“Index” in “Controlling Knowledge”
INDEX
A
access to information laws: concerning adoption, 106–8
challenges to, 73, 79–93, 190, 208n19
fundamental principles of, 65, 79–80, 95
international legislation of, 71–79
lack of resources for enforcement of, 86, 87, 190
concerning medical information, 104–6
negative aspects of, 92–93
in private sector, 24, 65, 94. See also freedom of information; transparency
adoption, 106–8
Adscam, 67
Agha-Soltan, Neda, 164–65
aid. See foreign aid
Arar, Maher, 50
Assange, Julian, 153–54
autonomy, 29, 30–32. See also privacy
B
Bentham, Jeremy, 126–27
biometrics, 148, 151–52, 222n35
bureaucracies, 82–83, 84–87, 91, 92–93, 190
Burma (Myanmar): and suppression of “Saffron Revolution,” 164
C
Canada: access to information law, 72, 88
data matching in, 49–50
and public health, 120–21
and Facebook privacy policy, 180–81
privacy directives of, 40–41
privacy protection for medical information, 104–5, 115, 117
and surveillance of citizens, 53–54, 138
CCTV cameras: in Britain, 133, 136–37, 140, 149
cellphones, 51, 153, 162, 164–65
censorship, 19, 75, 76, 139, 158
Chile: access legislation in, 75, 213n13
Clarke, Roger, 151
“Collateral Murder” (US military video), 154
commodification: and Facebook, 175–76
of information, 207n13
of personality, 174
confidentiality, 34–35, 97–98, 103–4, 106–8
Conroy, Stephen, 139
consent. See informed consent
“coverage creep,” 42
Cowen, Zelman, 34
crime: and access to information legislation, 70, 74–75
and data matching, 49–50
and sharing of medical information, 99
and transparency, 9–10
and video surveillance, 131–33, 135, 136–37, 148
D
data banks: and employment application forms, 54–55
and data flow concerns, 46–51
and data matching, 48–51, 109–11
maintained by governments, 43–44
privacy concerns about, 11, 16–17
and privacy directives, 38
and secondary uses of medical information, 111–21
and sharing of medical information, 98–99, 109–11
databases. See data banks
“dataveillance,” 151
Department of Indian Affairs (Canada): and surveillance, 53
digital divide, 18–19
E
e-commerce, 44–45
educational institutions, 58–59, 83, 131, 206n10
electronic health record (EHR), 98–103
Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), 222n35
email, 86
employee assessments, 55–56
employment applications: and privacy, 54–55, 59
EPCglobal Incorporated, 144
eugenics, 117–18
European Union (EU): privacy directives of, 39–40, 45–46, 210n23
F
Facebook: deleting accounts on, 182–84, 228–29n31
description of, 158–61
future importance of, 185–86
and privacy concerns, 21, 52, 166–72, 174, 176–84, 227n23
and sharing of users’
information, 44–45
and virtual communities, 163, 164
and Zynga games, 175
Farrier, Charles, 137
feminism, 13–14
flash mobs, 162–63
FOI commissioners: role of, 82
foreign aid: and FOI acts, 15, 77
Foucault, Michel, 127
freedom of information (FOI): central control of, 19–20
components of, 65–66
and digital divide, 18–19
and good governance, 13–16, 22
and government accountability, 66–70
importance to governments, 63–64, 77, 78
in private sector, 21, 64–65, 70
relationship to privacy, 16–18, 22, 23–24
and virtual communities, 161, 162–66. See also access to information laws; transparency
freedom of information and protection of privacy (FOIP): balance between, 6–7, 23–24
and data matching/mining, 48–49
literature on, 23
overview of principles for, 3–5
ramifications of, 5–6. See also freedom of information; privacy protection
G
Gavison, Ruth, 43
genetic discrimination, 110–11
Germany: access legislation in, 78
and WiSpy, 140
and WiSpy controversy, 140
Google Street View, 138–41, 183
government: and access to information legislation, 71–78, 154–55
and accountability, 66–70
and challenges to access to information legislation, 79–89
and citizen surveillance, 53–54
and citizens’ rights, 65–66, 189
and control of technology, 157–58
