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Bibliography
- “Meet John Ware — Legendary Black Cowboy.” Secret Life of Canada, produced by CBC Podcasts, 5 February 2019. www.cbc.ca/radio/secretlifeofcanada/meet-john-ware-legendary-black-cowboy-1.5006879.
- Adam, Karla. “A Crown Branded onto Bodies Links British Monarchy to Slave Trade.” Washington Post. 27 September 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/27/british-monarchy-slave-trade-brand/.
- Baird, Craig. “Rancher John Ware.” Canadian History Ehx. 20 January 2020. canadaehx.com/2020/01/20/rancher-john-ware/.
- Baldwin, James. No Name in the Street. First Vintage International Edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007.
- Baldwin, James. Nobody Knows My Name. First Vintage International Edition. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
- Baldwin, James. The Fire Next Time. First Vintage International Edition. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
- Bickersteth, J. Burgon. The Land of Open Doors: Being Letters from Western Canada, 1911–13. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976.
- Black, Olivia. “Representations of Queer Cowboys in History, Literature, and Film.” Bachelor’s thesis, Providence College, 2025. digitalcommons.providence.edu/history_undergrad_theses/87/.
- British Library, London. South Sea Company Archives. Additional Manuscripts. MS 2557, f018r.
- Carlos, Ann M., Jennifer Key, and Jill L. Dupree. “Learning and the Creation of Stock-Market Institutions: Evidence from the Royal African and Hudson’s Bay Companies, 1670–1700.” Journal of Economic History 58, no. 2 (June 1998): 318–344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700020532.
- Carter, Velma, and Wanda Leffler Akili. The Window Of Our Memories. St. Albert, AB: Black Cultural Research Society of Alberta, 1981.
- Centennial Book Committee F.W.U.A. High Prairie Local 204. Pioneers Who Blazed the Trail: Local History of High Prairie, Alberta. High Prairie, AB: Centennial Book Committee F.W.U.A. High Prairie Local 204, 1968.
- Clarke, George Elliott. “Must All Blackness Be American?: Locating Canada in Borden’s Tightrope Time, or Nationalizing Gilroy’s The Black Atlantic.” In Odysseys Home: Mapping African-Canadian Literature, 73. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002.
- Dixon, Tyler. “Legendary Cowboy.” Calgary Guardian. 19 May 2016. calgaryguardian.com/legendary-cowboy/.
- Donnan, Elizabeth, ed. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America. Vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1931.
- Finney, Malcolm Awadajin. “Substratal Influence on the Morphosyntactic Properties of Krio.” Linguistic Discovery 2, no. 2 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.266.
- Foran, Max, ed. Grant MacEwan’s Journals. Edmonton, AB: Lone Pine, 1986.
- Franke-Ruta, Garance. “How ‘Washington’ Became the Blackest Name in America.” The Atlantic, 21 February 2011. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/02/how-washington-became-the-blackest-name-in-america/71511/.
- Fyle, Clifford N., and Eldred D. Jones. A Krio–English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press and Sierra Leone University Press, 1980.
- Goldstein-Shirley, David. “Black Cowboys In the American West: A Historiographical Review.” Ethnic Studies Review 20, no. 1 (1997): 79–89.
- Grizzle, Stanley G. My Name’s Not George: The Story of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Toronto: Umbrella Press, 1998.
- Guan, Furui. “Chinese Cowboys: A Story of Resilience in the American Old West.” Preprint, ScienceOpen Preprints, 25 July 2024, DOI: 10.14293/PR2199.000972.v1.
- High Prairie & Area History Book Society. Trails We Blazed Together: History of Grouard, High Prairie & Surrounding Areas. High Prairie, AB: High Prairie & Area History Book Society, 1997.
- High River Pioneer and Old Timers’ Association. Leaves from the Medicine Tree. High River, AB: High River Pioneer and Old Timers’ Association, 1960.
- Historica Canada Teacher Community. “John Ware.” Historica Canada Education Portal. Accessed 15 December 2025. http://education.historicacanada.ca/en/tools/155.
- hooks, bell. Black Looks: Race and Representation, 2 ed. New York: Routledge, 2015.
- Hunt, Maria C. “‘A History That’s Been Suppressed’: The Black Cowboy Story Is 200 Years Old.” The Guardian, 19 May 2024, www.theguardian.com/culture/ng-interactive/2024/may/19/black-cowboys-cowgirls-rodeos.
- Ings, Frederick William. Before the Fences: Tales from the Midway Ranch. Nanton, AB: Nanton Historical Society, 1980.
