wind

That wakes to turbulence the slumbering seas.

XXXVII

Rapt in mute wonderment, immoveable,

Nestorius stood awhile, then raised his hand,

And uttered, in brief accents of command,

The words of power, the exorcising spell:

Whereat the vision vanished utterly.

Swift as the closing of an eagle’s wing,

Night swallowed all that phantom-gathering,

And all was silent, save a mournful cry,

That lingered on, in echoes perishing.

XXXVIII

Awakened by the sound, young Lois rose,

And saw the sombre shadows of the grove

Heavy with night, and saw the stars above,

And all the forest hushed in soft repose;

But that fair palace which was there before,

Massive, Titanic, with its sculptures rare,

Was gone, was vanished, and its place was bare. —

So was the mission ended: and once more

The twain moved onwards, through the moonlit air.

XXXIX

Back to the Nile! —Oh, fair and radiant river,

Who that has been beside thy shining stream,

And watched the splendour of the morning beam

On all thy thousand ripples’ sheen and silver,

But turns to thee! Mysterious, mighty flood,

Traversing many climates, from the rime

Of Habesh mountains to the Delta’s slime,21

Thou comest from thy southern solitude,

Rich with benedictions of all time.

XL

The cities wait on thee. The weary land

Crevassed and gaping with the summer drouth,

Prays but for thee. Thou dost renew its youth,

What time the villages like islands stand

Amid the swollen waters; and the hind

Greets thee as king and father, who dost turn

Darkness to light, and from Amenthe’s bourne22

Preservest all, out-pouring, unconfined,

All chiefest blessings from thy sacred urn.

XLI

Within the twilight of a deep ravine,

The wanderers now held their homeward way;

A cleft profound, and where the light of day

Seemed, e’en at noon-day, scarce to venture in.

Slow passed the days, till wider grew the space,

And in its midst there rose a bubbling spring

With delicious sound of pattering,

Life-giving, cooling, in that lonely place

Set as a gem within an Ethiop’s ring.

XLII

They rested here. Soft balmy slumber crept

Upon the exile, lying in the shade,

Worn out with travel, while the little maid

Sate opposite, and watched him as he slept.

Then, as it chanced, there came, to quench his thirst,

A mighty lion of the Libyan waste;

Towards the spring with stately mien he paced,

Till, seeing them, he stopped, amazed at first,

Then crouched, the while Nestorius he faced.

XLIII

Swift as the lightning from a summer cloud,

Sprang Lois to her feet, and rushed to where

The sleeper lay, and stood before him there,

Panting and flushed, and would have called aloud,

But that the sudden terror froze her tongue;

So stood she, statue-like, with lifted arm,

As if to save and shelter him from harm—

A fine impersonation of strong will, yet young,

A child almost, with childhood’s nameless charm.

XLIV

There was a pause. With half repentant air,

The great brute rose and slowly passed her by,

Retiring thus, in silent majesty,

As if he could not injure one so fair.

So went he to his realm, the wilderness;

And Lois, with removal of that strain,

Now that the hope of life seemed born again,

Fell to the earth, in mute unconsciousness,

Crushed as a lily in untimely rain.

XLV

She faded from that hour. No more the earth

Seemed pleasant to her: she was deaf to all

The revelry of life, the carnival

Of choral harmonies and songs of mirth.

A mist of sadness lay upon her soul,

Hiding the beauty of all fairest things,

The flush of morn, the glow that evening brings,

The clouds of sunset, and the stars that roll

Through azure depths, while soft the night-bird sings.

XLVI

Yet lived she many days. But when, at last,

The palm trees of the Nile appeared in sight,

She sank as one exhausted, pale and white,

As falls a flower before the winter’s blast.

Then came to them a hermit of the plain,

Compassionate, who prayed they might abide

Within his dwelling, by the riverside,

Until the maiden found her strength again,

And needful rest to both might be supplied.

XLVII

His hut was all embossed in fair flowers,

And shrubs of richest perfume, passing sweet;

For here, they said, had trod the sacred feet

Of Joseph and of Mary,23 and the hours

Had shed bright sunshine of the mystic child

Borne in the arms of loving motherhood:

And Nature, in her happiest, holiest mood,

Had showered all blessings, in profusion wild,

And made a garden of the solitude.