data banks maintained by, 43–44
declining trust in, 83–84
and health research, 113
importance of transparency/FOI to, 14–15, 63–64
and international privacy directives, 38–41
and Internet surveillance, 139, 165
and mega-events, 146
social network sites and, 164–66
and outsourcing of services, 89–91
and WikiLeaks, 153–54
group rights. See individual versus group rights
H
Heald, David, 8
I
ICTs (information and communication technologies), 187–88, 192, 194
individual versus group rights: and access/privacy debate, 3–4
in health research, 120–21
and the Internet, 158
in management of medical information, 99
and ramifications of FOIP, 5–7
information: and digital communications technology, 1–2
filtering of, 20–22
information and communication technologies (ICTs), 187–88, 192, 194
informed consent, 118–19
Internet: and access to information legislation, 90
commodification of, 174–76
debate over control of, 19–20, 158
and e-commerce, 44–45
history of, 2
privacy concerns surrounding, 17–18
and video surveillance, 136–41
and virtual communities, 161, 162–66
and WikiLeaks, 153–54, 156. See also Facebook; Google
Internet Eyes game, 136–38
Iran: 2009 presidential elections in, 164–65
J
Japan: and Google Street View, 140
Jones, James, 155
K
King, Rodney: beating of by LA police, 153
knowledge: as power, 14–15, 18, 127
L
La Forest, Gérard, 37–38
M
MacKinnon, Catherine, 13–14
Mathiesen, Thomas, 127–28
McGinley and Egan v. the United Kingdom, 72
media: and accountability, 156
“old” versus “new,” 15, 162, 165, 184
relative transparency of, 15
medical information: and adoption, 106–8
and data flow, 46–47
and data sharing, 98–99, 111–21
and electronic health records (EHRs), 98, 99–103
and genetic profiling, 109–11, 115–18
principles behind confidentiality of, 103–4
privacy protection laws concerning, 103–6, 111–14, 115
secondary uses of, 111–15
mega-events, 145–48
Mexico: and human rights abuses, 74–75
Myanmar. See Burma
N
nanny cams, 130
neighbourhood watch programs, 9
neoliberal ideology: impact of, 89
Neville, Mick: on CCTV, 149
No CCTV, 137–38
non-profit groups: and freedom of information, 64–65, 70
mandate of, 94
and privacy legislation, 5, 41–42, 95
O
Obama, Barack: 2008 campaign of, 165
ombudsman: role of, 82
open access movement, 207n13
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 38, 41
Orwell, George, 128
outsourcing: and “leaner” government, 89–90
P
panopticon, 126–28
Patriot Act. See USA Patriot Act
power: and digital divide, 18–19
effect of surveillance on, 128
and information control, 162
and knowledge, 127
and privacy, 29
of social network sites, 184–86
and transparency, 14–15
The Principles of Scientific Management (Taylor), 150
privacy: balance of with transparency, 7, 60–61, 93, 94–95, 97–98, 191–95
concepts related to, 34–36
and concerns surrounding biometrics, 151–52
and concerns surrounding data flow, 46–51
and concerns surrounding Facebook, 166–72
cultural differences regarding, 140–41
and cultural norms, 30–32
definitions of, 29–30, 34, 36, 59–60
effect of security surveillance on, 152–54
effect of technology on, 33, 41, 42–45
and good governance, 17–18, 22, 92
in historical perspective, 33–34
and ideology, 32–33
international directives on, 38–41, 45–46
of medical health information, 100–103
promotion of as new industry, 46
and radio-frequency identification devices, 143–44
as recognized in Canadian law, 37–38
relationship of to transparency, 10, 12
relinquishment of control over, 51–52, 54
and divide between rich and poor, 52–53, 59, 135, 190
and video surveillance, 132, 133–36, 137–41
workplace invasions of, 54–58, 59. See also privacy protection
Privacy and Freedom (Westin), 38
Privacy International, 46, 137
privacy protection: and adoption, 106–8
and Facebook, 160–61, 166–67, 171, 173–74, 177–84, 227n23
and health research, 115–21