- Kersting, Dulce L. Diversity on the Open Range: Exploring the Experiences of Minority Cowboys During the Nineteenth Century. Jerry O’Neal Research Fellowship Report. Missoula, MT: Rocky Mountain Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit, 2011. files.cfc.umt.edu/cesu/NPS/UMT/2011/O’Neal_fellowship_Kersting_report.pdf.
- Levenson, Jay A., Diogo Ramada Curto, and Jack C. Richard, eds. Encompassing the Globe: Portugal and the World in the 16th & 17th Centuries. Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2007.
- MacEwan, Grant. John Ware’s Cow Country. Edmonton: Institute of Applied Art, Ltd., 1960.
- Mather, Ken. Frontier Cowboys and the Great Divide: Early Ranching in B.C. and Alberta. Surrey, BC: Heritage House, 2013.
- McKittrick, Katherine. Demonic Grounds: Black Women and the Cartographies of Struggle. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.
- Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2021.
- Moten, Fred. In the Break: The Aesthetics Of The Black Radical Tradition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.
- Mroz, Mike A. “Black Cowboys of the Cattle Frontier.” Legacy 16, no. 1 (2016): 1–13. opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/legacy/vol16/iss1/3.
- Porter, Kenneth W. “Negro Labor in the Western Cattle Industry, 1866–1900.” Labor History 10, no. 3 (Summer 1969): 346–74.
- Postma, Johannes. The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
- Sharpe, Christina. In the Wake: On Blackness and Being. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016.
- Sierra Leone Public Archives. “Liberated African Department; Register Nos 7508–9758 [1815–1816].” British Library Endangered Archives Programme, EAP443/1/17/5. eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP443-1-17-5.
- Sinclair, Niigaan. Wînipêk: Visions of Canada from an Indigenous Centre. Toronto: McLelland & Stewart, 2025.
- Vernon, Karina. “The Black Prairies: History, Subjectivity, Writing.” PhD diss., University of Victoria, 2008.
- Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database. SlaveVoyages. www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/trans-atlantic#voyages.
- Wai, Zubairu. Epistemologies of African Conflicts: Violence, Evolutionism, and the War in Sierra Leone. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
- Walls, Andrew F. “Crowther, Samuel Ajayi (A): Foremost African Christian of the Nineteenth Century.” In Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Accessed 10 December 2025. dacb.org/stories/nigeria/legacy-crowther/.
- Washington, Booker T. Up from Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Whitman, T. Stephen. The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore and Early National Maryland. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
- Wynter, Sylvia. On Being Human as Praxis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.
Brand Books
- Alberta and Saskatchewan Brand Book. Edmonton [?]: n.p., 1907. https://archive.org/details/albertasaskatche00albe/mode/2up
- Alberta Cattle and Horse Brands. Edmonton, J.W. Jeffrey, 1914.
- Alberta Department of Agriculture. Alberta Horse and Cattle Brands, 1915. Edmonton: J.W. Jeffery, 1916. https://archive.org/details/albertahorsecatt00unse_0/mode/2up.
- Alberta Department of Agriculture. Alberta Horse and Cattle Brands, 1916, 1917, 1918. Edmonton: J.W. Jeffery, 1919. https://archive.org/details/albertahorsecatt00unse_1/mode/2up.
- Alberta Department of Agriculture. Alberta Horse and Cattle Brands, 1919–20. Edmonton: J.W. Jeffery, 1921. https://archive.org/details/albertahorsecatt00unse_2/mode/2up .
- Alberta Department of Agriculture. Supplement to Alberta Horse and Cattle Brands, 1914. Edmonton: J.W. Jeffery, 1915. https://archive.org/details/albertahorsecatt00unse/mode/2up
- Henderson, Jas. Henderson’s Rancher’s Directory and Brand Book. 1 ed. Winnipeg: W.T. Walker, 1888. https://n2t.net/ark:/69429/m0zw18k78v66; https://archive.org/details/hendersonsnorthw00unse/page/n1/mode/2up
- Henderson’s NorthWest Brand Book. 2 ed. Winnipeg: Henderson Directory Company, 1889. Canadiana. https://n2t.net/ark:/69429/m08p5v69cn2d
- North West Brand Book. Calgary: Calgary Herald, 1900. https://n2t.net/ark:/69429/m0862b857507.
- North West Brand Book: Supplement No. 1. Calgary: Calgary Herald, 1904. https://n2t.net/ark:/69429/m0862b857507.