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Public Deliberation on Climate Change: Index

Public Deliberation on Climate Change
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“Index” in “Public Deliberation on Climate Change”

Index

activism, 71–2

adaptation, 137, 138–39, 227

adaptive management, 34, 61

Alberta, Government of: and Alberta Energy Efficiency Choices, 49, 52, 99–100

climate change policy, 93–95

and deliberative democracy, 69

land use strategy, 140

and public participation at regional level, 92–93, 96

status as petro-state, 87–89

and Water in a Changing Climate, 55

Alberta Climate Dialogue (ABCD) (see also Alberta Energy Efficiency Choices (AEEC); Citizens’; Panel on Edmonton’s Energy Climate Challenges; City-Wide Food and Urban Agriculture Citizen Panels

Water in a Changing Climate): and activism, 72

assessment of its deliberation on climate change, 60–61

collaboration in Citizens’

Panel On Edmonton’s Energy, 152–7

collaboration with AEEA, 157–58, 163

collaboration with CPI, 151–52, 164

collaboration with Oldman Watershed Council, 159–60, 164

as collaborative project, 149, 150–51

context for launch of, 95–96

effectiveness of based on eight measures, 203–8

focus on values during deliberation, 61

and framing of climate change, 76, 134, 138

goals, 197

history and legacy, 5–7

how it dealt with wicked issues, 60–62

how systems analysis could improve work of, 216–19

impact on field of deliberative democracy, 22, 208–9

and Indigenous participation, 75

lessons learned from projects, 101

policy context of deliberations, 172–73

and political context in which climate change is viewed, 11

political influence of, 69, 83

reasons why social change was not addressed by, 209–12

recruitment challenges of, 126–29, 207, 217

role in Alberta Energy Efficiency Choices, 48, 52

role in Citizens’

Panel on Edmonton’s Energy, 42, 46

role in City-Wide Food and Agricultural Panels, 35

role in Water in a Changing Climate, 54, 55, 58

scope of, 4

and social diversity, 75, 76

Alberta Energy Efficiency Alliance (AEEA): and AEEC as lobby for favoured policy, 206

collaboration with ABCD, 157–58, 163

policy context of, 173, 175–76

role in Energy Efficiency Choices Deliberation, 48–52, 99–100

type of citizen panel they wanted, 177

Alberta Energy Efficiency Choices (AEEC): collaboration in, 157–58, 162

demographic profile of, 127

features, 48–52

framing of issues, 174–75

materials and resources for, 179, 180

outcomes from, 52–54, 99–100, 206

recruitment for, 123–25, 177–78

sense of ownership by panelists, 190

use of different learning approaches, 181, 187

values discussion in, 185

Andrais, Jim, 98

Angus, Ian, 76

Baber, Walter, 102

Blue, Gwendolyn, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 79n1

Canada, Government of, 84–86

carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, 95

Centre for Public Involvement (CPI): and Citizens’

Panel on Edmonton’s Energy, 46, 120–21

and City-Wide Food and Urban Agriculture Panels, 7, 35, 40, 151–52, 164

collaboration with ABCD, 7, 164

Chrétien, Jean, 84

citizen empowerment, 234–36

Citizens’

Panel on Edmonton’s Energy and Climate Challenges (Edmonton Panel): attempt to include community-based projects within, 70

collaboration in, 152–57

connection to government, 204

demographic profile of, 127

features of, 42–45

framing of issues, 174

influence on policy and political decision making, 204–5

information provided in, 181–82

materials and resources for, 178–79

outcomes of, 46–8, 98–99

ownership and group dynamics of, 189–90

policy context of, 173, 175

recruitment techniques of, 120–23, 177

social diversity of, 76

support for learning in, 180, 183

use of different learning approaches, 187–88

values discussion in, 184–85

City-Wide Food and Urban Agriculture Citizen Panels: collaboration in, 7, 151–52

demographic profile of, 127

outcomes of, 40–42, 96–97

and public mobilization, 206

recruitment techniques for, 117–20

work of, 35–40

climate change (see also framing issues):

ABCD framing of, 76, 134, 138

Alberta policy on, 93–95

attempts at international policy on, 84

challenges for deliberative democracy and, 75–78

choices of frames for, 15–16, 227–28

and deliberative civic engagement, 234

denial of, 11–12

dominant frame for, 71, 136–37, 198

effect of education on attitude towards, 122–23

effects of, 229–30

facilitators’

views on framing issues for, 170, 171–76

framing for Water in a Changing Climate, 139–43, 175

history of framing, 136–39

how deliberative democracy can help establish policy for, 74–75

limits of science in advancing environmental policy for, 13–14, 73–74

mitigation v. adaptation, 137, 138–39

and municipalities, 90–91

need for systemic analysis of, 220

new ways of approaching, 33–34

recent Canadian government policy on, 84–86

recommendations for framing, 143–44

research and evidence proving, 12–13

and social justice, 142, 143

thoughts on ABCD deliberations on, 60–61

and UN’s Framework Convention Paris Agreement, 8

using systems theory to combat, 199–200

and values, 174

view of in Alberta, 89–90, 96–97

as wicked issue, 10–11, 74, 198–99

collaboration: in Alberta Climate Dialogue, 150–51

in Alberta Energy Efficiency Choices, 157–58, 162, 163

in Citizens’