XLVIII

So came the parting. In what better home

Could come the severance and sorrowing,

Than here where He, who took from death its sting,

And filled with light the darkness of the tomb,

Had dwelt, had lived in human infancy?24

And Lois watched the sun’s declining ray—

Shine on the wall, and pass in gloom away,

And said ‘My time is come: behold, I die;

‘Yet would I speak with thee, while yet I may.’

XLIX

‘Father and friend! I thank thee for the love

‘Wherewith thou hast transfigured all my being,

‘Lifting my heart to heavenly things, and freeing

‘My soul to commune with the world above.

‘Yet are there doubts that press upon my mind,

‘Misgivings of fear that haunt me still,

‘And lies upon me as a winter-chill;

‘I turn to thee, oh father, and would find

‘Comfort and guidance in this seeming ill.’

L

‘Tell me,—when death is past, and heaven’s door

‘Is opened wide, to let the blessed in,

‘—If I, too, am allowed a place to win

‘Among the happy ones who die no more—

‘How shall I fare when round me I see

‘The multitudes of saints, the great, the strong,

‘How shall I dare with them to pass along?

‘I am so young, so small—I fear to be

‘Lost and unnoticed in that mighty throng.’

LI

Weeping, the old Nestorius held her hand,

And whispered loving words of hope and cheer,

Whereat she smiled, and seemed to lose all fear,

As one who waits with calmness on the strand

Before embarking on an unknown deep.

The moonlight, like a watching presence lay

Upon the floor, a square of silvery grey,

And night-airs murmured, with Æolian sweep,

The maiden’s dirge. —So Lois passed away.

LII

They buried her, and o’er her humble grave

Suns rose and set, the seasons went and came—

Her few short years of life, her very name,

Forgotten soon by all, e’en as a wave

That rises for a moment, and is gone.

Yet, who can tell? Perhaps, the shade passed by,

She merged in light, and rose triumphantly,

To outlive Sirius and Oarion,

Crowned with the amaranth, no more to die.25

LIII

Darkened in spirit, stricken down by grief,

Nestorius sought again the ancient Nile,

And found beside its flowing, as erewhile,

A balm of consolation and relief.

Antæus-like, he touched the kindly earth.26

And felt the loving sympathy that lies

In Nature’s mystic depths, and seemed to rise

With strength renewed, sending his spirit forth

To face, as man, the chance of destinies.

LIV

So died he. But before the summons came,

For many months, the dwellers in the vale

Pressed round him, listening, while he told the tale

He knew so well—so old, and still the same.

He raised them from the dust, and shewed them how

To worship worthily the common Sire;

Refashioning, with Promethean fire,

Their thoughts, their lives, until each wish and vow

Was harmonized with his, as lyre with lyre.

LV

To them, when came the final, parting hour,

It seemed the light had faded from their sky:

Bowed down, disconsolate, with wailing cry,

They kissed the hands now lying, void of power,

Folded and motionless upon his breast:

And sun-browned children of the desert bore

Bright lotus flowers, such as he loved of yore,

And shed them o’er him, weeping. So, at rest,

He lay, in silence, by the river-shore.

LVI

Uprose the morn; in splendour shone the sun:

A thousand ripples, on the mighty stream,

Woke laughingly, beneath his earliest beam;

Life stirred: a day of sunshine had begun.

But he, the sleeper, saw not, heeded not;

No more to him the river’s stately flow

Could bring sweet music: he no more might know

The suffering by human partings brought,

Or man’s unkindness. It was better so.

1 This text appears in the original edition, on the page facing the opening of the poem. “Chrysostom” is John Chrysostom (c. 349–407), a prominent figure in the early Christian church, who was appointed Archbishop of Constantinople in 397. He is still widely revered as a saint not only in both the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Church but also in a number of Protestant denominations.