and information held by government, 65–66
and medical information, 103–6, 111–15, 118
and medical profiling, 109–11
in private sector, 24, 41–42, 94–95
and radio-frequency identification devices, 144–45
relationship of to freedom of information, 23–24
and “security function creep,” 147–48
private sector: and access to information legislation, 24, 65, 94
and control of private information, 51, 189
and data flow, 46–47
and freedom of information, 21, 64–65, 70
and mega-events, 146
and privacy legislation, 24, 41–42, 94–95
as provider of security, 145
and radio-frequency identification devices, 143, 144
and standards of conduct, 16
use of health information by, 99, 151–52
and video surveillance, 131, 134
privatization, 89–91, 134, 136–41
profiling, 48–49, 109–11, 135. See also biometrics; genetic discrimination
“public interest”: concept of, 67, 80
public safety: and release of medical information, 102
R
R. v. Dyment (1988), 37
R. v. O’Connor (1995), 105
racial profiling, 135
radio-frequency identification device (RFID), 142–45
“rape shield” law, 105
reality TV shows, 52
retreats: as management tool, 57–58
RFID. See radio-frequency identification device
“The Right to Privacy” (Warren and Brandeis), 33–34
S
Schmidt, Eric, 139
Schumer, Charles E., 179
search engines, 21
secrecy, 14, 35–36, 80–81, 98, 153–54, 191
security: and biometrics, 148, 151–52, 222n35
and Internet, 158
at mega-events, 145–48
and privacy, 155–56
and secrecy, 98, 191. See also surveillance
security-industrial complex, 145, 155
Six-Degrees.com, 159
social activism, 146, 153–55, 163, 164–66
social network sites: defined, 159
growing power of, 184–86
and online identities, 172–81
surveillance of, 151
and virtual communities, 161, 162–66. See also Facebook
Social Sentry, 150–51
Sophos (UK), 182–83
South Africa: access legislation in, 75–77, 80
StreetViewFun, 138–39
Super Bowl, 148
surveillance: and accountability, 152–54
cultural differences on, 140–41
defined, 129
as form of transparency, 9–10, 16
by governments of civilians, 53–54
of Indigenous peoples, 53
at mega-events, 147–48
and radio-frequency identification devices, 142–45
theories of, 126–28
by video cameras, 130–41, 148–49
of women, 54
at the workplace, 55–57, 149–50, 151. See also panopticon; synopticon
T
Taylor, Frederick, 149
technology: and data flow concerns, 46–51
and dissent, 153–54
effect of on communication, 187
effect of on privacy, 33, 41, 42–45
and “function creep,” 148, 149
government attempts to control, 157–58
and information explosion, 1–2
and management of information, 42–43
and speed of information, 17–18. See also radio-frequency identification device; video cameras
transparency: balance with privacy, 7, 60–61, 93, 94–95, 97–98, 191–95
different forms of, 8–10
of Facebook, 166–72
and filtering of information, 20–22
and government outsourcing, 89–91
in medical records, 99–100, 101–3
as part of good governance, 13–16, 22, 63–64
relationship with privacy, 10, 12
and surveillance of authority, 125–26, 153–55. See also databases; freedom of information; surveillance
Tuskegee syphilis study, 119–20
U
United Kingdom (UK): access legislation in, 78
and CCTVs, 133, 136–37, 140, 149
and Google Street View, 140
United States: and access to health information, 108
access to information legislation in, 72, 78–79
data matching/mining in, 49
and Facebook privacy policy, 179–80
government transparency in, 81
and informed consent, 118–19
and privacy laws, 39
and video surveillance, 140–41
and WikiLeaks, 154–55
USA Patriot Act, 47, 55, 78–79
V
video cameras, 130–41, 148–49, 153
virtual communities, 161, 162–66
W
Warhol, Andy, 52
Whole Foods, 152
workplace, 54–58, 59, 150–51, 152
World Trade Center attacks, 47, 78, 88, 135, 145
Y
YouTube, 136, 154, 156, 206n10, 224n6
Z
Zimbabwe: access legislation in, 75
Zynga, 175
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