Panel on Edmonton’s Energy and Climate Challenges, 152–57

in City-Wide Food and Urban Agriculture Citizen Panels, 151–52

in Water in a Changing Climate, 159–60, 162–63

defined, 147

factors supporting successful, 160–64

principles of, 147–48

used to address wicked issues, 148–49, 165

communication, 163–64

community empowerment, 203, 207

Conversation on Climate Justice, 209

creativity, 175, 179

Dale, Jacquie, 55, 141

Daly, Herman, 231

deliberative capacity, 202, 207

deliberative civic engagement (DCE), 232–34

deliberative democracy (see also Alberta Climate Dialogue (ABCD); framing issues; mini-publics; recruitment; social change; social learning; wicked issues):

ABCD’s effect on field of, 22, 208–9

advantages in addressing wicked problems, 3–4

and attitudinal diversity, 113–15, 119

as best method to address climate change with, 74–78

characteristics of, 67–68

Citizens’

Panel on Edmonton’s Energy view of, 47–48

claim for citizens’

right to, 169–70

and creativity, 175, 179

critical views of, 77–78, 133–34, 201

as deliberative civic engagement, 232–34

and demographic representation, 111–13

described, 17

divergence-convergence of, 216–17

effect of use of systems analysis in, 20–21, 218–19

effect on systems theory, 219–20

eight areas of divergence and debate in, 68–73

engagement of social change, 200–3, 209–15

and environmental regulation, 91–93

further resources on, 235–36

history, 17, 83

ideas for improving, 77–78

importance of values to, 61, 68

incentives for taking part in, 117

involvement of non-experts in, 226–27

its ability to change participants, 203, 207–8, 234–36

and Oldman Watershed Council, 140

one-off events v. systems, 69–70

and ownership of project, 188–91

possibilities of, 229, 235–36

professionalization of, 19–20, 72–73

pros and cons of, 19–20

recommendations for framing climate change in, 143–44

recruitment strategies and approaches for, 109–17

scholarly work on, 17–18

significance of framing issues for, 134–36

and social diversity, 75–76

and social learning, 61–62

as sustained engagement, 233–34

technology and, 52–54, 180, 189

terminology of, 18–19

and time issues, 164, 210–11, 218

and trust, 228–29

and use of collaboration, 148–49

Deliberative Democracy Consortium (DDC), 5

deliberative society, 70

deliberative systems theory, 20–21, 69–70

democracies, 232

democratic spaces, 68

Dewey, John, 17

Dion, Stéphane, 85

Dryzek, John, 87

Duck, Thomas, 11

economic growth, 231–32

Edmonton, City of: and ABCD, 7, 152–57

and Citizens’

Panel on Edmonton’s Energy and Climate Challenges, 42, 43, 46, 98–99, 173, 204–5

and City-Wide Food and Agriculture Citizen Panel, 39–40, 96–97, 206

and deliberative democracy, 69

type of citizen panel they wanted, 177

use of stakeholders by, 72

Edmonton Panel. See Citizens’; Panel on Edmonton’s Energy and Climate Challenges (Edmonton Panel)

education bias, 122–23, 126, 128

empowerment, 172, 201, 203, 207, 234–35

Energy Futures Lab, 209

Environmental Conservation Authority, 91

environmentalism, 91, 92–93

EROI (energy return on investment), 230

extreme adaptation, 227

Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM), 91

First Nations. See Indigenous participation

fossil fuels, end of, 230–31

Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), 137, 138

framing issues: choices for climate change, 15–16, 227–28

for climate change in Water in a Changing Climate, 139–43, 175

dominant frame for climate change, 71, 136–37, 198

and eliminating discussion of social change, 76–77

facilitators’

views on for climate change, 170, 171–76

history of framing for climate change, 136–39

policy context of, 172–74

recommendations for in future deliberation, 143–44

and representation bias, 75, 114

significance for climate change deliberation, 170, 227

significance for deliberative democracy, 134–36

in systemic design, 215

why some frames dominate over others, 71

Frank, Shannon, 54, 59

fresh (Edmonton food and urban agriculture strategy), 38–40, 96–97

Gaventa, John, 210

Gore, Al, 13

Greater Edmonton Alliance (GEA), 97

group dynamics, 188–91

groupthink, 136

Gundersen, Adolf, 235

Habermas, Jürgen, 17

Hanson, Lorelei, 149, 152

Harper, Stephen, 84, 85

HB Lanarc Consultants, 38

Hulme, Mike, 13

human-centred design, 213–14

hyperlocal online networks, 233

IDEO (design company), 213–14

Indigenous Environmental Network, 76

Indigenous participation, 55, 75, 118, 126, 142–43, 182

inequality, 143. See also social change

interactive voice response surveys (IVR), 120, 121, 123

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 12, 90, 94, 137

International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), 91

Iveson, Don, 99

Kahane, David, 5, 79n1, 149, 234

Kyoto Protocol, 84, 94

learning, 180–89, 215. See also social learning

legal empowerment, 201, 203

lobbying, 202, 205–6

localization, 91, 234

Lyons, Susanna Haas, 48

marginalized groups, 203, 207

mini-publics (see also Alberta Energy Efficiency Choices (AEEC); Citizens’; Panel on Edmonton’s Energy and Climate Challenges; City-Wide Food and Urban Agriculture Citizen Panels