2 Fletcher refers here to the Nestorian schism, which turned on the question of whether a distinction can be made between Jesus as divine and Jesus as human—that is, on whether Mary can properly be called Theotokos, the one who gave birth to God, or is rather Christotokos, the one who gave birth to Christ Jesus. Cyril, the Patriarch of Alexandria, upheld the conviction of the western Catholic Church that no separation could be made between the human and divine aspects of Jesus, who is at once both. Nestorius argued instead that Jesus is a person in whom both divine and human traits intermingle but are not fused. As Fletcher notes, at the Council of Ephesus (431 CE)—convened (like two previous ones) in an effort to unify Christian doctrine—Nestorius was condemned for heresy and exiled. The Church of the East continued to support him, however, and the Nestorian tradition survives today in the Assyrian Church of the East, now based in the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq.

3 A large galley from the Hellenistic era that was used by the Romans, Greeks, and Carthaginians. As the name suggests, it was equipped with five banks of oars. The equivalent Greek term would be a “penteres.”

4 To enter the cave of Trophonius was a euphemism for having a great fright. His name is literally to “nourish,” and the riddle of his cave could be either its location or his difficulty as an oracle.

5 Phidias (c 480–430 BCE) was one of the greatest sculptors of Greece in the classical era.

6 By “Mizrite,” Fletcher means Egyptian. In the Hebrew Old Testament, “Mizraim” referred to the lands of Egypt. Mizraim was the second of Ham’s four sons, and it is from him that Egyptians were said to have descended.

7 An improviser of song, poetry, or story. Fletcher uses the Italian here to aid the meter of the line.

8 Early Christians used the lotus as a funerary flower to symbolize regeneration. This corresponds with ancient Egyptian tradition, in which the blue lotus of the Nile was a symbol of rebirth and fertility. In the tomb of Ramses II (which had been explored as early as 1817), there is an image of the god Horus seated on a lotus flower.

9 Horus is the Egyptian sky god and also the son of Isis and Osiris, whom Isis also raises from the dead after he is stung by a scorpion.

10 Amun-Ra is the Egyptian King of Gods and the Sun God.

11 Osiris is the Egyptian god of the dead, and Nephthys is the sister of Isis, Osiris’s wife.

12 Typhon was the greatest monster of Greek myth and the final son of Gaia but since Herodotus has been aligned with the Egyptian god Set, the embodiment of evil. Anubis is the jackal-headed Egyptian god of funereal rites, Isis was the wife of Osiris who reassembled him and resurrected him from the dead.

13 The spirits of the evil or vengeful dead in Roman mythology.

14 The religious worship of votaries bound to Isis.

15 Loki and Hel are Scandinavian gods. Loki is the shapeshifter who will turn against the gods during Ragnarok. Hel is the god who resides over Hel and receives a portion of the dead. The likely sources are the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. Fletcher had already studied Icelandic and Finnish myths and poetry by this time.

16 Archaic plural form of propylaeum, the vestibule or entrance to a temple.

17 The French form of Uraeus, the upright cobra symbolizing pharaonic sovereignty over Egypt.

18 Both the Khita and the Hagarenes are competing tribes in Ancient Egypt.

19 Mostly likely Ramesses II (1303–1213 BCE) who won the battle at Aleppo, Kadesh (Qadesh). Amun was one of the four divisions of his army. Fletcher is likely drawing on the Poem and Bulletin, attributed to Ramesses II himself (see Gardiner’s The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II, 1960).

20 Kadesh was an ancient city in Syria frequently the target of military campaigns by the Pharaohs.

21 Habesh(a) is an Arabic name for Ethiopia, where the Blue Nile originates in Lake Tana.

22 Amentet is the Egyptian Underworld (hidden place). In Of Isis and Osiris, Plutarch renders the noun as Amenthes (§ 29; p. 73 of the Loeb translation), which is likely Fletcher’s source. Fletcher is referring to Christ’s harrowing of Hell, the recuperation of those who died before Christ’s birth.

23 The flight into Egypt from Matthew 2:13–23. In New Testament apocrypha, the palms bow to Jesus and the animals of the desert worship him.

24 The baby Jesus had lived in the hut during the flight from Egypt.

25 The stars Sirius and Orion. The herb Amaranth is associated with immortality in Greek mythology.

26 Antaeus was, in Greek mythology, the son of Gaia and Poseidon. He was unbeatable so long as he remained in contact with the earth. In this instance, Nestorius’ strength comes both from contact with the earth and from focusing his spiritual concerns on the present circumstance.

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