Water in a Changing Climate): ABCD and, 7

facilitators’

ideas on planning, 176–83

facilitators’

reflections on, 191–93

planning, 170

role in deliberative systems theory, 20, 21

scholarly work on, 18

weakness of, 228

Monbiot, George, 8

municipalities, 90–91. See also Edmonton, City of

National Issues Forums (NIF), 136

Navid, Erin, 140

Office of the Environment, 42, 43, 46, 96, 120, 152–57, 162, 163, 204

oil and gas development, 86–89

Oldman Watershed Council (OWC): collaboration with ABCD, 159–60, 164

and lack of climate change policy, 176

strengths of, 93

and Water in a Changing Climate, 54–55, 58, 100, 140

Oliver, Joe, 85

ownership of project, 188–91

petro-states, 87–89

Power Cube, 210

Probit, 120, 121, 123

professionalization, 19–20, 72–73

public deliberation events, 4, 101–2. See also deliberative democracy

public mobilization, 202, 206

public opinion polls, 116–17

public participation (see also deliberative democracy):

in Alberta climate change policy, 94

in City-Wide Food and Urban Agriculture Panels, 38

in federal government policy, 85

forms of, 16–17

in petro-states, 89

professionalization of, 19–20

at regional level, 92–93

scholarship and, 17–18

random recruitment, 119–20, 123–24

recruitment: for Alberta Energy Efficiency Choices, 123–25, 177–78

challenges of ABCD deliberations, 126–29, 207, 217

for Citizens’

Panel on Edmonton’s Energy and Climate Challenges, 120–23, 177

for City-Wide Food and Urban Agriculture Citizen Panel, 117–20

costs, 121, 124

of diversity, 42, 121–23, 126, 128, 217

education bias in, 122–23, 126, 128

ideas on attracting diversity to mini-publics, 176–78

importance of representativeness, 42, 128–29, 228

packages, 116

and standardized reporting approaches, 129

strategies and techniques, 109–17

for Water in a Changing Climate, 125–26, 177

regime stability, 88–89

research, 39, 43, 52–54, 58, 120, 151–52

Row, Jesse, 48–49, 52, 99

Schwab, Klaus, 235

science, limits of, 13–14, 73–74

SGER. See Specified Gas Emitters Regulation

Smil, Vaclav, 231

social change: ABCD’s success with, 203–8

fields which actively explore, 212–15

reasons why deliberative democracy fails to address, 209–12

stories of, 200–203

and use of systems analysis, 218–19

social justice, 142, 143, 185, 227

social learning: from collaboration, 162

defined, 16

described, 34

of individuals and organizations, 61–62

as method of encouraging ownership, 190

outcomes from Alberta Energy Efficiency Choices, 52–54

outcomes from Citizens’

Panel on Edmonton’s Energy and Climate Challenges, 46–48

outcomes from City-Wide Food and Agriculture Panels, 40–42

outcomes from Water in a Changing Climate, 58–60, 176

Specified Gas Emitters Regulation (SGER), 94–95

Synergy Alberta, 92

systemic design, 214–15

systems theory: approach to public deliberation, 20–21

and climate change, 199–200

effect of deliberative democracy on, 219–20

how it could have improved ABCD, 216–19

and one-off events, 69–70

systems thinking, 213

technology, 52–54, 180, 189

Trudeau, Justin, 86

trust, 160–61, 228–29

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement, 8

urbanization, 90–91

values, 61, 68, 174, 180–81, 183–91, 193

Water in a Changing Climate: collaboration in, 159–60, 162–63

demographic profile of, 127

features of, 54–58

framing of climate change for, 139–43, 175

Indigenous input in, 55, 126, 142–43, 182

information provided in, 181

materials and resources for, 179–80

outcomes, 58–60, 100, 176

policy context of, 173–74, 176

recruitment for, 125–26, 177

and sense of ownership by panelists, 189

use of different learning approaches, 187

values discussion in, 184, 185–86

Watershed Planning and Advisory Councils (WPACs), 140

wicked issues (see also climate change):

climate change as, 10–11, 74, 198–99

and collaboration, 148–49, 165

defined, 8–9

and deliberative civic engagement, 234

deliberative democracy’s fitness for tackling, 3–4

how ABCD deliberations dealt with, 60–62

and need for community-based approaches, 33–34

and representation of all views, 47–48

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